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Antecedentes: Debido al bajo consumo de fruta y hortalizas que existe en la población escolar, desde las instituciones públicas, en Andalucía, se están llevado a cabo programas para favorecer el consumo de estos alimentos. Objetivos: Comprobar la efectividad que tiene el programa Creciendo en Salud analizando si existen diferencias de consumo entre las diferentes frutas y verduras que promocionan, así como analizar el aporte energético de las mismas. Metodología: Se analizó una muestra de 86 escolares del primer ciclo de Educación Primaria durante el curso académico 2022-2023, en las que se aportaron seis frutas diferentes dentro del programa. Se hizo un registro de la fruta consumida mediante doble pesada para registrar la prevalencia de consumo y el aporte calórico. Resultados: La prevalencia del consumo de frutas fue de 69,1% para la fresa, 63,2% la naranja, 57.1% la mandarina, 51,3% la pera, 51,3% la zanahoria y 39,0% la manzana. Con respecto al aporte calórico obtenemos: naranja (23,79 ± 25,35 kcal), mandarina (16,55 ± 21,49 kcal), pera (30,04 ± 34,75 kcal), fresa (28,10 ± 27,46 kcal), manzana (16,09 ± 27,48) y zanahoria (8,85 ± 11,01 kcal). Conclusiones: La naranja, la fresa y la mandarina superan o igualan el porcentaje de consumo de fruta diario de la población andaluza y española, y la pera, la fresa y la naranja son las frutas que más aporte calórico genera

Background: Sports supplements (SSs) are widely used among team sport athletes; however, evidence supporting the use of SSs among football referees at the elite level is scarce. The aim of the present study was to analyze the consumption of SSs among referees with respect to their level of competition and referee type (main referees (MRs) vs. assistant referees (ARs)). Methods: A total of 106 football referees participated in this study, with 46.2% from the First Spanish Division and 53.8% from the Second Spanish Division, representing 84.13% of the total number of referees. Each participant completed a validated questionnaire about SS consumption, with the SSs classified according to the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) ABCD system: Group A has strong evidence for enhancing athlete health and performance, Group B shows potential benefits but needs more evidence, Group C has inconclusive evidence against use, and Group D includes prohibited substances. Results: A total of 84.0% of the MRs and ARs reported the consumption of at least one SS. Differences were found only in the consumption of medical supplements between division (p = 0.016) and type of referee (p = 0.041), though no significant differences were found among the remaining AIS SS categories (p > 0.05). Sport performance (49.6%), Internet (41.0%), and dietitian–nutritionists (31.7%) were the primary reason for SS consumption, purchase location, and source of information, respectively. The most frequently consumed SS were whey protein (45.3%), followed by creatine (33.0%), sport bars and sports drinks (28.3%), and caffeine (19.8%). Conclusions: MRs and ARs reported a high prevalence of dietary supplement (SS) consumption, with significant differences between division and referee type observed only in medical supplement consumption.

Debido al bajo consumo de fruta que existe en la población escolar desde la Junta de Andalucía se están llevando a cabo programas para favorecer el consumo de estos alimentos. El objetivo de este trabajo es comprobar la efectividad del programa “Creciendo en salud” sobre el consumo de fruta, calidad nutricional analizada mediante el aporte de vitaminas y minerales en escolares de edad. Para ello se analizó una muestra de 44 niños y 42 niñas, siendo un total de 86 escolares de Educación Primaria durante el curso académico 22/23 en las que se aportaron 6 frutas diferentes dentro del programa. Se hizo un registro de las frutas consumidas mediante doble pesada para calcular el aporte de vitaminas y minerales. Se ha comprobado que la fresa, la naranja y la zanahoria presentan mayor cantidad de vitaminas, concretamente en la tiamina, ácido fólico, carotenos, vitamina C y vitamina E. Se ha comprobado que la fresa y la naranja presentan mayor cantidad de minerales, en concreto en el hierro, potasio y yodo. En conclusión, la fresa, la naranja y la zanahoria tienen un mayor contenido en vitaminas y minerales teniendo así un efecto positivo para la salud ya que algunas de estas vitaminas y minerales son frecuentes en las dietas de los escolares

Background: /Objectives: The aim of the present study was to analyse possible differences in anthropo- metric characteristics of elite sailors based on categories and performance level. Methods: ː A total of 42 young (aged 12e18 years) elite sailors (men ¼ 31; women ¼ 11) of the Monohull (n ¼ 21) and Windsurfing (n ¼ 21) categories composed the study sample. Testing was per-formed in one session the day before the start of an official and international competition. Body composition was measured using an octopolar and multi-frequency electrical bioimpedance analyser, and height was recorded using a telescopic measuring instrument. Cross-sectional study. The total sample was divided into two groups based on their performance level (ranking), 50th percentile (P1), and 100th percentile (P2). Results: ː P1 presented a lower BMI, total body fat mass, and body fat mass in the trunk, arms, and legs (p < 0.05). Similarly, P1 reported a higher total body muscle mass and body muscle mass on the trunk, arms, and legs compared to the less level performance group (p < 0.05). In addition, P2 sailors were taller and heavier (p < 0.05). Regarding categories, the Windsurf sailors presented statistically significantly lower arm fat mass than the Monohull (p < 0.05). The Windsurf sailors showed differences between the two performance-level groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, comparing the high-level performance group in both categories, higher arm muscle mass on the Windsurfing sailors was detected (p < 0.05). Conclusions: ː These findings could help to differentiate the anthropometric variables that determine sport performance in young elite sailors and could be used to differentiate the anthropometric variables in each category.

The benefits of physical fitness (PF) for health are well-known. Low PF significantly contributes to the prevalence of obesity in adolescents, with an increased risk of developing chronic diseases. The objectives of the present study were to explore the health-related PF components and body composition levels in adolescents in three European cities, and their differences. The present study is a cross-sectional, descriptive, and quantitative research effort with 1717 participants aged between 13–16 years (48% girls), enrolled in public and private secondary schools in Seville (Spain), Reykjavik (Iceland) and Tartu (Estonia). The ALPHA fitness battery test was used with the following tests: handgrip strength, standing broad jump, 4 × 10 m speed-agility, 20 m shuttle run, and anthropometric variables. Regarding body composition, differences were detected for city and gender in height (p < 0.001), weight (p < 0.001), body fat percentage (p < 0.001), and waist circumference (p < 0.001); but no differences were reported for BMI for both city (p = 0.150) and gender (p = 0.738). Similarly, concerning PF, it was detected statistically significant differences between cities and gender in handgrip strength (p < 0.001), jump test (p < 0.001), speed-agility test (p < 0.001), and cardiovascular endurance in both variables (p < 0.001). In total, 26.8% of the boys and 27.3% of the girls were categorized as overweight; 18.1% of the boys and 31.2% of the girls had an excessive percentage of fat mass; and 22.7% of the boys and 22.2% of the girls showed an excessive waist circumference. The participants from Seville presented the lowest results in PF tests. In contrast, Reykjavik, with the highest results in the endurance and speed-agility tests, and Tartu, with higher results in the manual grip strength and long jump tests, shared the highest results.

Sports supplements (SS) are commonly used by athletes to improve their performance. SS use by competitive swimmers is reported to be prevalent but there is no evidence of such use by elite swimmers, either male or female. The objective of this research was to study the patterns of SS use by competitive swimmers based on sex and competitive levels (national and international); Methods: Using the categories of the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), a total of 102 competitive swimmers (59 men and 43 women) completed a validated self-administered questionnaire on the use of SS; (3) Results: Overall, 86.9% of swimmers had consumed SSs with no differences observed between males and females (p = 0.247) or between competitive levels (p = 0.597). The SS that were most consumed by swimmers were caffeine (53.5%), sport drinks (52.5%), sport bars (51.5%), and vitamin C (43.4%). SSs categorized as medical supplements were consumed significantly more frequently by international swimmers (p = 0.012), with significant differences also found in the level—sex interaction (p = 0.049); (4) Conclusions: Compared to other sports disciplines, the prevalence of SS consumption is high in competitive swimmers regardless of performance level or gender. However, the consumption of medical supplements was greater in swimmers at a higher performance level.

ntroduction: sports supplements (SS) are widely used by all types of athletes to improve their performance. These SS are classified according to the ABCD system of the Australian Institute of Sports (AIS) from higher to lower scientific evidence. In mountain runners, their use could be necessary due to the physiological demands required by this sport. However, the literature on the use of SS by mountain runners is scarce. Objective: to analyze the pattern of SS consumption in mountain runners by studying differences according to sex and competitive level (regional vs national). Methodology: this was a descriptive and cross-sectional study on the consumption and use of SS by mountain runners participating in the Alcoy Solidarity Trail. Data were collected through a validated questionnaire based on content, applicability, structure, and presentation. This questionnaire was completed online by the athletes, who could fill it out voluntarily and at their convenience, as well as anonymously. Results: the results showed that 87.5 % of participants reported consuming SS, with no significant differences observed with respect to com- petitive level, although differences were found with respect to sex (92.7 % in men vs 70.6 % in women; p = 0.029), with a higher consumption found in men compared to women. The most consumed SS were sports bars (81.9 %), sports drinks (75.0 %), caffeine (48.6 %), magnesium (38.9 %), and electrolytes (27.8 %). Conclusions: among mountain runners consumption of SS is high, and 4 of the 5 most habitually consumed SS belong in the category of greater scientific evidence.

This study aimed to evaluate the consumption of dietary supplements (DS) and to deter- mine related topics in Turkish football players of different sexes and competition levels. A total of 117 footballers (79 males and 38 females) completed a specific survey regarding DS consumption in athletes. The type of DS ingested was classified based on the level of scientific evidence by the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS): group A (high level of scientific evidence), group B (DS that could have a positive effect, but require more evidence), group C (evidence is against their use), and group D (prohibited substances). After a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, a t-test or Mann–Whitney U test was performed for quantitative variables, while Pearson’s chi-square and odds ratio (with the confidence interval) were performed for qualitative variables. Of the sample, 87.2% reported having consumed DS, with a higher consumption rate in males (males: 93.7%, females: 73.7%; p = 0.006; OR = 5.3 [1.7–16.8]) and professional players (professional: 98.2%, non-professional: 77.4%; p < 0.001; OR = 7.9 [1.2–52.3]). Males and professional players consume more sports foods (p < 0.001), performance supplements (p < 0.001), and total group A supplements (p < 0.001) compared to females and non-professionals. In addition, males consume more medical supplements (p = 0.012) and total group C supplements (p < 0.001) than female footballers. The most consumed DS were sports drinks (63.2%), magnesium (52.1%), vitamin C (51.3%), vitamin D (46.2%), caffeine (38.5%), sports bars (37.6%), whey protein (28.2%), meat protein (25.6%), vitamin E (24.8%), and omega-3 fatty acids (24.8%). The supplement consumption was higher in male and professional footballers. According to the AIS classification, there were significant differences in the consumption of sports foods, medical supplements, performance supplements, and the total number of group A and group C supplements according to sex, and there were significant diffe

Background: Sports supplements (SS) are widely consumed by many types of athletes to improve their performance. These SS are classified according to their level of scientific evidence, by the ABCD system from the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). In open water swimming, their use may be necessary due to the physiological challenges posed by this sport discipline. However, there is currently little literature on the use of SS in open water swimmers. The aim of this work is to analyze the pattern of consumption of SS by open water swimmers, by studying the differences according to the competitive level (regional vs. national). Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study on the consumption and use of SS by federated open water swimmers in Spain in the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons. The data were collected through a validated questionnaire. Results: 79.5% of the participants consumed SS, with significant differences according to their level, being higher in athletes at the national level. The most-consumed SS by the swimmers studied were sports drinks, energy bars, caffeine, vitamin C, and vitamin D. Conclusions: It was observed that the consumption of SS in open water swimmers was high, and of the five most-consumed SS, four of them belonged to the category of greatest scientific evidence.

The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of different levels of hypoxia on maximal strength, muscular endurance, and cognitive function in males and females. In total, 13 males (mean SD: age, 23.6 2.8 years; height, 176.6 3.9 cm; body mass, 76.6 2.1 kg) and 13 females (mean SD: age, 22.8 1.4 years; height, 166.4 1.9 cm; body mass, 61.6 3.4 kg) volunteered for a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Participants completed a one repetition strength and muscular endurance test (60% of one repetition maximum to failure) for squat and bench press following four conditions; (i) normoxia (900 m altitude; FiO2: 21%); (ii) low dose hypoxia (2000 m altitude; FiO2: 16%); (iii) moderate dose hypoxia (3000 m altitude; FiO2: 14%); and (iv) high dose hypoxia (4000 m altitude; FiO2: 12%). Heart rate, blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion, and cognitive function was also determined during each condition. The one repetition maximum squat (p = 0.33) and bench press (p = 0.68) did not differ between conditions or sexes. Furthermore, squat endurance did not differ between conditions (p = 0.34). There was a significant decrease in bench press endurance following moderate (p = 0.02; p = 0.04) and high (p = 0.01; p = 0.01) doses of hypoxia in both males and females compared to normoxia and low dose hypoxia, respectively. Cognitive function, ratings of perceived exertion, and lactate were also significantly different in high and moderate dose hypoxia conditions compared to normoxia (p < 0.05). Heart rate was not different between the conditions (p = 0.30). In conclusion, high and moderate doses of acute normobaric hypoxia decrease upper body muscular endurance and cognitive performance regardless of sex; however, lower body muscular endurance and maximal strength are not altered.

Nitrate (NO3 ) supplementation has been reported to enhance intermittent exercise performance; however, its impact on oxygen (O2) cost during intermittent running exercise is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess if acute NO3 supplementation would elicit performance benefits in recreationally active individuals during the Yo–Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) test, with its potential benefit on O2 consumption (VO2), in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study, 12 recreational males consumed NO3 -rich (NIT; ~12.8 mmol), and NO3 -depleted (PLA; 0.04 mmol) concentrated beetroot juice 3 h before completing the Yo-Yo IR1 test. VO2 was measured at 160, 280 and 440 m (sub-maximal) and when the test was terminated (peak). Performance in the Yo–Yo IR1 was greater with NIT (990 442.25 m) compared to PLA (870 357.4 m, p = 0.007). The VO2 was not significantly different at 160 m (1.92 0.99 vs. 2.1 0.88 Lmin1), 280 m (2.62 0.94 vs. 2.83 0.94 Lmin1), 440 m (3.26 1.04 vs. 3.46 0.98 Lmin1) and peak (4.71 1.01 vs. 4.92 1.17 Lmin1) between NIT and PLA trials (all p > 0.05). The present study has indicated that acute supplementation of NO3 enhanced intermittent running performance but had no effect on VO2 during the Yo–Yo IR1 test in recreational young adults.

Dietary nitrate supplementation is evidenced to induce physiological effects on skeletal muscle function in fast-twitch muscle fibers and may enhance high-intensity exercise performance. An important component of sport-specific skills is the ability to perform explosive movements; however, it is unclear if nitrate supplementation can impact explosive efforts. We examined the existing evidence to determine whether nitrate supplementation improves explosive efforts lasting ≤ 6 s. PubMed, Scopus and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) were searched for articles using the following search strategy: (nitrate OR nitrite OR beetroot) AND (supplement OR supplementation) AND (explosive OR power OR high intensity OR high-intensity OR sprint* OR “athletic performance”). Out of 810 studies, 18 were eligible according to inclusion criteria. Results showed that 4 of the 10 sprint-type studies observed improved sprint time, power output, and total work in cycling or running, whereas 4 of the 10 resistance-based exercise studies observed improvements to power and velocity of free-weight bench press as well as isokinetic knee extension and flexion at certain angular velocities. These results suggest that nitrate potentially improves explosive exercise performance, but further work is required to clarify the factors influencing the efficacy of nitrate in different exercise modalities.

Purpose: Beetroot juice (BRJ) is considered an ergogenic aid with good to strong evidence for improving human performance in sport modalities with similar demands to rugby. However, most of the studies were realized in male athletes with limited evidence in female athletes. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the acute ingestion of BRJ in female rugby players. Methods: Fourteen semi-professional female rugby players (25.0 ± 3.7 years) belonging to a team from the First Spanish Female Rugby Division participated in this study. Participants were randomly divided into two groups that realized a neuromuscular battery after BRJ (140mL, 12.8 mmol NO3 −) or placebo (PLAC, 140 mL, 0.08 mmol NO3 −) ingestion on two different days separated by one week between protocols. The neuromuscular test battery consisted of a countermovement jump (CMJ), isometric handgrip strength (i.e., dominant), 10-m and 30-m sprint, agility t-test and Bronco test. Afterwards, participants reported a rate of perception scale (6–20 points) and side effects questionnaire associated with BRJ or PLAC ingestion. Results: Statistically significant improvements were observed in CMJ (7.7%; p = 0.029; ES = 0.62), while no differences were reported in dominant isometric handgrip strength (−1.7%; p = 0.274; ES = −0.20); 10-m and 30-m sprint (0.5–0.8%; p = 0.441–0.588; ES = 0.03–0.18); modified agility t-test (−0.6%; p = 0.503; ES = −0.12) and Bronco test (1.94%; p = 0.459; ES = 0.16). Conclusions: BRJ ingestion could improve neuromuscular performance in the CMJ test, while no differences in sprint (10-m and 30-m sprint test), agility, isometric handgrip strength and endurance performance (i.e., Bronco test) were reported.

El autismo es un trastorno del desarrollo neurológico muy complejo y heterogéneo, que se caracteriza por la dificultad para establecer relaciones sociales, por una amplia gama de afecciones en la adquisición y el uso del lenguaje y la conducta motora. Las investigaciones han demostrado beneficios sustanciales para la salud con la práctica de actividad física, especialmente la actividad física de moderada a vigorosa, incluida la mejora del funcionamiento fisiológico, cognitivo, psicológico y conductual. También en el peso, la salud cardiovascular, la salud emocional y el rendimiento cognitivo, y se encontró que disminuyó las tasas de comportamientos estereotipados y repetitivos. El objetivo del presente trabajo de fin de grado es diseñar una actividad que ayude a esta población a su sociabilización, lograr que practiquen actividad física, mejorar las habilidades motrices y cualidades físicas, resistencia general, resistencia a la fuerza, amplitud de movimientos, coordinación y equilibrio. Con esta propuesta se ha programado para chicos con TEA con grado leve o moderado, una actividad para que aprendan a montar en bicicleta, empezando por enseñarles las partes de la bicicleta, familiarizándoles con el pedaleo, la postura sobre el sillín, el agarre sobre el manillar, etc, usando una bicicleta estática o sobre una pedalina. Y, posteriormente, sobre triciclos o bicicletas con ruedines hasta llegar a montar sin ayudas. Proponemos una metodología basada en la presentación visual de la información usando imagines, teniendo en cuenta un orden preferente para mejorar la comprensión que sería el siguiente: un objeto, las partes de un objeto, etiquetas, fotos, dibujos y escritura (letras). Para evaluar la efectividad de la propuesta se usó dos tablas con ítems sobre aspectos aptitudinales y actitudinales, basados en unas rúbricas previamente diseñadas para su valoración. Se ha podido comprobar que este modelo de programación e intervención es beneficioso para los chicos con TEA

Caffeine mouth rinsing (CMR) has been shown to enhance exercise performance. However, no studies have analyzed the effects of different dosages of CMR on muscular performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different dosages of CMR on strength (bench press 1 repetition maximum (1-RM)) and muscular endurance (60% of 1-RM repetitions to failure) in resistance-trained males. Fourteen resistance-trained males (age: 23 2 years, height: 179 3 cm, body mass: 83 4 kg, BMI: 17 2 kg/m2) completed four conditions in random order. The fourconditions consisted of a mouth rinse with 25 mL solutions containing either 1% (250 mg) of CMR (low dose of CMR: LCMR), 2% (500 mg) of CMR (moderate dose of CMR: MCMR), 3% (750 mg) of CMR (high dose of CMR: HCMR) and sweetened water (placebo: PLA) for 5 s prior to a bench press strength and muscular endurance test. Maximal strength, muscular endurance, heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded for each condition. There were no significant differences in strength (p = 0.30) and HR (p = 0.83) between conditions. HCMR significantly increased muscular endurance performance (p = 0.01) and decreased RPE values (p = 0.01). In conclusion, CMR did not affect bench press 1-RM strength performance, but muscular endurance responses to CMR seems to be dose-dependent.

Sleep is a vital element of adolescents’ overall health; it influences their body and mind and thus affects their quality of life. Adequate sleep quality and duration are essential for maintaining optimal metabolic health and lowering the risk of developing several medical conditions, such as cardiovascular disease. The current study aimed to assess the perceived sleep quality and duration of 1717 European adolescents from three different European countries (Spain, Iceland and Estonia) aged 13- to 16-years (900 boys, 817 girls) using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed to examine differences between groups and twofactor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze city and age differences. The probability of having poor sleep quality and duration was calculated by Odd-Ratio (OR). Our study found poor sleep quality in 44% of the boys and 53% of the girls, whereas 68% and 69%, respectively did not get the recommended hours of sleep (i.e., 8–10 h). No difference was found between adolescents from Estonia, Iceland and Spain regarding sleep duration. In contrast, Spanish and Estonian adolescents reported higher probabilities of having poor sleep quality. Finally, girls had a significantly higher probability of poor sleep quality than boys.

Cognitive functions are essential in any form of exercise. Recently, interest has mounted in addressing the relationship between caffeine intake and cognitive performance during sports practice. This review examines this relationship through a structured search of the databases Medline/ PubMed and Web of Science for relevant articles published in English from August 1999 to March 2020. The study followed PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were defined according to the PICOS model. The identified records reported on randomized cross-over studies in which caffeine intake (as drinks, capsules, energy bars, or gum) was compared to an identical placebo situation. There were no filters on participants’ training level, gender, or age. For the systematic review, 13 studies examining the impacts of caffeine on objective measures of cognitive performance or selfreported cognitive performance were selected. Five of these studies were also subjected to metaanalysis. After pooling data in the meta-analysis, the significant impacts of caffeine only emerged on attention, accuracy, and speed. The results of the 13 studies, nevertheless, suggest that the intake of a low/moderate dose of caffeine before and/or during exercise can improve self-reported energy, mood, and cognitive functions, such as attention; it may also improve simple reaction time, choice reaction time, memory, or fatigue, however, this may depend on the research protocols.

Antecedentes: La mayoría de la población con lesión medular presenta una inactividad diaria muy elevada, por ello la práctica de programas de actividad física sería positivo para esta población. Objetivos: El objetivo principal de este programa es crear una propuesta de entrenamiento de fuerza y resistencia para la población lesión medular. Metodología: La intervención se llevará a cabo durante tres meses, la cual contiene tres mesociclos. Se ha optado por entrenar tres días a la semana, con un volumen de tres series de 8-12 repeticiones y a una intensidad del 50-60% de 1 RM (con sus respectivos ajustes mensuales) en cuanto al entrenamiento de resistencia, un volumen de entre 20-40 minutos y una intensidad del 50-70% de VO2máx (con sus respectivos ajustes mensuales). Resultados: Los resultados propuestos, son basados en otros entrenamientos ya realizados con dicha población y a la máxima realidad posible. Se espera una mejora del 20% en los niveles de fuerza de cada ejercicio propuesto y un 30% en la mejora del VO2máx. Además de crear una alta adherencia hacia el programa. Conclusiones: se espera conseguir la mayor adherencia posible al entrenamiento y así conseguir los resultados definidos para el entrenamiento de fuerza y resistencia.

Antecedentes: La fuerza se considera una de las capacidades físicas más importantes. Su entrenamiento conlleva a la adquisición de diferentes beneficios y adaptaciones a distintos tipos de poblaciones. Dentro del entrenamiento de fuerza encontramos diferentes métodos, entre los que se encuentran el tradicional y con restricción del flujo sanguíneo (RFS), si bien no se han estudiado las diferencias en las respuestas cinemáticas y fatiga al usar ambos métodos de entrenamiento. Objetivos: Los objetivos del presente estudio son conocer las respuestas cinemáticas y la fatiga muscular a corto plazo tras la realización de un entrenamiento de fuerza tradicional y otro con RFS. Metodología: 20 sujetos varones con experiencia en el entrenamiento de fuerza realizaron un test de determinación de una repetición máxima (1RM) en sentadilla completa en multipower. Posteriormente, realizaron dos sesiones experimentales sin (método tradicional) y con RFS, consistentes en 3x8x60% de la 1RM, valorando la velocidad y la potencia media. Además, se valoró la altura de vuelo en un salto con contramovimiento (CMJ), la velocidad y potencia media en un test de sentadilla y las concentraciones de lactato antes (PRE) y al finalizar (POST) el protocolo de entrenamiento. Resultados: En el protocolo de entrenamiento se observó una mayor velocidad (p=0,003) y potencia media (p<0,001) en el método tradicional. Además, se observó una disminución del CMJpost (p<0,001), de la velocidad media en TestSentadillapost (p<0,001) y un aumento del Lactatopost (p<0,001). En cuanto a los protocolos, se observó una mayor altura de vuelo en CMJpost (p<0,001) y potencia media en TestSentadillapost (p=0,034) en el método tradicional. Conclusiones: El protocolo de entrenamiento tradicional podría originar superiores adaptaciones neuromusculares del entrenamiento, necesario para aumentar el rendimiento. No obstante, debemos tener en cuenta el entrenamiento con RFS para otros objetivos, como pueden ser la readaptación

Antecedentes: La Actividad Física en adolescentes es fundamental para mantener una buena condición física, la realización de esta fuera del horario de las clases de Educación es beneficiosa para los adolescentes, ya sea esta del ámbito federado o no federado, ya que entre estas actividades no se sabe si existen diferencias en sus beneficios. Objetivos: Comprobar si existen diferencias en los niveles de condición física e índice de masa corporal, entre los grupos que no practican y sí practican actividad física adicional a las clases de Educación Física, ya sea en el ámbito federado o no, diferenciándolos por sexo. Metodología: En un estudio transversal con 81 adolescentes (47 chicas y 34 chicos). Se valoró las baterías Alpha-fitness y Eurofit, diferenciando entre los adolescentes que no practican actividad física extraescolar y los que sí ya sean en el ámbito federado o no federado. Resultados: No se aprecian diferencias en el IMC entre de chicos y chicas; en condición física se diferenciaron en las pruebas de abdominales, salto horizontal, velocidad y course navette. Por otra parte, en la diferenciación entre niveles de Actividad Física, en chicas se hallaron diferencias en las pruebas de abdominales, velocidad, y flamenco derecha, y los chicos se diferencian en los tests de abdominales, salto horizontal, velocidad y course navette. Conclusiones: Atendiendo a los mejores resultados encontrados entre los adolescentes que realizan actividad física de forma adicional a las clases de Educación Física, existe la necesidad de promover de la Actividad Física en cualquier ámbito ya sea federado o no federado, a esto también se le añade la evidencia de que la presencia del sexo femenino en deportes federados sigue siendo inferior que del sexo masculino, Background Physical Activity in adolescents is essential to maintain good physical condition, carrying out this outside the hours of Education classes is beneficial for adolescents, whether it is in the federated or non-federated area, since among these activities there are no it is known if there are differences in their benefits. Objectives: To check if there are differences in the levels of physical condition and body mass index, between the groups that do not practice and do practice physical activity in addition to Physical Education classes, whether in the federated area or not, differentiating them by sex. Method: In a cross-sectional study with 81 adolescents (47 girls and 34 boys). The Alpha-fitness and Eurofit batteries were evaluated, differentiating between adolescents who do not practice extracurricular physical activity and those who do, either in the federated or non-federated sphere. Results: There are no differences in BMI between boys and girls; in physical condition they were differentiated in the abdominal tests, horizontal jump, speed and course navette. On the other hand, in the differentiation between levels of Physical Activity, in girls differences were found in the abdominal tests, speed, and right flamenco, and the boys differed in the abdominal tests, horizontal jump, speed and course navette. Conclusions: Considering the best results found among adolescents who perform physical activity in addition to Physical Education classes, there is a need to promote Physical Activity in any field, whether federated or non-federated, to this is also added the evidence that the presence of the female sex in federated sports continues to be lower than that of the male sex.

Purpose: To assess the effect of acute nitrate-rich (BJ) and nitrate-depleted (PL) beetroot juice ingestion on 2 km running performance in amateur runners, and to what extent the ergogenic effect of BJ supplementation would be influenced by the sex of the participants; Methods: Twenty-four amateur long-distance runners (14 males and 10 females) performed a 2 km time trial (TT) on an outdoor athletics track 2.5 h after ingesting either 140 mL of BJ (~12.8 mmol NO3−) or PL. After the tests, blood [lactate] and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) related to the leg muscles (RPEmuscular), cardiovascular system (RPEcardio) and general overall RPE (RPEgeneral) were assessed; Results: Compared to PL, BJ supplementation improved 2 km TT performance in both males (p < 0.05) with no supplement × sex interaction effect (p > 0.05). This improvement in 2 km running performance was a function of improved performance in the second 1 km split time in both males and females (p < 0.05). Supplementation with BJ did not alter post-exercise blood [lactate] (p > 0.05) but lowered RPEgeneral (p < 0.05); Conclusions: acute BJ supplementation improves 2 km running performance in amateur runners by enhancing performance over the second half of the TT and lowering RPEgeneral by a comparable magnitude in males and females

Introduction: Tennis is characterized by a large number of competitions and little recovery time between them. Thus, tennis players and coaching staff have become interested in the role that nutrition can play in maximizing sports performance. The scientific literature does not have recent narrative and/or systematic reviews about to nutrition in tennis. The aim of this study is to map, describe and discuss the state of the science of nutrition and dietetic practices for tennis players from a theoretical and contextual point of view, to enable focused future systematic reviews. Material and methods: A narrative review through the Dialnet, Elsevier, Medline, Pubmed and Web of Science databases, through a search strategy based on keywords separated by Boolean connectors. A series of inclusion / exclusion criteria were applied to select those investigations that responded to the aim of the work., Introducción: El tenis se caracteriza por una gran cantidad de competiciones y escaso tiempo de recuperación entre ellas. Por ello, los jugadores y cuerpos técnicos han empezado a interesarse por el papel que puede tener la nutrición para maximizar el rendimiento deportivo. En la literatura científica no encontramos revisiones narrativas y/o sistemáticas actualizadas sobre nutrición en el tenis. El objetivo de este estudio es mapear, describir y discutir el estado de la ciencia de la nutrición y las prácticas dietéticas para tenistas desde un punto de vista teórico y contextual, para permitir futuras revisiones sistemáticas. Material y métodos: revisión narrativa a través las bases de datos Dialnet, Elsevier, Medline, Pubmed y Web of Science, mediante una estrategia de búsqueda basada en palabras clave separados por conectores booleanos. Se aplicaron una serie de criterios de inclusión/exclusión para seleccionar aquellas investigaciones que respondían al objetivo del trabajo.

Studies have shown that nitrate (NO3 −)-rich beetroot juice (BJ) supplementation improves endurance and high-intensity intermittent exercise. The dose–response effects on taekwondo following BJ supplementation are yet to be determined. This study aimed to investigate two acute doses of 400 mg of NO3 − (BJ-400) and 800 mg of NO3 − (BJ-800) on taekwondo-specific performance and cognitive function tests compared with a placebo (PL) and control (CON) conditions. Eight trained male taekwondo athletes (age: 20 ± 4 years, height: 180 ± 2 cm, body mass: 64.8 ± 4.0 kg) completed four experimental trials using a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled design: BJ-400, BJ-800, PL, and CON. Participants consumed two doses of BJ-400 and BJ-800 or nitrate-depleted PL at 2.5 h prior to performing the Multiple Frequency Speed of Kick Test (FSKT). Countermovement jump (CMJ) was performed before the (FSKT) and PSTT, whereas cognitive function was assessed (via the Stroop test) before and after supplementation and 10 min following PSTT. Blood lactate was collected before the CMJ tests immediately and 3 min after the FSKT and PSST; rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded during and after both specific taekwondo tests. No significant differences (p > 0.05), with moderate and large effect sizes, between conditions were observed for PSTT and FSKT performances. In addition, blood lactate, RPE, heart rate, and CMJ height were not significantly different among conditions (p > 0.05). However, after the PSTT test, cognitive function was higher in BJ-400 compared to other treatments (p < 0.05). It was concluded that acute intake of 400 and 800 mg of NO3 − rich BJ reported a moderate to large effect size in anaerobic and aerobic; however, no statistical differences were found in taekwondo-specific performance.

This study examined the effect of caffeine supplementation (CAFF) in a Wingate test (WT), and the behaviour of blood lactate concentrations (BLa) and neuromuscular fatigue (NMF), measured as reduced countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, in response to the WT. In a double-blind crossover study, 16 participants attended the laboratory twice, separated by a 72-hour window. In the sessions, participants first ingested 6 mg·kg-1 of either CAFF or placebo (PLAC), and then performed a WT. BLa was measured before (L-pre), and 0.5 min (L-post-0.5) and 3.5 min (L-post-3.5) after conducting the WT. The CMJ test was conducted before (CMJ pre), after (CMJ post), and 3 min after completing (CMJ post-3) the WT. The results indicated that CAFF enhanced peak power (Wpeak: + 3.22%; p = 0.040), time taken to reach Wpeak (T_Wpeak: -18.76%; p = 0.001) and mean power (Wmean: + 2.7%; p = 0.020). A higher BLa was recorded for CAFF at L-post-0.5 (+ 13.29%;p = 0.009) and L-post-3.5 (+ 10.51%; p = 0.044) compared to PLAC. CAFF improved peak power (PP; + 3.44%;p = 0.003) and mean power (MP; + 4.78%; p = 0.006) at CMJ pre, compared to PLAC, whereas PP and MP were significantly diminished at CMJ post and CMJ post-3 compared to pre ( p < 0.001 for all comparisons) under both the CAFF and PLAC conditions. PP and MP were increased at post-3 compared to post ( p < 0.001 for all comparisons) for both conditions. In conclusion, CAFF increased WT performance and BLa without affecting NMF measured by CMJ. Thus, CAFF may allow athletes to train with higher workloads and enhance the supercompensation effects after an adequate recovery period

El zumo de remolacha (ZR) es una fuente nutricional rica en nitrato (NO3 - ) que, una vez ingerido, es reducido a óxido nítrico (ON). El ON posee efectos hipotensores, anti-inflamatorios y provoca mejoras en la eficiencia mitocondrial y en la regulación de la contractilidad muscular. Distintas investigaciones han comprobado que la suplementación con ZR presenta un efecto ergogénico en modalidades de resistencia cardiorrespiratoria y esfuerzos explosivos e intermitentes de alta intensidad. Sin embargo, dado que ninguna revisión ha valorado el efecto de la suplementación con ZR sobre la producción de fuerza muscular, el objetivo de la presente revisión sistemática es analizar el efecto de la suplementación con ZR sobre el rendimiento en la fuerza muscular. La búsqueda mediante palabras clave y conectores booleanos se realizó en las bases de datos Dialnet, Directory of Open Access Journals, Medline, Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus y SPORTDiscus. La estrategia de búsqueda empleada fue la siguiente: (nitrate OR beet*) AND (concepto 2) (supplement* OR nutr* OR diet*) AND (concepto 3) (strength OR «resistance exercise» OR «resistance training» OR «muscular power»). Tras la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión, un total de 14 artículos fueron seleccionados para la revisión. En la revisión se ha comprobado como la suplementación con ZR puede tener un efecto ergogénico sobre la producción de fuerza muscular bajo estimulación eléctrica, así como sobre la producción de potencia sobre contracciones isocinéticas únicamente a altas velocidades angulares, siendo el mecanismo explicativo una potenciación de la capacidad contráctil específicamente en las fibras musculares tipo II., Beet juice (BJ) is a nutritional source rich in nitrate (NO3 - ) which, after ingestion, is reduced to nitric oxide (NO). NO has effects such as reduction in arterial pressure, anti-inflammatory effects, enhancement of mitochondrial efficiency, and regulation of muscle contractility. Different studies have reported that BJ supplementation has an ergogenic effect in modalities of cardiorespiratory endurance and explosive and intermittent high intensity efforts. Nevertheless, no review has assessed the effect of BJ supplementation on muscle strength production. Thus, the objective of this systematic review is to analyse the effect of BJ supplementation on muscle strength performance. The search using keywords and Boolean connectors was carried out in the databases Dialnet, Directory of Open Access Journals, Medline, Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus. The search strategy used was the following: (nitrate OR beet *) AND (concept 2) (supplement * OR nutr * OR diet *) AND (concept 3) (strength OR «resistance exercise» OR «resistance training» OR «muscular power «). After the application of the inclusion criteria, a total of 14 articles were selected for review. The review has shown how BJ supplementation can have an ergogenic effect on the production of muscle strength under electrical stimulation, as well as on the production of power over isokinetic contractions only at high angular speeds, the explanatory mechanism being a potentiation of the contractile capacity specifically in type II muscle fibers.

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the consumption of sports supplements (SS) in competitive level fencers and compare differences based on sex and competitive level (international and national). Methods: A total of 49 fencers (18 men and 31 women) of national (n = 16) and international (n = 33) level completed a questionnaire with questions about SS consumption and the possible repercussions on health and / or sports performance. The results were analyzed based on the different categorizations established by the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), as well as by sex and level of competence to which the participants belonged to. Results: 46.9% of fencers have consumed SS with the main motivation being performance improvement (34.2%). Medical doctors were the individuals who were more likely to advise men to consume SS (50.0% vs 5.6%; OR = 3.29 [1.50–7.20]). Friends were most likely to advise women (38.9% vs 8.3%; OR = 1.75 [1.05–2.93]). The most consumed SS were sport drinks (44.9%), vitamin C (43.4%), sport bars (38.8%), and caffeine (28.6%). In regards to the SS categories, it was observed differences in the interaction level·sex in medical supplements (p = 0.017). In addition, there was a higher prevalence of whey protein consumption in women (25.8% vs 0%; p = 0.020) and iron consumption in men (33% vs 6.5%; p = 0.039). Conclusions: The prevalence of SS use in fencers is within the values previously reported in athletes of the same competitive level. There were no differences by sex and competitive level in the total consumption of SS, nor in each of the groups of level of evidence, being sport drinks, bars and caffeine the most consumed SS.

ntroducción: El uso de suplementos deportivos (SD) es muy común entre los atletas y durante los últimos años la prevalencia de su consumo ha ido aumentando. Sin embargo, no todos los SD proporcionan los beneficios que se busca cuando se decide consumir este tipo de sustancias. Es por ello que las entidades científicas han puesto su foco en la evaluación de SD y se han creado clasificaciones en función de la evidencia científica, como la que ha propuesto el Instituto Australiano del Deporte (AIS). Los remeros de élite realizan sesiones de entrenamiento centradas en el desarrollo de la capacidad aeróbica y anaeróbica, así como entrenamientos defuerza, por lo que la utilización de SD adecuados puede mejorar el rendimiento de estos deportistas. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de consumo de SD en remeros de élite universitarios y evaluar el grado de evidencia del SD consumido. Método: Estudio descriptivo y transversal en el que han participado 14 remeros del equipo de remo de la Universidad de Alicante. Se utilizó un cuestionario, previamente validado, para recoger los datos pertinentes al consumo de SD. Resultados: Los SD más consumidos fueron: cafeína (81%), proteína de suero (75%), creatina monohidrato (62,5%), barritas energéticas (56,3%), bebida isotónica (50%) y BCAA (43,7%). La finalidad principal de su uso fue para mejorar el rendimiento deportivo y solo un 33% estaba asesorado por un dietista-nutricionista. Conclusión: La mayoría de los SD utilizados por los remeros tienen respaldo científico. Por lo que sería interesante que se llevasen a cabo más investigaciones en esta población., Introduction: The use of sports supplements (SD) is very common among athletes. In recent years the prevalence of consumption has been increasing. However, not all SD provide the benefits that we are find when we deciding to use this type of substance. That is why scientific entities have been its focus in the evaluation of SD and classifications have been created for scientific evidence, as well as in the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). The elite rowers training activities focused on the development of aerobic and anaerobic capacity and strength traininig, so the use of suitable SD could improve the performance of these athletes. Objective: Determine the prevalence of SD consumption in university rowers and to evaluate the grade of evidence of SD consumption. Method: Descriptive and transversal study in which have participated 14 rowers that shape the University of Alicante’s rower team. A previously validated questionnaire was applied to collect the data about SD consumption. Results: The SD most consumed were: caffeine (81%), whey protein (75%), creatine monohydrate (62.5%), energy bars (56.3%), isotonic drink (50%) and BCAA (43, 7%). The main purpose of its use was to improve athletic performance, and only 33% were advised by a dietitian-nutritionist. Conclusion: Most SD that rowers used have scientific support. So, it would be interesting if more research were carried out in this population., ntrodução: O uso de suplementos esportivos (DS) é muito comum entre atletas e nos últimos anos a prevalência de seu consumo vem aumentando. No entanto, nem todos os DSs fornecem os benefícios que se buscam ao decidir consumir esses tipos de substâncias. É por isso que as entidades científicas têm se voltado para a avaliação do DS e têm sido criadas classificações com base em evidências científicas, como a proposta pelo Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). Os remadores de elite realizam sessões de treinamento com foco no desenvolvimento da capacidade aeróbia e anaeróbia, além do treinamento de força, de forma que o uso de DS adequado pode melhorar o desempenho desses atletas. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência do consumo de DS em remadores universitários de elite e avaliar o grau de evidência do consumo de DS. Método: Estudo descritivo e transversal do qual participaram 14 remadores da equipe de remo da Universidade de Alicante. Um questionário previamente validado foi usado para coletar dados pertinentes ao consumo de SD. Resultados: Os DSs mais consumidos foram: cafeína (81%), proteína de soro de leite (75%), creatina monohidratada (62,5%), barras energéticas (56,3%), bebida isotônica (50%) e BCAA (43,7%). O principal objetivo de seu uso era melhorar o rendimento esportivo e apenas 33% foram orientados por nutricionista-nutricionista. Conclusão: A maioria dos DSs utilizados pelos remadores possuem respaldo científico. Portanto, seria interessante se mais pesquisas fossem realizadas nesta população

Background: Carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) mouth rinsing have been shown to enhance endurance and sprint performance. However, the effects of CHO and CAF mouth rinsing on muscular and cognitive performance in comparison between male and female athletes are less well-established. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of CHO and CAF rinsing on squat and bench press 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) strength, 3 sets of 40% of 1- RM muscular endurance and cognitive performance in both male and female athletes. Methods: Thirteen male and fourteen female resistance-trained participants completed four testing sessions following the rinsing of 25 ml of i) 6% of CHO (1.5 g); ii) 2% CAF (500 mg), iii) combined CHO and CAF (CHOCAF) solutions or iv) water (PLA) for 10 s. Heart rate (HR), felt arousal (FA), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and glucose (GLU) were recorded throughout the test protocol. Results: There were no significant differences in squat and bench press 1-RM, HR, RPE and GLU (p > 0.05) for males and females, respectively. FA was significantly increased with CAF (p = 0.04, p = 0.01) and CHOCAF (p = 0.03, p = 0.01) condition in both males and females, respectively. Squat endurance performance in the first set was significantly increased with CHOCAF condition compared to PLA in both males (p = 0.01) and females (p = 0.02). Bench press endurance was similar for all conditions in both genders (p > 0.05). Cognitive performance was significantly increased with CHOCAF compared to PLA in males (p = 0.03) and females (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Combined CHO and CAF mouth rinsing significantly improved lower body muscular endurance and cognitive performance in both males and females.

Beet juice (BJ) is a nutritional source rich in nitrate (NO3-) which, after ingestion, is reduced to nitric oxide (NO). NO has effects such as reduction in arterial pressure, anti-inflammatory effects, enhancement of mitochondrial efficiency, and regulation of muscle contractility. Different studies have reported that BJ supplementation has an ergogenic effect in modalities of cardiorespiratory endurance and explosive and intermittent high intensity efforts. Nevertheless, no review has assessed the effect of BJ supplementation on muscle strength production. Thus, the objective of this systematic review is to analyse the effect of BJ supplementation on muscle strength performance. The search using keywords and Boolean connectors was carried out in the databases Dialnet, Directory of Open Access Journals, Medline, Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus. The search strategy used was the following: (nitrate OR beet *) AND (concept 2) (supplement * OR nutr * OR diet *) AND (concept 3) (strength OR «resistance exercise» OR «resistance training» OR «muscular power «). After the application of the inclusion criteria, a total of 14 articles were selected for review. The review has shown how BJ supplementation can have an ergogenic effect on the production of muscle strength under electrical stimulation, as well as on the production of power over isokinetic contractions only at high angular speeds, the explanatory mechanism being a potentiation of the contractile capacity specifically in type II muscle fibers., El zumo de remolacha (ZR) es una fuente nutricional rica en nitrato (NO3-) que, una vez ingerido, es reducido a óxido nítrico (ON). El ON posee efectos hipotensores, anti-inflamatorios y provoca mejoras en la eficiencia mitocondrial y en la regulación de la contractilidad muscular. Distintas investigaciones han comprobado que la suplementación con ZR presenta un efecto ergogénico en modalidades de resistencia cardiorrespiratoria y esfuerzos explosivos e intermitentes de alta intensidad. Sin embargo, dado que ninguna revisión ha valorado el efecto de la suplementación con ZR sobre la producción de fuerza muscular, el objetivo de la presente revisión sistemática es analizar el efecto de la suplementación con ZR sobre el rendimiento en la fuerza muscular. La búsqueda mediante palabras clave y conectores booleanos se realizó en las bases de datos Dialnet, Directory of Open Access Journals, Medline, Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus y SPORTDiscus. La estrategia de búsqueda empleada fue la siguiente: (nitrate OR beet*) AND (concepto 2) (supplement* OR nutr* OR diet*) AND (concepto 3) (strength OR «resistance exercise» OR «resistance training» OR «muscular power»). Tras la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión, un total de 14 artículos fueron seleccionados para la revisión. En la revisión se ha comprobado como la suplementación con ZR puede tener un efecto ergogénico sobre la producción de fuerza muscular bajo estimulación eléctrica, así como sobre la producción de potencia sobre contracciones isocinéticas únicamente a altas velocidades angulares, siendo el mecanismo explicativo una potenciación de la capacidad contráctil específicamente en las fibras musculares tipo II.

Purpose: the aim of the present study was to analyse the pattern of dietary supplements (DS) consumption on federated rugby players, including the analysis of differences based on the sex and competitive level (professional vs. amateurs). Material and methods: 144 rugby players (83 male and 61 female), of whom 69 were professionals and 75 amateurs, were recruited for the study. All the participants filled out a specific questionnaire about DS consumption including questions related to the consumption of DS and their effects on sport performance and health status. Results: 65.3% of participants declared consuming at least one DS, with a higher prevalence in males than females (77.1% vs. 49.2%) and in professionals thanin amateur players (79.7% vs. 52.0%). The main reason for consumption was to enhance sport performance (62.3%) with differences only based on sex (74.3% males vs. 43.2% females). The most common purchase sites were the Internet (45.6%) and specialised stores (39.8%). As to the moment of ingestion, professionals did this most frequently during competition and training (56.4% vs. 28.2%), whereas amateur players did so only during competition (20.5% vs. 3.6%). Moreover, professional player intake most frequently in post-exercise (65.5% vs. 35.9%), whereas amateur during pre-exercise (30.8% vs. 5.5%). The DS most consumed included whey protein (44%), caffeine (42%), sports drinks (38%), energy bars (34%) and creatine monohydrate (31%), with a higher prevalence in male and professional players of whey protein and creatine monohydrate. Conclusions: The main reason for DS consumption is for enhancing sports performance). Professional players more frequently purchase them on the Internet and consume DS during training and competition period and in the post-exercise, whereas amateur players consume during competition and pre-exercise. Related to the main form of DS consumption, it is observed that a moderate consumption of DS could be considered ergogenic, such

Sports supplements are commonly used by elite athletes with the main goal of enhancing sport performance. Supplements use might be substantially different depending on the sport discipline, sex, and competitive level. To date, data about prevalence and the most-commonly used supplements in handball are scarce. Thus, the aim of this investigation was to determine the patterns of supplements use by handball players of both sexes and with different competitive levels: One hundred and eighty-seven handball players (112 men and 75 women) of different competitive levels (106 professional and 81 amateur) completed a validated self-administered questionnaire about supplements use. Supplements were classified according to the categorization of the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). Overall, 59.9% of the handball players (n = 112) declared the use of at least one supplement and there were no significant differences between men and women (58.9% vs. 61.3%, p = 0.762) nor between professional vs. amateur handball players (67.1% vs. 53.8%, p = 0.074). The most prevalent supplements were sports drinks (42.2%), followed by energy bars (35.3%) and caffeine-containing products (31.6%). However, a greater consumption of group A supplements (those with strong scientific evidence; p = 0.029) and group B supplements (those with emerging scientific support, p = 0.012) was observed in male compared to female handball players. Supplements categorized as medical supplements were more commonly consumed in professional vs. amateur players (0.48 ± 0.80 vs. 0.21 ± 0.44, supplements p < 0.006). Additionally, a higher consumption of group B supplements was observed in professional compared to amateur players (0.58 ± 0.88 vs. 0.33 ± 0.72 supplements, p = 0.015). Handball players revealed a moderate use of supplements while sex and competitive level slighted changed the pattern of supplements use. A high portion of handball players use supplements as fuel during exercise and reported the use of ca

La función docente conlleva un desgaste físicoy emocional que repercute en elestado de salud de las personas. Este estudio pretende evaluar el efecto ser físicamente activo sobre la percepción del estado de salud y el síndrome de burnout en el profesorado. Para ello, una muestra de 65 docentes que fueron distribuidos en tres grupos según su nivel de actividad física (alta, moderada y baja) correspondiente al Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física(IPAQ), cumplimentaron el General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) y elMaslach Burnout Inventory(MBI). Los resultados confirman que la actividad física tiene efectos positivos en las dimensiones que definen la percepción de la salud y el burnout; no obstante, en algunas de las dimensiones se obtienen diferencias significativas cuando la intensidad de actividad física es moderada., Teaching can lead to both physical and emotional exhaustion and this can have serious repercussions on a person's health. This study examines the impacts of being physically active on a teacher's perception of health state and burnout syndrome. After stratifying the teachers enrolled (n=65) by physical activity level (high, moderate or low) based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire(IPAQ), they completed the General Health Questionnaire(GHQ-28) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory(MBI). Results indicate that moderate and high levels of physical activity have beneficial effects on the dimensions that define the perception of health and burnout. However, in the dimension social dysfunction, significant impacts emerged only when the intensity of physical activity was moderate.

Unhealthy lifestyles, low levels of physical fitness, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) are associated with bad quality of life and the development of a wide range of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The current study aimed to evaluate the level of adherence to the MD in physical fitness performance and body composition parameters in children and adolescents of Estonia. Therefore, 413 adolescents (56% boys) from the city of Tartu completed the Mediterranean Diet Questionnaire (KIDMED) for analyzing the adherence to MD and performed the Alpha Fitness Test for measuring physical fitness and body composition. A 41.67% of low, 44.05% of average, and 14.28% of high adherence to MD was detected, without difference between genders (p = 0.747). In the Alpha Fitness battery, a higher performance was observed in all tests for boys vs. girls (p < 0.05). In relation to body composition, higher height, weight, and waist values were observed in boys (p < 0.05) and a lower body fat percentage (p < 0.01) without differences in body mass index (BMI; p = 0.906). The adherence to the MD is classified as average/low. Gender significantly influences all variables of the Alpha Fitness battery and anthropometrics measures excepting BMI. According the levels of adherence to the MD, no statistically different prevalence was observed for Non-Overweight (N-Oweight), Non-Overfat (N-Ofat), or Non-Overwaist (N-Owaist). Still, a risk factor for Overweight (Oweight) in boys with low adherence was observed in comparison to those with a mid-level of adherence to the MD.

Caffeine used as a supplement has been shown to improve physical and cognitive performance in several sport modalities due to its effects on the central nervous system. This review assesses the direct effects of caffeine supplementation on performance in combat sports. Using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) guidelines, relevant studies were identified through the Medline, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases. Of 1053 search results, only 9 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of these, three studies detected no ergogenic effect of caffeine supplementation, while six studies did observe a significant positive effect. Supplementation with 3–6 mg/kg of caffeine was found to increase the glycolytic contribution to energy metabolism during the execution of real or simulated combats, as indicated by elevated blood lactate concentrations. Caffeine intake was also noted to improve levels of strength, power and upper arm muscular endurance. These effects were not paralleled by an increase in the exertion perceived by the athlete.

Resumen: Introducción: La fatiga se define como la incapacidad del Sistema neuromuscular para mantener un nivel determinado de potencia. La monitorización de la pérdida de Altura de salto ha sido utilizada como un indicador de fatiga muscular. La Electromiografía (EMG) es también una herramienta adecuada para determinar la fatiga ya que tiene una alta correlación con las unidades motoras activas (reclutamiento de fibras musculares). El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar los efectos de la fatiga sobre la actividad muscular en las extremidades inferiores durante sucesivos test de media sentadilla (30 segundos). Métodos: 5 sujetos sanos entrenados participaron en el estudio. Realizaron 2 sesiones de test, un test de potencia máxima de media sentadilla y 4 series de un test de capacidad anaeróbica de media sentadilla (30 seg.). Resultados: Se observaron diferencias significativas (P=0.002) en la comparativa de los efectos inter-sujetos (Vasto lateral vs. Recto femoral). Observamos también diferencias significativas en la comparación por pares (P<0.001). Conclusiones: Observamos cómo la fatiga modifica la activación neuromuscular del vasto lateral y el recto femoral durante la ejecución de 4 test consecutivos de media sentadilla (30 seg.)., Peer Reviewed