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A 35-year-old woman presented with acute-onset painless diminution of vision for both distance and near in her left eye for 1 month. She is a known case of hypothyroidism controlled on oral thyroxine. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at presentation was 20/20 (spherical equivalent of −0.5 D

The crystal orientation fabric (COF) of a polar ice sheet has a significant effect on the rheology of the ice sheet. With the aim of better understanding the deformation regime of ice sheets, the work presented here investigates the COF in the upper 80 % of the Dome Fuji Station ice core in East Antarctica. Dielectric anisotropy (Δε) data were acquired as a novel indicator of the vertical clustering of COF resulting from vertical compressional strain within the dome. The Δε values were found to exhibit a general increase with depth, but with fluctuations over distances in the order of 10–102 m. In addition, significant decreases in Δε were found to be associated with depths corresponding to three major glacial to interglacial transitions. These changes in Δε are ascribed to variations in the deformational history caused by dislocation motion occurring from near-surface depths to deeper layers. Fluctuations in Δε over distances of less than 0.5 m exhibited a strong inverse correlation with Δε at depths greater than approximately 1200 m, indicating that they were enhanced during the glacial-interglacial transitions. The Δε data also exhibited a positive correlation with the concentration of chloride ions and an inverse correlation with the amount of dust particles in the ice core at greater depths corresponding to decreases in the degree of c axis clustering. Finally, we found that fluctuations in Δε persisted to approximately 80 % of the total depth of the ice sheet. These data suggest that the factors determining the deformation of ice include the concentration of chloride ions and the amount of dust particles, and that the layered contrast associated with the COF is preserved all the way from the near-surface to a depth corresponding to approximately 80 % of the thickness of the ice sheet. These findings provide important implications regarding further development of the COF under the various stress-strain configurations that the ice will experience in the deepest region, approximately 20 % of the total depth from the ice/bed interface.

Dome structures have been used extensively for industrial, residential, and military infrastructure. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the damage risk potential for such structures for blast-resistant design considerations. This paper investigates the effect of blast load variability on the design value and the structural dynamic response. Therefore, the sources of uncertainty in the external blast load on dome structures were discussed firstly. Then based on the probabilistic blast load model for the dome, the rationality of a deterministic mass-increase safety method was assessed. It was found that previous deterministic design method cannot provide a consistent and sound assurance factor or reliability index on the entire dome roof. In addition, it was also proved that the assurance-based load method fails to ensure compliance with structural safety design standards on the dome roof when compared with the reliability-based blast method. A sensitivity analysis on the probabilistic blast load was conducted, and the results indicate that stand-off distance and explosive mass both act as dominant sources to influence the mean and variability of blast load. Therefore, based on the Latin hypercube sampling method, a reliability-based external blast load factor technique was proposed. This technique was further used to estimate structural damage levels of a single-layer reticulated dome under different reliability requirements, associated with a low, medium, and high level of protection grades for a specific explosion scenario, and it indicated that this technique can be useful in the building design to achieve a higher structural anti-explosion capacity. This study herein can serve as a reference for the calculation method of designed blast load.

The Tarim basin not only is one of the main targets for hydrocarbon exploration in China, but also hosts the Early Permian LIP, thereby providing an ideal laboratory to investigate how the LIP eruptions interact with the petroleum system in the volcanic-affected basins. Six major second-order domes were identified in the first-order dome that involves the entire Tarim LIP, based on seismic probing and lithofacies and stratigraphic observations in boreholes and the stratigraphic sections. These second-order domes are characterized by abundant Permian basaltic dykes and volcanic craters, indicative of the origin from the LIP eruption. They also are the sites of the almost all Paleozoic oil and gas reservoirs in the Tarim basin. Dating on authigenic illites collected from 20 Silurian bituminous and oil-saturated sandstone samples in the Tarim basin, along with literature data, indicates that hydrocarbon charge and emplacement in the Paleozoic reservoirs prevalently occurred during 300–255 Ma, approximately concurrent with the eruption of the Tarim LIP lavas (300–262 Ma). Therefore, we propose that the LIP eruption not only created the second-order domes that provided space for the oil and gas charge but also triggered the rapid release of hydrocarbon through the volcanic vents, thereby controlling the formation of Paleozoic oil and gas fields in the Tarim basin.

In order to improve distillate water, this paper presents a study of the solar dome system that is considered as one of the most important economical solutions in the domain of drinking water production. For this, a mathematical model was built from equations describing the optical and thermal phenomenon involved in this process. The concentration of radiation and the heat flow were simulated in each 0.1m² of the dome which using the metrological parameters of Morocco’s region Rabat-Salé-Kenitra. The results can follow the evolution of the temperature of glass, salt water, point dew temperature, saturation pressure and evaporation rate as well as humidity reached in August month for the study zone. For this, a numerical implementation on Matlab and Ansys are compared with measurements for the same parameters showed in the domain study of single slope. The comparison results are more significant by the rise of the ray concentration rate reached until 99% if the inclination angle of the heliostat divided into three intervals. The saturation pressure increases as long as with the rate of evaporation and the humidity that produces ordinary daily fresh water.

Crack formation in hemispherical domes is a distinguished problem in structural mechanics. The safety of cracked domes has a long track record; the evolution of the cracking pattern received less attention. Here, we report displacement-controlled loading tests of brittle hemispherical dome specimens, including the evolution of the meridional cracking pattern. The 27 investigated specimens, 20 cm in diameter, were prepared in 3D printed molds, and their material is one of the three mixtures of gypsum and cement. We find that neither the (limited) tensile strength nor the exact value of the thickness significantly affects the statistical description of the cracking pattern, i.e., the cracking phenomenon is robust. The maximal number of the meridional cracks never exceeds seven before the fragments’ disintegration (collapse). We find that the size distribution of the fragments exhibits a lognormal distribution. The evolution is reflected in the load-displacement diagrams recorded in the test, too, as significant drops in the force are accompanied by an emergence of one or more new cracks, reflecting the brittle nature of the phenomenon. A simple, stochastic fragmentation model, in which a segment is fragmented at either in the middle or at the fourth point, fairly recovers the observed size distribution.

The friction between cable and cable-strut joints is a high nonlinear behavior which can cause the loss of cable force and then affect the mechanical behavior of integral structure during the construction and service phase. The ellipsoidal suspen-dome structures have been commonly utilized in practical engineering. Compared to the suspen-dome structures in spherical shape, the prestress loss of hoop cable is very different from the suspen-dome structures in ellipsoidal shape. To quantify the influence of friction force on the cable-strut joints of ellipsoidal suspen-dome structures, an iterative program for quantifying the friction force proposed by authors is integrated with tension compensation method. The influence of form coefficient and the connection stiffness, including axial stiffness and bending stiffness, are systematically investigated. The results indicated that the shape of upper grid structures has significantly influence on the loss of cable force. The friction can reduce the displacement of the whole structure and semi-rigid connection can increase the displacement of the whole structure, and the increase of both will lead to the increase of cable force loss. The friction will reduce the stress of radial rod, while semi-rigid connection will increase the internal force of radial rod. Both of them have little effect on the stress distribution of struts.

Long-span infrastructures are usually taken over for public shelters, in which single-layer reticulated dome is a kind of popular structure. But there was less research for the damage assessment of single-layer reticulated domes subjected to mainshock-aftershock sequences. How to accurately assess the damage by mainshock and the stability redundancy for aftershock becomes an important problem. In order to explore the effects on the structural damage, this paper processes the dynamic time-history analyses for single-layer reticulated domes subjected to mainshock-aftershock sequences. The finite element model of Kiewitt8 single-layer spherical reticulated shell structure is established in ANSYS. Ten pairs of ground motion sequences in horizontal direction are generated with modulating amplitude to simulate the rare and extreme earthquakes. The results demonstrated that the structure even suffered from the extreme earthquake mainshock still has loading capacity and structural safety with the local plastic damage. But the effect on structural damage of aftershock ground motion with greater earthquake intensity cannot be ignored for single-layer reticulated domes. A structural damage assessment method is utilized with combining the damage factor by performing static stability analysis twice. It can effectively reflect the remaining loading capacity and structural safety factor for the practical seismic engineering applications.

This research presents an investigation of laminar two-dimensional double-diffusive free convection and entropy formation in an inclined enclosure under the influence of an inclined magnetic field. The performance of natural convective heat transfer can be improved by doing modifications in enclosure geometry that impact the flow structure. We have considered a dome-shaped enclosure to examine the heat and mass transfer performance. The enclosure is saturated with Cu-water nanofluid and the two sidewalls of the enclosure are maintained at constant temperature Tc(

In this paper, the best geometrical shapes of Persian brick masonry single-shell domes under uniform pressure have been obtained and then the failure concentrated load has been determined. Seven different cross-sectional shapes with three different spans were considered. Three-dimensional finite element analysis was performed with the assumption of non-linear behaviour for materials. The minimum ratio of the apex thickness to base thickness (k) for which the failure load to dome weight ratio was a maximum was taken as the index for the best shape. For uniform pressure, k = 0.2, k = 0.08 to 0.3, and k = 0.144 to 0.54 were the best ratios for semi-circular, pointed and four-centred domes, respectively. The failure load of domes with best shapes under concentrated loads was more than that of other shapes.

Deformational history of the Hazara basin indicates a primitive collision of the two landmasses that undergoes an episodic deformation with NE-SW structural trend. Panjal Thrust (PT) and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) demarcate the northern and southern extremities of the basin, respectively. The area bounded between these two thrusts is the core consideration of the present research. Different stratigraphic units juxtapose along the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxes (HKS), while the strike-slip component is indicated by imbrication due to thrusts. The study is amied to analyze the paleo-stresses along with developed fracture patterns. Field data were collected via Circle Inventory Method from various localities of the Ghumawan dome, Hazara basin. The zones of upper Cretaceous to Eocene carbonates were mainly targeted during the data collection. Win-Tensor was the key software that helps to analyze the paleo-stresses and fracture pattern of the study area. NW-trending fracture pattern was observed with a highly non-symmetric to dense fracture pattern. The local thrust system lead to severely de-shape the study area. N-S oriented σ1 indicated the compressional tectonic condition that prevailed during deformation of this area. Some segments also show extensional features i.e. normal faulting.

The spatial distribution of buildings is one of the key factors influencing the local environment within a city. The quantitative measurement of building distribution can provide critical informati...

Ab Anbars were used in most areas of Iran, especially in hot and dry climates, to keep water cool. The dome of Ab Anbars had varying heights and forms used to cover the reservoir. The present study conducted an experimental and numerical review of five sample Ab Anbar domes of different structures from a hot dry climate in Yazd. To conduct the research, Tg and Ta parameters inside and outside the domes were simultaneously taken from morning to evening with two data loggers on the hottest days of the year, while during the day, the surface temperature was exposed to radiation and dome shadow were captured using a thermometer. For validation, samples of the fixed span were modeled in Rhinoceros5 software and tested with Radiance Engine of solar radiation analysis algorithm on the hottest day of the year in three intervals of 2,4, 6 p.m. in order to identify the most suitable dome in terms of heat reception for hot and dry climates. The findings indicated that there was a good relationship between experimental and simulation data. The amount of sunlight reception on the dome surfaces varied in each time interval. The discrepancy level of Tg and Ta parameters inside and outside high-rise domes was found to be lower than that of low-rise domes, as low-rise domes absorbed more heat and stored it inside. Therefore, high-rise domes were among the most suitable covering areas for Ab Anbars in the hot and dry climate of Yazd.

Background It has been hypothesized that the patella, working in conjunction with both medial and lateral femoral condyles, can influence kinematic parameters such as posterior femoral rollback and axial rotation. The objective of this study is to determine the in vivo kinematics of subjects implanted with a fixed-bearing (FB) or mobile-bearing (MB) posterior-stabilized (PS) total knee arthroplasty (TKA), with a specific focus on evaluating the impact that Anatomic and Medialized Dome patellar components have on tibiofemoral kinematic patterns. Methods Tibiofemoral kinematics were assessed for 40 subjects; 20 with an anatomic patella and 20 with a dome patella. Within these groups, 10 subjects received an FB PS TKA and 10 subjects received an MB PS TKA. All subjects were analyzed using fluoroscopy while performing a deep knee bend activity. Kinematics were collected during specific intervals to determine similarities and differences in regard to patella and bearing type. Results The greatest variation in kinematics was detected between the 2 Anatomic patellar groups. Specifically, the MB-Anatomic subjects experienced greater translation of the lateral condyle, the highest magnitude of axial rotation, and the highest range of motion compared to the FB-Anatomic subjects. Subjects with a Dome Patella displayed much variability among the average kinematics, with all parameters between FB and MB cohorts being similar. Conclusion The findings in this study suggest that subjects with an Anatomic patellar component could have more normal kinematic patterns with an MB PS TKA as opposed to an FB PS TKA, while subjects with a Dome patella could achieve similar kinematics regardless of TKA type.

Geodesic domes are 3D reticulated structures used to cover large areas. As lightweight structures, they are sensible for dynamic effects. The structural behaviour of domes is affected by the kind of connections between their members. Semi -rigid joints produce loss of stiffness compared with rigid joints. Dynamic tests may capture the effect of semi-rigid joints. The objective of this work is to conduct both static and dynamic tests on a Geodesic Dome at the laboratory scale and compare the results with a linear elastic FE model. The research method involved designing, building and testing a prototype constructed of aluminum wit h overall dimensions of 2000 mm in diameter and 800 mm in height. A 3D finite element model was developed using beam and shell elements. Experimental and numerical results were compared in terms of displacements and frequencies. Load—displacement curves are presented for the static loading. The dynamic behaviour is evaluated by hitting an impact hammer on members and nodes to allow measurement of accelerations. An FFT technique is used to determine the frequency spectrum. The results show that the laboratory prototype presented about 20% less stiffness than predicted by the linear elastic numerical model. The difference is attributed to the transmissibility condition between nodal connectors and emphasizes the influence of semi-rigid joints. Despite being largely used to assess dome structures, standard FE models are shown to be insufficient in capturing local non-linearities.

Background: The dome-type osteotomy is a powerful technique for deformity correction of the limb. However, there is limited information about the utility of dome supramalleolar osteotomy (SMO) in ankle joint preservation surgery. This study aimed to describe the technique and indications for dome SMO in distal tibial malalignment. Methods: Twenty-three patients (23 ankles) who underwent dome SMO with a 2-year follow-up were reviewed. Dome SMO was indicated when there were opposing deformities in the ankle and lower limb mechanical axis (ie, varus ankle deformity with valgus lower limb alignment and vice versa) where inherent translation following conventional wedge-type osteotomies could worsen the deformity of the entire lower limb. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on preoperative ankle alignment: the varus ankle group (n = 11) and the valgus ankle group (n = 12). The radiographic correction was assessed using 6 parameters from weightbearing ankle and hindfoot alignment views. In addition, the lower limb mechanical axis was assessed with ankle center deviation (ACD) from the hip-knee (HK) line on the whole limb radiograph, and the weightbearing line (WBL) point was measured to identify changes in the weightbearing load within the ankle joint. Results: Preoperatively, the varus ankle group had varus ankle deformity (tibiotalar angle [TTA], 76.5 ± 5.8 degrees) with valgus lower limb mechanical axis, whereas the valgus ankle group had valgus ankle deformity (TTA, 99.1 ± 4.5 degrees) with varus lower limb mechanical axis alignment. Postoperatively, a significant improvement in the ankle alignment and the lower limb mechanical axis was observed in both groups. The ACD significantly changed toward the HK line, suggesting an improved lower limb mechanical axis, and the WBL point showed a significant shift of the weightbearing axis toward the uninvolved area within the ankle joint. Conclusion: Dome SMO demonstrated a successful correction of local deformity while simultaneously realigning the hip-knee-ankle axis toward neutral. Additionally, an effective load shifting toward an uninvolved area within the ankle joint was observed. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.

The outstanding mechanical performances of two-dimensional (2D) materials make them appealing for the emerging fields of flextronics and straintronics. However, their manufacturing and integration in 2D crystal-based devices rely on a thorough knowledge of their hardness, elasticity, and interface mechanics. Here, we investigate the elasticity of highly strained monolayer-thick MoS2 membranes, in the shape of micrometer-sized domes, by atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanoindentation experiments. A dome’s crushing procedure is performed to induce a local re-adhesion of the dome’s membrane to the bulk substrate under the AFM tip’s load. It is worth noting that no breakage, damage, or variation in size and shape are recorded in 95% of the crushed domes upon unloading. Furthermore, such a procedure paves the way to address quantitatively the extent of the van der Waals interlayer interaction and adhesion of MoS2 by studying pull-in instabilities and hysteresis of the loading–unloading cycles. The fundamental role and advantage of using a superimposed dome’s constraint are also discussed.

Agricultural utilization of bioslurry plays a critical role in soil conditioning and hence crop production. It also reduces greenhouse gas emissions thus mitigating climate change. Although the effect of bioslurry on growth and yields is well researched, that of different biodigester types is under-researched. Therefore, a study was carried out in Waruhiu Agricultural Training Centre, Githunguri sub-county, Kiambu county in Kenya, to investigate the effect of bioslurry from flexi and dome biodigesters on soil chemical properties, maize growth, yield and grain quality. Treatments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The treatments were bioslurry from both Fixed Dome and Flexi biodigesters, applied separately at a rate of 400mls per hill as basal and top dress fertilizer. Planting was done during the 2019 short and 2020 long rains, using Duma 43 maize variety. The agronomic (germination percentage, number of leaves, leaf width, leaf length, plant height) and productivity data (stalk, stovers, grain yields and grain quality) were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) through Proc general linear model (GLM) procedures. Mean separation was done using least square means (LS-Means). Results showed an increase in soil pH, total N and OC, exchangeable P, K, Mn and Na in both biodigester types. Total N and OC were higher in Dome treated soils by 38.89% and 37.00%, while in Flexi, it was 16.67% and 16.00% respectively. Exchangeable P and K was higher in Flexi treated soils with a 38.57% and 50.00% increase while in Dome it 37.86% and 47.22% respectively. Magnesium and Zn decreased after treatment by 34.30% and 22.59% in Dome while Flexi had 33.23% and 31.79% increase. Exchangeable Fe and acidity decreased in Dome but increased in Flexi treated soils. No statistical differences were observed on growth and yield parameters but Dome registered higher grain yields by 9.4% and 6.3% for short and long rains respectively. Flexi treated soils registered higher values in most grain nutrient content such as K, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn in short rains and P, Ca, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn in the long rains. Bioslurry from both biodigester types variably increased the evaluated soil chemical properties but decreased Mg and Zn. Despite the numerical differences noted between bioslurry from both biodigester types on maize growth and yield, there was no significant difference (p≤.05). However, Dome bioslurry increased N, OC and maize grain yield more while exchangeable P and K and most of the grain nutrient content were higher in Flexi treated soils. Therefore, bioslurry from either biodigester type can be used in enhancing soil conditions, growth, yield and quality of maize. However, a long-term experiment is required validate the findings.

BACKGROUND: Cervical laminoplasty is an established and effective surgical treatment for neurologic dysfunction associated with cervical myelopathy. “Dome laminotomies” involve undercutting the laminae adjacent to the laminoplasty levels to decompress and prevent spinal cord kinking on the lamina edges. The technique allows for a decrease in the number of instrumented laminae, smaller surgical exposure, and preservation of muscular attachments at the top of C2 and C7. We investigated whether dome laminotomies are associated with satisfactory neurologic and pain outcome. METHODS: This study involved a retrospective review of consecutive patients treated at a single institution between November 2015 and September 2018. The patients underwent a C3–C6 laminoplasty with dome laminotomies of the caudal edge of C2 and the cranial edge of C7 lamina. Postoperative evaluations of pain, myelopathy symptoms, and complications occurred at early (mean, ∼2 months) and late (mean, ∼15 months) time points. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were enrolled (mean age, 62 years). Mean axial pain score improved significantly at both the early (P = .02) and late (P = .045) postoperative evaluations compared with the mean baseline pain score. A total of 92% of patients experienced resolution of baseline hand dysfunction at the early postoperative follow-up, and 84% maintained it at the late follow-up. Two-thirds of patients experienced (late) significant improvement (P < 0.05) in baseline balance impairment. Postoperative response rates for urinary dysfunction were 58% (early) and 42% (late). There were no wound complications, late neurologic deterioration, kyphosis, or C5 palsy. CONCLUSIONS: C3–C6 laminoplasty with C2 and C7 dome laminotomies was safe, well tolerated, and associated with satisfactory early and late improved neurologic function and decreased pain.

Middle to Late Jurassic rocks of Jhurio Dome, Kutch, India yielded fairly rich foraminiferal assemblages comprising 87 species, including 27 species reported for the first time from the Indian region which are illustrated with the help of SEM photomicrographs. Preliminary interpretations regarding palaeoecology and age are attempted. Based on the dominance of Family Vaginulinidae followed by Nodosariidae, Morphogroup J, calcareous hyaline species, and genus Lenticulina, the foraminiferal assemblages of Jhurio Dome appear to be flourishing in an open oceanic deep shelf environment, ranging from mid to outer shelf, with normal to high oxygen level and normal salinity. On the basis of foraminiferal assemblages, a Bajocian to Oxfordian age is assigned to the studied rocks of Jhurio Dome, Kutch, India.

Objective To analyze correlations between the selection of microtitanium plates with different specifications for use in a cervical vertebral dome expansion laminoplasty. Methods Sixteen patients that underwent the cervical vertebral dome expansion laminoplasty with a cervical spinal stenosis angioplasty procedure for treatment of their cervical spinal cords were recruited at our hospital. From February 2017 to September 2018, medical records confirmed that all patients underwent cervical CT and MRI tests pre‐ and postsurgery. The anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal, changes in the cross‐sectional area of the spinal canal, and the pre‐ and postsurgery distance of the cervical spinal cord after applying microtitanium plates with different lengths were measured by Mimics version 17.0 software (Materialise NV, Leuven, Belgium). A statistical regression and correlation analysis of relevant specification parameters of the microtitanium plate was then studied. Results As the size of the microtitanium plate increased, we found that the cross‐sectional area of cervical spinal canal and distance between the descendants of the lamina and the distance of cervical spinal cord concordantly increased, and these data changes linearly. The regression equation associated with sagittal diameter, cross‐sectional area, and posterior movement distance of the cervical spinal cord was obtained. Conclusion According to the correlation analysis of imaging data changes, the regression equation was obtained to guide the selection of microtitanium plates with appropriate specifications in a cervical vertebral dome expansion laminoplasty., This type of surgery involves lavage of the lamina at the junction of the C3‐C7 bilateral lamina and the facet joint and requires the lamina to be completely moved backward. In this process, we attempted to protect and retain the relevant tissue structures attached to the spinous process, such as the supraspinous ligament and interspinous ligament, while keeping the spinous process in the original center position and enlarging the spinal canal. This procedure permits the spinal cord to drift backward, thus reducing the pressure on the cervical spinal cord. Then, we used our own microtitanium plate to fix the two sides of the lamina to form a strong structure. As the size of the microtitanium plate increased, we found that the cross‐sectional area of cervical spinal canal and distance between the descendants of the lamina and the distance of cervical spinal cord concordantly increased. The regression equation associated with sagittal diameter, cross‐sectional area, and posterior movement distance of the cervical spinal cord was obtained. The use of the corresponding regression equations enabled the prediction of the cervical spinal canal parameters and posterior movement distance of the cervical spinal cord when adopting different specifications of the microtitanium plate for different segments of the cervical vertebrae.

The Alvand mantled granite-gneiss dome developed within the Zagros hinterland fold-and-thrust belt. This belt is located in the core of the Zagros thick-skinned tectonics and is characterized by in-sequence and out-of-sequence sole thrusting and involved basement. Quartz c-axis fabric, kinematic vorticity number, and finite strain analyses were used to investigate the deformation characteristic of the Alvand granite-gneiss dome. The estimated kinematic vorticity number (Wk = Wm = 0.82 ± 0.11) from the quartz c-axis of quartzo-feldspathic mylonite reveals the relative contribution of 61% simple shear and 39% pure shear component. Measurement of the quartz c-axis opening angle of mylonite nappes documents the deformation temperature (472° ± 35°) and suggests an amphibolite facies condition. This mantled dome represents the ductile flow between an upper normal-sense boundary and a lower thrust-sense boundary, which reach down in the entire middle to lower parts of the gneissic continental crust. Structural and vorticity analyses suggest that the Alvand gneiss dome has resulted from the inclined (α = 25°) dextral transpression of the N. Gondwana and S. Lurasia margin and records four phases of deformation (D1, D2, D3, and D4) during structural evolution.

Тhe issues of designing a multi-volume dome structure for a water park using wooden arches as load-bearing structures are сonsidered. The complexity of the volumes and their joining lines, as well as the requirement to perform non-linear analysis of large-span timber elements at the request of Eurocode 5, make an information model with elements of BIM-technology necessary. It is noted that design using this technology is developing in the direction of taking into account all stages of the structure life cycle. Wood Information modeling is the most prepared for the use of BIM-technologies. This is due to the high factory readiness and complex digital technologies for the manufacture of modern wooden structures elements. During the design, an information model was formulated in the SAPFIR software package with the subsequent possibility of importing the model into the LIRA-SAPR software package. Additional steps were used to build the model: creating a 2D template in AutoCad with reference lines and the location of rigid walls on which the coating rests, and importing drawings into SAPFIR as a dxf-underlay; for all elements of the system located in the local coordinate system, auxiliary lines were built for the correct orientation of the plane in space; loads on curved surfaces were calculated in the PC Expri. For the further development of the nodes, 3D modeling was used with the transfer of the information model to the Tekla Structures PC as a specialized environment for the constructive section of the project. The presented calculation of a complex dome structure using wooden arches summarizes the approaches to the development of unique forms of structures using wood. The use of information models made it possible to reduce the time spent on design, to optimize the drawings, and also to significantly increase the complexity of the architectural and structural design of the structure and the design model, taking into account the nonlinear effects of wood.

A geodesic or net dome, also known as a Fuller’s dome, is a spherical structure. Geodesic domes are well receptive to asymmetric loads, especially snow and wind, have high aerodynamics, increased rigidity and stability. It should be noted that the larger the diameter of the sphere, the greater its bearing capacity, and the strength of such dome slightly depends on the building materials used. With significant advantages, the design and construction of wooden net domes has not become widespread. The fact is that net domes are spatial structures with a large number of elements, which accordingly entails a large number of nodes. The elements of the dome are connected with dowels, wet film gauge, bolts, wood screws, staples, screws, nails. Adhesive connections on washers are used, also steel clamps, straps, overlays are applied. However, they all have disadvantages, the scope of each connector is different, and their cost is often comparable to the cost of the dome elements. We offer a universal connector for connecting dome parts at any angle. As a result of introduction of such technical decision of knot, we receive essential simplification of a design, reduction of quantity of components, at the same time with increase of its manufacturability. To study the operation of the joint of wooden glue-board elements of the dome with the use of a universal connector, its experimental studies were carried out. The purpose of the study: to study the actual operation of the connection of wooden parts of the dome with a universal connector in the form of rotating fasteners that rotate freely on the draw bolt, to assess its strength and deformability, to assess the possibility of using such a connection in the design of spatial structures. To solve the tasks, a full-scale fragment of the dome was tested, which includes characteristic nodes with rigid adjacency of elements to each other.

Due to its micrometer-scale resolution and inherently micro-destructive nature, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is particularly suited to exploring the thin and closely spaced layers in the oldest sections of polar ice cores. Recent adaptions to the LA-ICP-MS instrumentation mean we have faster washout times allowing state-of-the-art 2-D imaging of an ice core. This new method has great potential especially when applied to the localization of impurities on the ice sample, something that is crucial, to avoiding misinterpretation of the ultra-fine-resolution signals. Here we present the first results of the application of LA-ICP-MS elemental imaging to the analysis of selected glacial and interglacial samples from the Talos Dome and EPICA Dome C ice cores from central Antarctica. The localization of impurities from both marine and terrestrial sources is discussed, with special emphasis on observing a connection with the network of grain boundaries and differences between different climatic periods. Scale-dependent image analysis shows that the spatial significance of a single line profile along the main core axis increases systematically as the imprint of the grain boundaries weakens. It is demonstrated how instrumental settings can be adapted to suit the purpose of the analysis, i.e., by either employing LA-ICP-MS to study the interplay between impurities and the ice microstructure or to investigate the extremely thin climate proxy signals in deep polar ice.

Background: Jugular foramen (JF) is one of the complex foramen present in base of skull. It varies in shape and size from side to side in same cranium, in different cranium and in different races. It is associated with many diseases of posterior cranial fossa and many skull base surgeries are being carried out by drilling the skull bone around JF for better exposure. Aim and objectives: The present study aims to carry out the morphological and morphometric analysis of jugular foramen of skulls of eastern Indian origin. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 100 JF of 50 dried human skulls. Anteroposterior(width), medio-lateral diameter(length) of JF, width and depth of the jugular fossa were measured. Mean and standard deviation of different measurements of left and right side were statistically analysed by student’s t-test. Presence of dome and septum were also studied. Results: The mean of all the measurements are more on right side than left side but it is statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Bony septum was found in 76% cases on left side and 60% on right side. Complete septation wasn’t found in our study. Domed roof was present in 66% cases on right side as compared to 52% on left side. Conclusion: Shape and size of JF may vary due to different size of internal jugular vein and it’s superior bulb. These variations can be due to constitutional, racial or genetic. This anatomical knowledge of JF may help the neurosurgeons, ENT surgeons and radiologists during their clinical exploration.

Cable dome structure is a kind of space steel structure system with stay cable, hoop cable, ridge cable and brace strut. In order to study the mechanical properties of cable dome with different stay (steel tie rod and steel cable), two 6-m-span cable dome structures were designed and manufactured. One is with steel tie rod (SR), other is with steel cable (SC). Meanwhile, two finite element models, which were identical with the solid model, were established to analyzed the mechanical properties of the cable dome and compared with the test results. The static mechanical properties of the cable domes (SC, SR) with Full-span load and Half- span load were analyzed by test. The results show that the internal forces of the two kinds of cable domes increased with the increased of Full-span load. The vertical displacement of the cable dome (SR) was smaller than that of the cable dome (SC). When the structure was under Half-span load, the stress of the two cable domes on the loading side was relatively complex, and the internal force of the rods on the loading side varies greatly, which indicating that the structure was very sensitive to the asymmetric load. The variation trend between the simulated value and the test value was consistent, which verifies the correctness of the finite element model. Furthermore, the natural frequencies of the structure with three different load state were tested by using the exciter excitation method. The results show that the natural frequencies of the two cables were dense, and the damping ratio of the cable dome (SC) structure was basically in the range of 0.0115–0.0238, and the damping ratio of the cable dome structure (SR) was basically in the range of 0.0081–0.0132, Which can provide reference for similar cable dome structures in practical projects.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of micropulse subthreshold laser coagulation (SML) in patients with complicated form of sclerogenic macular degeneration (SMD), acute and chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSR). Material and methods. SML was performed in 3 groups of patients. Group 1 – 15 patients with SMD from 28 to 63 years old, median age 55.0 (40; 62) years. Group 2 with acute CSR – 16 patients from 21 to 51 years old, median age – 37.0 (32; 42.5) years. Group 3 of patients with chronic CSR consisted of 15 people from 26 to 56 years old, the median age was 43.0 (40; 51). In group 1, women prevailed (93%), in groups 2 and 3 – men (94% and 80%, respectively). SML was performed with a diode laser (810 nm) in a subthreshold mode, a 10% microimpulse was used, 2-3 sessions were performed with an interval of 2-4 months. The observation period was 6-12 months. The criterion of efficiency was the complete disappearance of the liquid. Results. In group 1 of patients, serous retinal detachment (SRD) completely adhered in 7 out of 15 people (46.7%), there were no relapses during the year of follow-up. In group 2, the treatment effect was achieved in 11 out of 16 people (68.8%), 3 relapses of SRD. In group 3 with chronic CSR, complete regression of SRD was achieved in 10 out of 15 people (66.7%) with 1 recurrence of SRD. Significant dynamics of BCVA and retinal thickness in the central zone were observed only in the group with acute CSR. Conclusions. SML accelerates the resorption of subretinal fluid as efficiently as possible in patients with acute CSR. In the other two groups, this method of treatment cannot be considered completely satisfactory due to the very slow rate of regression of SRD and the absence of a significant effect on visual acuity. Key words: central serous chorioretinopathy, dome-shaped macula, sclerogenic macular degeneration, subthreshold laser micropulse coagulation.

In this paper, a dome slope single basin solar still for water treatment and desalination is presented. This new solar still device is based on installing a dome slope cover on the walls of the solar still. The main objective of such a still is to concentrate more sunrays at the still's bottom basin, through the increased area of the dome glass cover. Experiments are conducted under the climate conditions in Hangzhou city, China, for testing the operational performance of the dome slope type solar still and the fourfold slope still, so as to make a comparative analysis between them. Assessment of the dome slope still's feasibility is performed based on energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and enviroeconomic methodologies, as well as energy payback time. Results show that the productivity of the dome slope still is 36% higher than that of the fourfold slope still, and the dome slope solar still enhances the average hourly energy efficiency by 34%. Due to the higher energy and exergy outputs of the dome slope solar still throughout its lifetime, the novel solar still proposed in this study mitigates more CO2 compared with the fourfold slope still. Overall, incorporation of the dome slope cover with the still is found to be promising in terms of freshwater yield, cost, and energy payback time compared with the conventional one. The dome slope single basin solar still appears to be effective from exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental parameter analysis.

For large LNG storage tanks, the thermal load has a very important influence on the failure mode of the thin-walled spherical dome. However, the traditional calculation of thermal stress is very co...

The present paper presents a comprehensive study based on numerical and experimental investigations testing the use of NC lathe machine in SPIF process of a dome part made of AA1060-H14 aluminum alloy. The main idea is to check the viability of NC turning machine in SPIF process of axisymmetric parts usually manufactured using 3-axis milling machines. For this purpose, aluminum thin sheet is firstly characterized and the right material behavior is identified. A VUMAT subroutine is used to implement this material behavior in ABAQUS/explicit FE used to simulate the SPIF-Turning operation. A comparison between experimental and numerical results showed the efficiency of this FE model to simulate a 2-axis SPIF strategy. Results, covering forming effort, thinning, the strain state distribution, fracture occurrence, and surface finish proved that NC turning machines could manufacture rapidly and with more accuracy, revolved components usually formed by a 3-axis NC milling machine.

The dome reinforcement (DR) technology was studied to reduce the amount of carbon fiber of the type IV hydrogen storage vessel in this paper. Firstly, the influence of the angle and thickness of the dome reinforcement part on the stress distribution of the dome section is studied by finite element analysis. Secondly, the weight reduction of carbon fiber composite layer is studied based on the dome reinforcement model. The strain-based Hashin progressive damage model is used to predict the burst pressure and burst mode with user-defined material subroutine (UMAT) of ABAQUS. Finally, the dome reinforcement technology is further verified in comparison with non-dome reinforcement by burst tests. The results show that the progressive damage model can effectively represent matrix cracking and fiber fracture, and the predicted burst pressure and mode is consistent with the test results. The fiber stress near the equator of the dome section affects the burst mode, and the smaller the angle of dome reinforcement parts, the better the reinforcing effect, and the dome reinforcement technology can help to improve the fiber damage state at the dome, transfer the maximum stress to the cylinder section of the vessel, and ensure the burst mode to be a safe mode. Also, it can help to reduce the consumption of carbon fiber by up to 5.5% in composite material.

A tubular skylight (TS) is an effective system for transporting natural sunlight into the building interiors. However, the passive nature of the system may not account for the changing orientation of the sun and the conventional daylight collector designs like transparent dome are less effective under low altitude sun. This paper focuses on the performance evaluation of specifically designed TS having rectilinear parabolic-profile reflectors integrated with plane surface reflectors and wedge-shaped prism for daylight collection. The designed configuration redirects the low altitude incident rays efficiently into a vertical mirror light pipe having a rectangular cross-section and aims at giving desired levels of lighting throughout the sunny day. Numerical analysis of the same was carried out for various sky conditions. Experimental results for the proposed TS design show improved lighting levels during the low-altitude sun and reduced but consistent lighting during the mid-day. Average illuminance of ~ 400 lx was observed on the floor of the experiment room for the most part of the day. Along with capturing beam sunlight a significant amount of diffuse daylight capturing ability under clear sky conditions is observed using the proposed TS. The average illuminance value obtained on the work plane during winter solstice through the most optimized configured TS was more than twice the lighting value achieved by a conventional daylight-collecting transparent dome and almost twice the lighting value achieved by a TS with a prismatic dome collector. Under overcast sky conditions, the performance of the proposed configuration of TS is at par.

This study investigated the wind pressure characteristics of an elliptical plan retractable dome roof. Wind tunnel experiments were performed on elliptical dome roofs with varying wall height-to-sp...

There are many process parameters for directed energy deposition (DED) that influence product quality. Using a well-defined analytical model to simulate the process increases the knowledge of the process. In this paper, a finite element analysis of hardness and temperature history for a thin-wall hemisphere dome is investigated using the SYSWELD software. The dome diameter and thickness are 45 mm and 2 mm respectively, and 144 beads of varying lengths is required to fabricate this part without support structures. A three-dimensional thermo-metallurgical-mechanical solution is used to generate the hardness. Two approaches for heat input are applied: constant laser efficiency and constant melt pool size. The results show a reasonable match between the experimental hardness data and the finite element analysis. The numerical results correlated better for the base segments than for those built at the top. Influence factors vary as the component is built, as conduction into the substrate occurs for the base partitions, but convection and radiation influence the heat losses at the top for thin-walled components. This illustrates the challenges with respect to developing accurate results. Faster numerical analysis techniques need to be developed to simulate products fabricated by DED additive manufacturing processes.

The density–depth relationship of the Antarctic ice sheet is important for establishing a high-precision surface mass balance model and predicting future ice-sheet contributions to global sea levels. A new algorithm is used to reconstruct firn density and densification rate by inverting monostatic radio wave echoes from ground-operated frequency-modulated continuous wave radar data collected near four ice cores along the transect from Zhongshan Station to Dome A. The inverted density profile is consistent with the core data within 5.54% root mean square error. Due to snow redistribution, the densification rate within 88 km of ice core DT401 is correlated with the accumulation rate and varies greatly over horizontal distances of −3is reached decreases and densification rate increases in high-accumulation regions but decreases in low-accumulation regions. This inversion technique can be used to analyse more Antarctic radar data and obtain the density distribution trend, which can improve the accuracy of mass-balance estimations.

Recent studies have identified numerous pathologies in the cranial domes of pachycephalosaurid dinosaurs. These studies utilized CT images of domes to identify secondary woven bone and sclerosis associated with the pathologies. These features were critical for diagnosing post-traumatic osteomyelitis, which supported the head-butting behaviour hypothesis. However, conventional CT image resolution may not be sufficient to identify secondary woven bone or sclerotic bone in fossil specimens. UALVP 8504 (cf. Foraminacephale brevis), a dome possessing putative bone lesions, was thin-sectioned and micro-CT scanned. Thin sections revealed the lesions are lytic, without any secondary woven bone or sclerosis, falsifying the diagnosis of osteomyelitis. The morphology and histology of the lesions of UALVP 8504 are not diagnostic and resemble both post-traumatic and non-traumatic lesions. However, UALVP 8504 possesses shifted vascular canals (repositioning via remodeling, which maintains anatomical position throughout ontogeny) that are decoupled from growth (), and drifting osteons (secondary osteons where resorption occurs longitudinally and transversely). These demonstrate that the dome has sustained external mechanical loading, likely resulting from an impact or multiple impacts, consistent with the head-butting hypothesis. These impacts may have damaged overlying soft tissues and formed the lesions along the surface. Therefore, we suspect that the pathologies in UALVP 8504 are post-traumatic.

Matured continental rift zones that imprint the complete cycle of rifting are rare deformation environments in the globe. The western Afar margin is one that shows such a complete process. This research is aimed to understand the development of the lower part of the western Afar margin and determine the nature of transfer zones that host the mega dike injections, the elliptical scoria cones, and rhyolitic domes around Gulina area. To do so, structural analyses were conducted using intensive field measurements, Landsat ETM+, and SPOT imageries, and digital elevation models (DEM) data to comprehend chronologically distinct structures and magmatic series. The result shows that marginal structures are represented by older rift bounding NNW-SSE trending faults and younger NE-SW oriented transverse structures. Mode of emplacement of these two structurally and chronologically distinct structures are found associated with the evolution of the marginal magmatic series. The study has also investigated NE-SW trending offset faults and NE-SW striking transversal structures. Moreover, this work shows that the marginal structures are inactive but the younger structures (mega dikes and scoria cones are active and controlled by regional transversal structures that separate the Erta’Ale range and Tendaho-MandaHararo rift segment). From the recognition of the cross-cutting relationship, the marginal faults are identified as firstgeneration fractures, whereas the deformed domical silicified rhyolite outcrops situated in the marginal areas are classified under the second generation. The preserved rhyolite dome in the rift floor, the scoria cones, rift floor fractures, and dikes are found to be third-generation structures.

The traditional houses of the East Anatolian Region were basically a product of climatic conditions. The types of houses here reflect the region’s climatic conditions and display the same type of d...

The region of Ridge B in central East Antarctica is one of the last unexplored parts of the continent and, at the same time, ranks among the most promising places to search for Earth's oldest ice. In January 2020, we carried out the first scientific traverse from Russia's Vostok Station to the topographical dome of Ridge B (Dome B, 3807 m above sea level, 79.02°S, 93.69°E). The glaciological programme included continuous snow-radar profiling and geodetic positioning along the traverse's route, installation of snow stakes, measurements of snow density, collection of samples for stable water isotope and chemical analyses and drilling of a 20 m firn core. The first results of the traverse show that the surface mass balance at Dome B (2.28 g cm−2 year−1) is among the lowest in Antarctica. The firn temperature below the layer of annual variations is −58.1 ± 0.2°C. A very low value of heavy water stable isotope content (-58.2‰ for oxygen-18) was discovered at a distance of 170 km from Vostok Station. This work is the first step towards a comprehensive reconnaissance study of the Ridge B area aimed at locating the best site for future deep drilling for the oldest Antarctic ice.

Shiveluch volcano (Kamchatka, Russia) is an active andesitic volcano with a history of explosive activity, dome extrusion, and structural collapse during the Holocene. The most recent major (> 1 km3) dome collapse occurred in November 1964, producing a ~ 1.5 km3 debris avalanche that traveled over 15 km from the vent and triggered a phreatic explosion followed by a voluminous (~ 0.8 km3) eruption of juvenile pyroclastic material. Seismic records suggest that the collapse was likely triggered by a magnitude 5.1 earthquake associated with the ascent of magma into the edifice. The geomechanical properties of the pre-1964 dome are unknown; accordingly, the mechanics of the collapse are poorly understood. This project employs numerical slope stability modeling using the finite element method to constrain probable ranges of geomechanical properties for the materials involved in the collapse, considering earthquake loading as the most likely triggering mechanism. Model results show good agreement with the 1964 collapse geometry considering Geological Strength Index and horizontal pseudo-static seismic coefficient ranges of 30–60 and 0.05–0.15 g, respectively, representing variably fractured and altered dome rocks under moderate earthquake loading, confirming that ground acceleration alone could have triggered the dome collapse. Deep-seated rotational sliding is the dominant failure mode, but local extension within the dome during failure appears to play an important role in the development of the collapse. The findings of this work allow for better forward modeling of potential future collapses, the results of which can be incorporated into regional hazard and risk assessments.

The task was set, due to the capabilities of modern software systems, to assess the effect of the increase in inelastic deformations under prolonged load action on the loss of stability of thin-walled dome coverings. The study of the dependences of the forms of the loss of stability of dome covering from creep concrete that will help further with optimization calculations when determining of the most influencing parameters of designs.Calculation results of thin-walled concrete dome roof of circular outline under the influence of operational loadings with use of two modern program complexes are given in article. It is investigated intense and deformation condition of dome coverings as a part of construction from position of forecasting of possible forms of loss of stability, with use of opportunities of the final and element «MidasCivil» computer system. In work provisions of the theory of elasticity, mechanics of deformation of solid body, construction mechanics and also methods of mathematical modeling based on application of finite element method are used.The received results give the chance to rationally select geometrical parameters and material of design and also to set structural strength safety factors at the solution of problems of stability of different covers taking into account possible creep of material.

Large historical masonry domes are usually constructions of great cultural importance and therefore are often subjected to numerical analysis. The analysis aims to find the causes of structural damage arising from different loading combinations. This paper is concerned with demonstrating the application of plastic material models in the Finite Element Method for assessment of masonry structures with the dome of St. Peter’s Basilica with its support system including drum, buttresses, arcs and pillars as an example. 3-D solid elements were used in the analysis because of the dome’s complex geometry, which contains a double shell interconnected by ribs and surrounded by buttresses, and is characterized by a high thickness to diameter ratio. The Model was built in Abaqus CAE using Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) material to accommodate the plastic behavior of masonry in both compression and tension modes which arise from the dome’s geometry. The Model displays good convergence between plastic strain due to tension and historical data on the dome’s cracks and thus should be seen as an appropriate tool for qualitative analysis providing for better understanding of structural damages. The plastic Model provides an opportunity to track the development of cracks, to consider the resulting stress redistribution arising from increasing load and to attribute the existing crack patterns to the best fitting load condition.

Osteochondral lesion of the talus (OLT) is a common cause of ankle pain that often occurs in the talar dome and leads to talar cartilage and subchondral bone damage. Osteochondral autograft transplantation is a logical treatment option. It is known that if the cartilage does not heal properly after injury, it degenerates, and osteoarthritis worsens. A three dimensional (3D)-printed guide plate can be used to find the curved articular surface from the donor site which optimally fits the defect in the talus. Herein, we present the case of a 28-year-old man who had an open injury from the crash of a tricycle in the right ankle at the age of 5. Radiographs revealed a large defect in the medial talar dome that affected nearly half of the talar dome. We performed the debridement of the ankle lesion. An osteochondral autograft was harvested from the medial femoral condyle (MFC) with the help of a personalised 3D-printed guide plate. This 3D-printed guide plate simulated the contour of a specific area in the talar dome, which involved the site of the defect. The autograft was then transplanted into the talus defect. The efficacy of this technique was evaluated at 2, 4, and 7 months after surgery and proven to be reliable.