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A multiproxy study (pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs, sedimentology, and geochemistry) was carried out in two cores drilled in La Janda basin (SW Iberia) to trace the environmental evolution and human impact on the landscape. An incised fluvial valley existed in the basin during the Late Pleistocene, followed by a transitional environment characterized by the development of saltmarsh vegetation affected by the increased marine influence ca. 10/8.7 ka cal BP. During this period comprising the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic (>∼7.8 ka cal BP), the impact of hunter-gatherer groups on the landscape was rather low according to palynological and geochemical records. A restricted estuary connected to the sea was identified in La Janda between ca. 10/8.7-3.5/3.3 ka cal BP, coinciding with a predominance of saltmarsh vegetation developing on saline shore soils and the punctual presence of foraminifera and dynoflagellate cysts. The anthropogenic pressure was progressively increasing during the Neolithic, especially from ca. 7 ka cal BP, with markers suggesting herding/livestock activities prior to the punctual presence of cereals, which is only confirmed by the archaeological record ca. 6 ka cal BP. Human pressure become more noticeable throughout the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age (∼5-3 ka cal BP), period during which a new transitional phase is recorded in La Janda (ca. 3.5/3.3-1.3 ka cal BP), culminating in the terrestrialization of the area. The predominance of freshwater taxa and decrease of saltmarsh vegetation is observed during this period, and the transformation of the landscape for agricultural activities over the last centuries is reflected in the local presence of cereals and markers of erosive processes.

[EN] La Esparragosa is a Neolithic site located in the Bay of Cádiz. Its corresponds to a settlement with silos. It was excavated a few years ago by our team. We present an analysis of the lithic industry from this site of the IV th millennium B.C. We provide data on the documented siliceous raw materials, verifying the variety of flint and its possible origins. The technological study is carried out within the framework of the Analytical Logical System (SLA) and with Laplace’s classification. An important laminar registry is verified, with retouched tools of predominance of the abrupt mode. In the typologies, domestic tools and those linked to various productive activities are well represented. The functional analysis tests the link of artifacts associated with agricultural activities, but also with projectile functions and, above all, highlights the use of knives for the work and processing of fish., [ES] La Esparragosa es un yacimiento neolítico situado en la bahía de Cádiz. Corresponde a un poblado con campos de silos. Excavado hace unos años por nuestro equipo, presentamos un análisis de la industria lítica tallada del poblado del IV milenio a.C. Aportamos datos de las materias primas silíceas documentadas, comprobando la variedad de sílex y sus posibles procedencias. El estudio tecnológico se realiza con el Sistema Lógico Analítico (SLA) y con la clasificación de Laplace. Se comprueba un importante registro laminar, con utillajes retocados de predominio del modo abrupto. En tipología están bien representados los utillajes domésticos y los vinculados con diversas actividades productivas. El análisis funcional prueba la relación de artefactos asociados a actividades agrícolas, pero también con funciones de proyectiles y sobre todo destaca el uso de cuchillos para el trabajo y procesamiento del pescado.

[EN] The excavations undertaken at the Campo de Hockey site in 2008 led to the identification of a major Neolithic necropolis in the former Island of San Fernando (Bay of Cadiz). This work presents the results of the latest studies, which indicate that the site stands as one of the oldest megalithic necropolises in the Iberian Peninsula. The main aim of this work is to present with precision the chronology of this necropolis through a Bayesian statistical model that confirms that the necropolis was in use from c. 4300 to 3800 cal BC. The presence of prestige grave goods in the earliest and most monumental graves suggest that the Megalithism phenomenon emerged in relation to maritime routes linked to the distribution of exotic products. We also aim to examine funerary practices in these early megalithic communities, and especially their way of life and the social reproduction system. As such, in addition to the chronological information and the Bayesian statistics, we provide the results of a comprehensive interdisciplinary study, including anthropological, archaeometric and genetic data.

La Esparragosa es un yacimiento neolítico situado en la bahía de Cádiz. Corresponde a un poblado con campos de silos. Excavado hace unos años por nuestro equipo de la Universidad de Cádiz, presentamos en este trabajo un análisis de la industria lítica tallada del poblado del IVo milenio a.n.e. Aportamos unos datos de las materias primas silíceas documentadas, comprobando la variedad de sílex y sus posibles procedencias. El estudio tecnológico se realiza en el marco del Sistema Lógico Analítico (SLA) y con la clasificación de Laplace. Se comprueba un importante registro laminar, con utillajes retocados de predominio del modo abrupto. En tipología están bien representados los utillajes domésticos y los vinculados con diversas actividades productivas. El análisis funcional prueba el vínculo de artefactos asociados a actividades agrícolas, pero también con funciones de proyectiles y sobre todo destaca el uso de cuchillos para el trabajo y procesamiento del pescado., [EN] La Esparragosa is a Neolithic site located in the Bay of Cádiz. Its corresponds to a settlement with silos. It was excavated a few years ago by our team from the University of Cádiz. We present in this work an analysis of the lithic industry from this site of the IV th millennium B.C. We provide data on the documented siliceous raw materials, verifying the variety of flint and its possible origins. The technological study is carried out within the framework of the Analytical Logical System (SLA) and with Laplace’s classification. An important laminar registry is verified, with retouched tools of predominance of the abrupt mode. In the typologies, domestic tools and those linked to various productive activities are well represented. The functional analysis tests the link of artifacts associa- ted with agricultural activities, but also with projectile functions and, above all, highlights the use of knives for the work and processing of fish.

Nous présentons dans ce travail, un panorama synthétique des occupations humaines du Nord du Maroc, en mettant l’accent sur l’association des données anthropologiques et des données culturelles, ceci dans un cadre chronologique compris entre le Paléolithique Moyen (MSA) et le Paléolithique Supérieur. Nous présentons aussi les projets développés, durant ces 15 dernières années, et les résultats les plus intéressants que nous avons obtenus. Pour conclure, nous proposons quelques réflexions sur l’évaluation culturelle et historique des enregistrements archéologiques de la région de Tétouan dans les périodes du Paléolithique Moyen et Supérieur., In this work, we present a synthetic panorama of the human occupations of northern Morocco, with an emphasis on the association of anthropological with cultural records, within the framework of the Middle Palaeolithic (MSA) and the Upper Palaeolithic. We also present the projects developed over the past 15 years and the most interesting results we have obtained. And we conclude bay providing some reflections on the cultural and historical evaluation of the archaeological records from the Tetouan region in the Middle and the Upper Palaeolithic phases.

Las contribuciones que se exponen definen las claves y exploran los procesos que, tanto a nivel general como particular de cada ejemplo, intervinieron en la construcción de los edificios históricos a lo largo de los siglos a partir de la recuperación, reciclaje y reutilización de materiales de época romana provenientes de otros edificios anteriores. Del mismo modo, se analizan las características arquitectónicas y urbanísticas de los edificios, la procedencia del material reutilizado, la tipología arquitectónica de los materiales expoliados o su contexto, entre otras particularidades. Los distintos casos analizados componen un elenco ampliamente significativo a nivel espacial y temporal, lo que permite perfilar de forma muy clara cuáles fueron estos procesos de spolia y reutilización de materiales romanos y su pervivencia a través del tiempo. Esta publicación, por tanto, ofrece una amplia base y marco de trabajo para los estudios futuros sobre todos estos aspectos.