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In this contribution, new data concerning bryophytes, fungi, and lichens of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records and confirmations for the bryophyte generaAneura,Aulacomnium,Dumortiera,Fossombronia,Hennediella,Hygrohypnella,Pohlia,Porella,Riccardia,Tortella, andTortula, the fungal generaCortinarius,Mycena,Naucoria,Trichoglossum, andTubariaand the lichen generaAgonimia,Blastenia,Chaenotheca,Cladonia,Endocarpon,Gyalecta,Lecanographa,Parmeliella,Porpidia,Stenhammarella, andThelidium.

In this contribution, new data concerning bryophytes, fungi and lichens of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records, confirmations or exclusions for the bryophyte genera Acaulon, Campylopus, Entosthodon, Homomallium, Pseudohygrohypnum, and Thuidium, the fungal genera Entoloma, Cortinarius, Mycenella, Oxyporus, and Psathyrella and the lichen genera Anaptychia, Athallia, Baeomyces, Bagliettoa, Calicium, Nephroma, Pectenia, Phaeophyscia, Polyblastia, Protoparmeliopsis, Pyrenula, Ramalina, and Sanguineodiscus.

In this contribution, new data concerning bryophytes, fungi, and lichens of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records and confirmations for the bryophyte genera Encalypta, Grimmia, and Riccia, for the fungal genera Hericium, Inocybe, Inocutis, Pluteus, and Russula, and for the lichen genera Bryoria, Farnoldia, Hypocenomyce, Lecania, Paracollema, Peltigera, Sarcogyne, and Teloschistes.

In this contribution, new data concerning red algae, bryophytes, fungi and lichens of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records and confirmations for the algal genus Thorea, for the bryophyte genera Ephemerum, Hedwigia, Pogonatum, Riccia, Sphagnum, and Tortella, the fungal genera Pileolaria and Sporisorium, and the lichen genera Bacidia, Cerothallia, Chaenotheca, Cladonia, Halecania, Lecanora, Phylloblastia, Physcia, Protoparmelia, Pycnora, Segestria, and Sphaerophorus.

In biomonitoring, the knowledge of Background Element Content (BEC) values is an essential pre-requisite for the correct assessment of pollution levels. Supranational BECs for the highly performing lichen biomonitor Pseudevernia furfuracea were estimated by a literature review integrated by an extensive field survey. Methodologically homogeneous element content datasets, reflecting different exposure conditions across 16 countries, were compiled and comparatively analysed. Element content in samples from remote areas was compared to that of potentially enriched samples, indicating that the former were unaffected by anthropogenic contributions, thus allowing to propose their metrics as a supranational benchmark. The literature survey revealed a huge methodological variability: in particular, the sample acid digestion was identified as one of the most neglected pieces of information. Indeed, such analytical step was never expressly considered in the built up of review-based lichen BEC values, introducing a bias due to the merging of data from highly heterogeneous sample digests. Therefore, limited to original data from Italy, we investigated the variability of 43 elements in remote mountain areas, after having digested samples with two acid mixtures, with and without HF (i.e. total vs. partial digestion), both associated to ICP-MS multi-element analysis. The digestion performance was evaluated by comparing analytical results of field samples with the accuracy obtained on the standard BCR 482 (P. furfuracea). Overall, the total digestion showed a better performance, especially for Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sn and Zn. Moreover, the sampling sites were characterized for anthropization, land use, climate and lithology at different scale resolution and the relationships between environmental descriptors and BECs based on partial sample digestion were tested by Principal Component Regression (PCR) modelling. Elemental composition resulted significantly dependent on land use, climate and lithology and regression models correctly reproduced the content of lithogenic elements at randomly selected sites. Finally, a methodological gap in biomonitoring procedures was filled by providing two sets of BEC values based on different sample digests for use as a reference in biomonitoring applications. Since BEC patterns were proved to be context-dependent, both sets referred to environmentally homogeneous macro-regions, thoroughly identified by a multivariate approach.

In this contribution, new data concerning bryophytes, fungi, and lichens of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records and confirmations for the bryophyte genera Diplophyllum and Ptychostomum, the fungal genera Arrhenia, Gymnosporangium, and Sporidesmium and the lichen genera Arthonia, Coenogonium, Flavoplaca, Gyalolechia, Parmotrema, Peltigera, Pterygiopsis, Squamarina, Tornabea, and Waynea.

Brackel, W. v. & Puntillo, D. 2016. New records of lichenicolous fungi from Calabria (southern Italy), including a first checklist. — Herzogia 29: 277–306. Sixty-six sites of lichenological interest were visited during two excursions to Calabria in the years 2014 and 2015. The number of lichenicolous fungi known from this region was enlarged from 37 to 147. New to the Mediterranean are Echinodiscus lesdainii, Nectriopsis cariosae, Tremella cetrariicola and T. everniae, new to Italy are Burgoa angulosa, Cornutispora ciliata, Didymocyrtis consimilis s.lat., Endococcus ramalinarius, Monodictys fuliginosa, Phoma grumantiana, P. melanohaleicola, Pronectria fissuriprodiens, Reconditella physconiarum, Roselliniopsis tartaricola, Sphaerellothecium parietinarium, Stigmidium degelii and Taeniolella punctata. A further 91 species are new to Calabria. The new species Abrothallus puntilloi and Xenonectriella calabrica are described.

In this contribution, new data concerning algae, bryophytes, fungi, and lichens of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records and confirmations for the algae genusChara, the bryophyte generaHomalia,Mannia, andTortella, the fungal generaCortinarius,Russula, andStereum, and the lichen generaCetrelia,Cladonia,Enterographa,Graphis,Lecanora,Lepraria,Multiclavula,Mycomicrothelia,Parmelia,Peltigera,Pleopsidium,Psora,Scytinium,Umbilicaria, andRhizocarpon.

In bioaccumulation studies, the interpretation of pollutant contents in the target biomonitor has to be performed by assessing a deviation from an unaltered reference condition. A common strategy consists in the comparison with background element content (BEC) values, often built up by uncritically merging methodologically heterogeneous data. In this respect, the acid digestion of samples was identified as a major step affecting BEC data. Here, the analytical outcomes of two acid mixtures were compared on a set of matched paired samples of the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea, a widely used biomonitor for which BEC values based on partial digestion were previously provided. The standard reference material BCR 482 (P. furfuracea) was used to validate analytical procedures consisting of either a HF total mineralization or an aqua regia partial one, both associated to ICP-MS multi-element analysis. In particular, the performance of the procedures was evaluated by comparing analytical results of field samples with the accuracy obtained on BCR aliquots (measured-to-expected percentage ratio). The total digestion showed a better performance for Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Se, Sn, and Zn, whereas the opposite was found for Cr, Co, P, and S. Moreover, new BEC values were provided for P. furfuracea using a consolidated statistical approach, after a total sample digestion with hydrofluoric acid. The multivariate investigation of the background variability of 43 elements in 57 remote Italian sites led to the identification of geographically homogeneous areas for which BEC values are provided for use as reference in biomonitoring applications.

In this contribution, new data concerning algae, bryophytes, fungi, and lichens of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records and confirmations for the algae genusChara, the bryophyte generaCephalozia,Conardia,Conocephalum,Didymodon,Sphagnum,Tetraplodon, andTortula, the fungal generaEndophyllum,Gymnosporangium,Microbotryum,Phragmidium, andPluteus, and the lichen generaCandelariella,Cladonia,Flavoplaca,Lichenothelia,Peltigera,Placolecis,Rinodina,Scytinium, andSolenopsora.

In this contribution, new data concerning bryophytes, fungi, and lichens of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records and confirmations for the bryophyte genera Barbula, Fissidens, Gymnostomum, Jungermannia, Riccia, and Scapania, the fungal genera Hyalopsora and Urocystis and the lichen genera Arthothelium, Chaenotheca, Lepraria, Lobaria, Miriquidica, Parmelia, Rinodina, Solenopsora, Thelopsis and Xanthoparmelia.

In biomonitoring, the knowledge of background element content (BEC) values is an essential pre-requisite for the correct assessment of pollution levels. Here, we estimated the BEC values of a highly performing biomonitor, the epiphytic lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea, by means of a careful review of literature data, integrated by an extensive field survey. Methodologically homogeneous element content datasets, reflecting different exposure conditions across European and extra-European countries, were compiled and comparatively analysed. Element content in samples collected in remote areas was compared to that of potentially enriched samples, testing differences between medians for 25 elements. This analysis confirmed that the former samples were substantially unaffected by anthropogenic contributions, and their metrics were therefore proposed as a first overview at supra-national background level. We also showed that bioaccumulation studies suffer a huge methodological variability. Limited to original field data, we investigated the background variability of 43 elements in 62 remote Italian sites, characterized in GIS environment for anthropization, land use, climate and lithology at different scale resolution. The relationships between selected environmental descriptors and BEC were tested using Principal Component Regression (PCR) modelling. Elemental composition resulted significantly dependent on land use, climate and lithology. In the case of lithogenic elements, regression models correctly reproduced the lichen content throughout the country at randomly selected sites. Further descriptors should be identified only for As, Co, and V. Through a multivariate approach we also identified three geographically homogeneous macro-regions for which specific BECs were provided for use as reference in biomonitoring applications.

In this contribution, new data concerning the Italian distribution of alien vascular flora are presented. It includes new records, exclusions and confirmations for Italy or for Italian administrative regions for taxa in the genera Ageratum, Aster, Buddleja, Cedrus, Centranthus, Cephalotaxus, Clerodendrum, Cotoneaster, Cyperus, Honorius, Lantana, Ligustrum, Morus, Muscari, Oenothera, Opuntia, Platycladus, Plumbago, Pseudotsuga, Sedum, Sporobolus, Stachys, Ulmus and Yucca. A nomen novum, Stachys talbotii, is proposed as a replacement name for Sideritis purpurea.

In this contribution, new data concerning bryophytes, fungi and lichens and of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records and confirmations for the bryophyte generaDicranodontium,Fontinalis,LophocoleaandRiccia, the fungal genusDiplolaeviopsis, the lichen generaAgonimia,Cladonia,Protoparmelia,Rhizocarpon, andScytinium.

The epiphytic lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea is widely used as biomonitor of airborne trace elements and other contaminants and consists of two taxonomic varieties (var. furfuracea and var. ceratea). Here, we assessed the occurrence of inter-varietal differences in the elemental composition of paired samples of var. furfuracea and var. ceratea collected in 20 remote sites of Italian mountains. The concentration of 40 elements was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, after digestion with HNO3 and aqua regia. The magnitude of inter-varietal differences compared to the effect of large-scale site-dependent environmental factors (i.e., lithological substrate, host tree species, and altitude) on overall element content was explored by multivariate analysis techniques and tested by generalized linear mixed modeling (GLMM). Further GLMMs were separately fitted for each element testing taxonomic-related variability against uncertainty associated to the analytical procedure. Inter-varietal differences were statistically significant only for Hg and P, with higher content in var. ceratea at most sites, and for Mg and Zn, showing the opposite pattern. Since the elemental composition of P. furfuracea in remote sites was mostly affected by local lithology and climatic conditions, our results confirm that lichen material for active biomonitoring should be collected in a single ecologically homogeneous remote area. We also indicate sites in the Eastern Alps where P. furfuracea showed the minimum content of most elements, which are suggested as locations to collect lichen material for transplants. Besides the context-dependency at large spatial scale, variations of elemental composition apparently related to taxonomy, could possibly be due to unequal incidence of morphological traits of the collected material. Further research is needed to clarify this issue, and how it affects bioaccumulation phenomena.

Gli studi di biomonitoraggio attivo e passivo di elementi in traccia basati sul lichene epifita Pseudevernia furfuracea sono molto numerosi ma caratterizzati da una importante eterogeneità metodologica: si è ritenuto perciò opportuno procedere alla sua caratterizzazione mediante la revisione critica di 62 lavori di rilevanza nazionale e internazionale. I dati di contenuto elementare derivanti dal processo di revisione, integrati da quelli ottenuti dalla campagna di campionamento condotta in Italia nel 2014/15 dagli autori, sono stati raccolti in 3 dataset distinti, rispettivamente per (i) talli nativi raccolti in aree di background (BG), (ii) talli nativi utilizzati in studi di biomonitoraggio passivo (P), e (iii) talli trapiantati (T). Il confronto inter-dataset effettuato su 25 elementi tramite test non parametrici ha evidenziato valori significativamente inferiori per il dataset BG, proposto come riferimento preliminare per studi di biomonitoraggio a livello europeo. Al fine di fornire dei valori di riferimento nazionali relativi a macroaree omogenee e per analizzare le relazioni tra variabili ambientali e contenuto elementare baseline, i siti di raccolta sono stati caratterizzati in ambiente GIS in termini di antropizzazione, uso del suolo, clima e litologia. Una cluster analysis della matrice “siti di raccolta  elementi” (62  43) ha consentito l’identificazione di 3 gruppi di siti omogenei per i quali sono stati forniti i valori di background nazionale. La predittività delle variabili ambientali sul contenuto elementare baseline è stata testata tramite Principal Component Regression: una PCA della matrice “siti di raccolta  variabili ambientali” (62  13) ha permesso di utilizzare combinazioni lineari delle variabili di partenza in modelli di regressione multipla applicati al contenuto dei 43 elementi analizzati. I modelli hanno prodotto risultati statisticamente significativi per molti elementi litogenici ma non per elementi di origine antropica.

In this contribution, new data concerning bryophytes, fungi and lichens of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records and confirmations for the bryophyte generaCampylopus,Paludella,Tortula, andConocephalum, the fungal generaAgonimia,Buelliella,Entorrhiza,Filicupula,Poronia, andSporisorium, the lichen generaCladonia,Dibaeis,Lasallia, andRhizocarpon.

Summary We attempted to elucidate the roles of β-diversity components and similarity in shaping Lobaria pulmonaria lichen communities in Italian forests to provide scientific tools for improving their long-term conservation. A total of 20 sites were selected by stratified random sampling, including five chestnut forests, seven beech–silver fir forests and eight oak forests distributed across 10 administrative regions of Italy. Site selection was based on a national data base including all the available records of L. pulmonaria in Italy. In each forest, four plots were randomly placed, and in each plot, 5–6 trees were randomly selected for lichen sampling. For each forest and plot, meaningful predictors of lichen patterns were quantified. In particular, factors indicative of both geographic conditions and forests structure were considered. The SDR simplex approach was used to estimate the relative importance of similarity (S), relative species replacement (R) and relative richness difference (D) to β-diversity and similarity, while a hierarchical partitioning (HP) method was used to evaluate the relative importance of environmental predictors in explaining their patterns. A total of 201 lichens and three nonlichenized fungi were found, including 51 species of conservation concern. The components of β-diversity and similarity contributed to shaping L. pulmonaria communities at both forest and plot scales across Italy, resulting in nearly random compositions, that is, the species set on each tree was a random sample from the available species pool. Species replacement and similarity were generally associated with forest structure predictors, while richness difference was mainly associated with geographic predictors. The implication of this is that the long-term conservation of L. pulmonaria communities could be promoted by maintaining scattered nodes and appropriate habitat traits, especially in large forested landscapes where species turnover is higher. Synthesis. In this work, we used a new approach for analysing a countrywide data set improving the ecological understanding of the dynamics regulating epiphytic communities. In particular, this study improves the understanding of the contribution of different components of diversity across two spatial scales and evaluates the relative importance of environmental predictors in explaining variation of each diversity component.

This paper explores the role of five recurrent epilithic lichen species (Aspicilia intermutans (Nyl.) Arnold, Xanthoparmelia pulla (Ach.) O. Blanco, A. Crespo, Elix, D. Hawksw. & Lumbsch, Rhizocarpon lecanorinum Anders, Tephromela atra (Huds.) Hafellner and Lecanora bolcana (Pollini) Poelt), which encrust granodiorite spheroidal boulders exposed in the Sila uplands (Calabria, southern Italy), in weathering of plutonic rocks in a typical mountainous Mediterranean environment. A detailed investigation was carried out on the lichen–rock interface of each species, by comparing them mutually and with lichen-free granodiorite samples. For this purpose, the lichen species were sampled together with the encrusted rock surface for detailed mineral-petrographic analyses performed in thin and ultra-thin sections. Optical and scanning electron microscopy of these sections and of bulk samples permitted us to highlight the peculiar modes of physical and chemical attacks of lichen thalli and hyphae on and into the substratum for each species. Crack systems often parallel to the outer rock surface appear often intruded by hyphae, which cause rupture of primary minerals, with detachment and progressive incorporation of their fragments into the thallus. In particular, the species L. bolcana and T. atra revealed an unexpected, partly endolithic behavior, presumably enhanced by the presence of rock fractures earlier generated by other physical breakage processes already affecting the spheroidal boulders in the Sila mountains. Dissolution features often affect primary minerals (even quartz), that may show very peculiar patterns which are suggestive of a biologically-induced control. Various phyllosilicate clay minerals were identified using SEM–EDS microprobe analyses and FT-IR spectroscopy, which also enabled the identification of possible amorphous silica (or quartz micrograins), rhizocarpic acid and carotenoid at the encrusted granodiorite interface. In contrast, neither oxalic acids nor oxalates were detected.

Similarly to other Mediterranean regions, Italy is expected to experience dramatic climatic changes in the coming decades. Do to their poikilohydric nature, lichens are among the most sensitive organisms to climate change and species requiring temperate-humid conditions may rapidly decline in Italy, such in the case of the epiphytic Lobaria species that are confined to humid forests. Our study, based on ecological niche modelling of occurrence data of three Lobaria species, revealed that in the next decades climate change will impact their distribution range across Italy, predicting a steep gradient of increasing range loss across time slices. Lobaria species are therefore facing a high extinction risk associated with reduction of their range. The current patterns indicate that only L. pulmonaria still has a continuous distribution across Italy, with potential contact between Apennine and Alpine populations. This situation is consistent with the wider climatic niche of this species, still offering a major opportunity for its successful long-term conservation. Results (a) support the inclusion of the three Lobaria species in European conservation policies, such as the Habitat Directive, and (b) warn against an over-estimation of the indicator power of single flagship species to establish conservation priorities for lichens, indicating that even lichens with peculiar and similar climatic envelopes may fail to co-occur within a given forest stand. A multiple indicator approach could provide more useful tools for a community-based conservation strategy for epiphytes.

In this contribution, new data concerning lichens and bryophytes of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records, exclusions, and confirmations to the Italian administrative regions for taxa in the lichen genera Athallia, Ramonia, Thelotrema, Pertusaria, Bryoplaca and in the bryophyte genera Dicranella, Bryum, and Scorpiurium.

A new diploid (2n = 30) species, Rhaponticoides calabrica, is described from Calabria and Basilicata (southern Italy). This species differs from the closely related R. centaurium – an endemic of Apulia and northern Basilicata – by different flower colour (white in the former, purplish in the latter), width of membranous margin of phyllaries (1.8 ± 0.4 mm vs 0.8 ± 0.3 mm) and pappus length (6.8 ± 0.9 mm vs 9.1 ± 1.0 mm). The two species are completely allopatric and seem to have also different chromosome numbers.

Summary The results of a floristic research carried out in the “Bosco di Mavigliano” are reported, a Site of Community importance (SCI) which was proposed to preserve several temporary ponds with Isoetes as well as Quercus pubescens or Q. frainetto woods, a very rare vegetation in the Crati River Valley. Moreover, a mosaic of riparian woods, arid pastures, uncultivated lands, fields and damp meadows characterizes this area. The vascular flora consists of 602 taxa belonging to 367 genera and 91 families. 8 species and 4 subspecies have been reported for the first time for the Calabrian flora; 9 entities were no longer recorded or considered doubtful for the regional flora. Finally, 13 species pertaining to the regional Red Lists were found and 20 species have been proposed for next update of the list. The biological spectrum shows the prevalence of therophytes; nevertheless, the hemicryptophytes represent a great percentage. The Mediterranean-type is the prevailing chorological type, followed by Eurasiatic...

I. subinermis (Durieu) Cesca and Peruzzi, from a newly discovered Calabrian stand, was karyologically studied. Both chromosome number (2n = 22) and karyotype are presented. Systematic distinctiveness of I. subinermis from I. histrix Bory is confirmed. A new chromosome complement (2n = 44) is recorded for I. duriei Bory, confirming the karyological variability of this taxon. Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. (n = 120) and Botrychium lunaria L. (2n = 90) were karyologically studied too. Their chromosome numbers are reported as the first counts on Italian populations.

14 lichen species and 3 lichenicolous fungi growing on them have been found on living leaves, mainly of Buxus , in a deep and sheltered ravine in Campania (Italy), at low elevation, in the Mediterranean region. These figures are similar to those at the richest sites with foliicolous lichens in the Western Pyrenees. Further data on the ecology of foliicolous lichens in Western Europe are provided. Four ‘ecological’ groups are recognized amongst lichens observed on living leaves in Western Europe, the strictly foliicolous one being only a minority, with either pantropical species or species with a restricted distribution. The new combination Strigula minor (Vězda) Cl. Roux & Serus. is introduced.

Riassunto L'esplorazione briologica della Calabria ha avuto inizio nella seconda meta del 1800. Tuttavia le ricerche hanno in passato interessato territori molto limitati, e spesso sono state realizzate da botanici non briologi, con il risultato che vaste aree del territorio Calabro, particolarmente interessanti sia sotto il profilo ambientale che vegetazionale, sono rimaste a lungo inesplorate. Il presente lavoro costituisce il secondo contributo alla conoscenza di territori poco o per nulla esplorati sotto il profilo briologico in Calabria. Viene presentato un nuovo elenco di 20 specie di briofite (6 epatiche e 14 muschi) nuove o interessanti per la Calabria. Le prossime ricerche saranno prevalentemente dirette allo studio sistematico della flora briologica della Sila Grande e della Sila Piccola, territori solo marginalmente esplorati, ma che tuttavia rappresentano, per le loro caratteristiche geologiche, climatiche e vegetazionali, due fra le piu interessanti aree dell'Appennino meridionale.

Riassunto Nel presente lavoro vengono riportate 145 entita infraspecifiche provenienti dal Bosco di Santa Maria (Calabria). Cladonia borbonica, Cladonia prolifica risultano nuove per l'Europa. Bacidia absistens, Bacidina vasakii, Pyrenula occidentalis e Waynea ascendens sono nuove per il territorio italiano. Arthothelium sardoum, Caloplaca luteoalba, Cladonia cyathomorpha, Cladonia macilenta, Cliostomum griffithii, Cystocoleus ebeneus, Micarea bauschiana, Micarea prasina, Rinodina roboris e Schismatomma ricasolii risultano nuove per la Calabria.

Riassunto 301 taxa specifici ed infraspecifici sono stati raccolti nella Valle del Fiume Argentino (Calabria). L'incidenza di specie subatlantiche ed atlantiche e elevata. Nella flora epifitica le specie mediterranee sono scarse. Sono state raccolte molte specie dell'alleanza del Lobarion e molte specie che vivono in siti con lunga continuita ecologica dei boschi. Alcune specie considerate atlantiche o subatlantiche in realta sono specie subtropicali che si sono irradiate nel bacino Mediterraneo e lungo le coste atlantiche dove vivono in stazioni relitte. 10 specie sono nuove per l'Italia. 58 sono nuove per il meridione d'Italia e 28 sono nuove per il territorio calabrese.

Riassunto 208 taxa lichenici vengono riportati per la Valle del Caronte (Catena Costiera, Calabria). La florula lichenica epifitica ha una maggiore ricchezza di forme di crescita; essa ha un carattere tipicamente oceanico ed e costituita da numerose specie indicatrici di continuita ecologica dei boschi.

Riassunto Il lavoro contiene le chiavi analitiche per la determinazione di tutte le specie dell'ordine delle Caliciales (licheni) sinora segnalate in Italia. Chaenotbeca laevigata Nadv., Chaenothecopsis epithallina Tibell, Chaenothecopsis exserta (Nyl.) Tibell, Chaenothecopsis viridireagens (Nadv.) A. Schmidt, Cyphelium karelicum (Vain.) Ras. e Microcalicium ahlneri Tibell vengono segnalate come specie nuove per l'Italia. Stenocybe mildeana (Hepp) Korb, viene riproposta come specie valida. Chaenothecopsis culmigena (De Not. & Bagl.) Puntillo viene, inoltre, proposta come combinazione nuova.