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Observations on the genus Neoparasitus complement and correct several observations and interpretations in the original description of Bulbogamasus sinicus Gu, Wang and Duan, 1991, species which is now transferred to Neoparasitus. This study supports a close relationship between Pachyseius (Pachylaelapidae) and Neoparasitus, leading to discussion of problems with the classification of this genus.

Proteolysis and changes in the rheological properties of Cheddar cheese during ripening were compared in cheeses containing active (recombinant chymosin or porcine pepsin) or inactivated (porcine pepsin) coagulant. Modification to the cheesemaking process extensively denatured porcine pepsin. Very little proteolysis occurred in the modified pepsin cheese although some α s1 -casein was hydrolysed to α s1 -I-casein ( α s1 f24-199) and other peptides during the later stages of ripening, perhaps due to the action of the indigenous milk acid proteinase, cathepsin D, or to some residual pepsin activity in the cheese. In the control cheeses, porcine pepsin was less proteolytic than chymosin, as indicated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or the formation of water-soluble nitrogen, but there was little difference in the concentration of free amino acids between these two cheeses. Some differences were observed between the peptides produced by chymosin or pepsin. As the cheeses matured, cohesiveness, the force required to fracture the cheeses and distance to fracture decreased. Modification to the cheesemaking process affected all the rheological parameters measured after 60 and/or 180 days ripening. The type of coagulant had no effect on hardness or the force required to fracture the cheeses but significant differences were found between the chymosin and pepsin cheeses with regard to cohesiveness and distance to fracture.

Acid-set gel formation is an important first step in the production of dairy products such as yoghurt and cottage cheese. Acid-set gels prepared from pressure treated skim milk have increased rigidity and resistance to breaking. Water binding capacity, protein hydration index and resistance to syneresis (separation of an aqueous phase) were also increased. As stirred-type yoghurt has a larger share of the market it is of greater commercial interest. The effects of a range of pressure-time treatments of the milk on the characteristics of stirred type yoghurts prepared at pH 4.1 have been investigated. The viscosity was improved with increasing pressures in the range 100–600 MPa and with the duration of the treatment up to 1 h.

SummaryAcid-set milk gels containing up to 30 mM added hexametaphosphate, oxalate, citrate, EDTA or orthophosphate were prepared using gluconic acid-δ-lactone and their properties investigated. Increases in the apparent shear modulus were observed in the gels containing hexametaphosphate, oxalate, citrate and EDTA. The effect was maximum for hexametaphosphate-containing gels at ˜ 8 mM. Increases were also observed in the force required to break the gels, and for added hexametaphosphate the effect peaked at ˜ 5 niM. The ability of the gels to resist syneresis was investigated by a cut, tip and drain type test and by a centrifugation method. In both tests, resistance to syneresis was increased by added hexametaphosphate, oxalate, citrate and EDTA. The additions of anions were shown to cause disintegration of the micelles and release caseins to the serum. It is suggested that the improved homogeneity of casein distribution that results allows greater opportunity for protein-protein interaction during gel formation and leads to improved properties. Controlled micelle disintegration would therefore appear to offer promise for the development of improved or novel products.

A new genus and species of Heterozerconidae from Amphisbaena in Brasil are described. The parasitic association of heterozerconids and squamates is confirmed. This is the first detailed description of a heterozerconid and the presence of a spermatheca in this family is reported for the first time.

This paper describes dairy related research currently underway in the Food Science Division in Belfast. Topics include the heat resistance of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, which has been implicated as the causative agent of Crohn's disease of humans, incidence of enterovirulent Escherichia coli in raw milk, shelf-life of pasteurized milk, dietary manipulation of milk fat composition and the application of high pressure processing to dairy products.

Two species of Aponychus, A. corpuzae Rimando and A. vannus Rimando, are reported from ornamental yellow bamboo for the first time from Java (Indonesia).

Superaugmented aircraft are an important subclass of actively controlled, highly augmented aircraft. The aircraft without augmentation is unstable; the control system not only redresses the stability and control imbalance, but also provides effective vehicle dynamics that differ in kind from those associated with conventional aircraft. In this paper, the longitudinal properties of highly unstable aircraft and typical superaugmented control systems used to remedy their dynamic deficiencies are explored generically. The topics considered include: (1) Basic flight control system architectures suitable to reduce or completely alleviate the unstable aircraft characteristics. (2) The primary dynamic characteristics and regulatory properties of typical superaugmented aircraft control systems, including governing factors in the linear system, dominant mode characteristics, and fundamental stability margin properties. The total available gain range factor is presented as a basic measure that relates degree of instability, control system limitations, and key control system adjustments. (3) Some flying qualities features for superaugmented aircraft with rate command/attitude hold, extended bandwidth, and attitude command configurations.

SummaryThe effects of thermization (a sub-pasteurization heat treatment), followed by cold storage at 7 °C for up to 3 d on the post-gelation behaviour of rennet-induced gels from alternate-day collected milks, pasteurized before testing, were investigated. Observations of the time course of gel rigidity modulus development and of the syneresis of cut curds were fitted to a general exponential relationship to aid interpretation. Milk performance was assessed by measurements of rennet coagulation time at pH 6·5, various gel rigidity and syneresis parameters and losses of protein and Ca to the whey. A small but significant reduction in protein losses to the whey (mean 0·05%) was the only effect resulting from thermization. Cold storage gave rise to significantly weaker gels than those from unstored controls. The gels from cold-stored milks attained 50% of their maximum rigidity modulus in significantly less time and lost significantly more protein (mean 0·11%) to the whey. Samples cold stored for 1, 2 or 3 d were not significantly different from each other and no other parameters were affected. No significant interactions between thermization and cold storage were found.

Males of Tetranychus urticae are attracted to quiescent ♀ deutonymphs, where they remain in attendance until the female ecdyses and mating is accomplished. Fighting may occur between males when more than one attempt to guard a single female. Aggressive encounters are characterized by considerable grappling and pushing, and may involve the use of silk to entangle and repel an opponent. Sometimes injuries are inflicted by the extruded cheliceral stylets, resulting in the death of one male. Experiments revealed the advantage of 1st discovery and of establishing dominance over other competing males before the emergence of the female. Size is also important, with larger males generally able to defeat smaller ones. During the course of a colonizing episode the functional (rather than actual) sex ratio becomes markedly skewed toward males and competition for mates is intense. Guarding and aggressive behaviors thus have important consequences for ♂ reproductive sucess.

Changes in the chemical composition of three popular Sudanese varieties of date (Jawa, Bentamoda and Mishrig Wad Laggai) during ripening are described and are related to changes in texture and in the activities of various degradative enzymes in the fruit. Total invertase levels were high throughout maturation of the three varieties. Although the proportion of soluble enzyme increased during ripening solubilisation did not appear to influence the relative amounts of sucrose and reducing sugars in the ripening fruit. Both cellulase and polygalacturonase were absent or at low levels in the green fruit but displayed large increases in activity during ripening. This enhancement was reflected in a reduction in fruit firmness although little change in cellulose or pectin levels was apparent analytically until the final stage of ripening. Despite a considerable rise in pectinesterase activity during ripening no significant trend could be discerned in the degree of esterification of pectin suggesting that the enzyme is of minor importance in softening of these fruit.

SummaryA general theory of gel formation by cross-linking of polymer molecules, orginally developed for the study of rubber vulcanization, is proposed as a model for milk gel formation. The model divides gel formation and development into 4 stages, an enzymic and a non-enzymic stage preceding gelation, then a stage of material transition from the sol to the gelled state and a stage of increase in gel strength due to internal cross-link formations. The 2 post-gelation stages overlap to a variable degree depending upon particular circumstances. Gel formation and properties are interpreted in terms of the number of initial units which combine to form the gel and the number of cross-links eventually formed by each unit. When combined with a kinetic expression for the rate of cross-link formation the time course of gel shear modulus development or of the incorporation of material into the gel may be predicted. The classical asymmetric sigmoid shape of gel shear modulus development curves results from the third stage of material transition into the gel, which in turn depends upon the number of cross-links eventually formed by each initial unit. The modulus of mature gels is found to depend upon the square of material concentration, and gel breaking strength is found to be proportional to the modulus, in agreement with the predictions of the theory.

A new genus Gaudoglyphus n.gen. is erected for Analges minor Norner and is placed in a new family, Gaudoglyphidae n.fam.

Three instrumental techniques, cone penetrometry, probe penetration and Instron TPA, were compared as means to describe butter spreadability. A factorial experiment was set up to examine the consistency of winter and summer butter, mechanically worked and unworked, before and after storage and at two measurement temperatures, 5° C and 15° C. Probe penetration provided useful information on the relaxation behavior of butter, as well as contributing to the fundamental knowledge of butter structure. The Instron TPA has the advantage of a link with an internationally recognized system of texture analysis. The technique was also found to show greatest potential as a method to assess the effectiveness of mechanical treatment of butter. Cone penetrometry results were converted to yield values and in conjunction with Haighton's ready reckoner scale of assessment provided a simple and rapid method to describe butter spreadability.

A fixed-base simulation was performed to identify and quantify interactions between the pilot's hand/arm neuromuscular subsystem and such features of modern fighter aircraft roll-rate command control system mechanizations as force-sensing side-stick-type manipulator, vehicle effective roll time constant, and flight control system effective time delay. The results provide insight to high-frequency pilot/vehicle oscillation (roll ratchet), low-frequency pilot-induced oscillation, and roll-to-right control input problems previously observed in experimental and production fly-by-wire control systems. The simulation configurations encompass and/or duplicate several actual flight situations, reproduce control problems observed, and show that the highfrequency nuisance mode known as ''roll ratchet" can derive primarily from the pilot's neuromuscular subsystem. The simulations show that force-sensing side-stick manipulator force/displacement/command gradients, command prefilters, and flight control system time delays need to be carefully adjusted to minimize neuromuscular mode amplitude peaking (roll-ratchet tendency) without restricting roll control bandwidth (with resulting sluggish or low-frequency pilot-induced oscillation prone control). The results further demonstrate that roll-ratchet tendency, difficult to detect in fixed-base simulations, is readily apparent from application of frequency-response spectral analysis techniques.

Differences in the extent of loss of pectic substances from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) after boiling, steaming and pressure cooking were investigated. Losses were found to be significantly greater (P< 0.001) after boiling than after pressure cooking or steaming. The pectic substance content (g 100 g−1 dry matter) of potatoes (cv. Pentland Crown) was 2.98 for raw peeled tubers, 0.97 after boiling for 35 min, 1.22 after steaming for 35 min and 1.24 after pressure cooking at 103.4 kPa (15 psi) for 15 min. The roles of cooking time, cooking temperature and heat transfer medium are discussed. The effects of calcium sulphate (at levels typical of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ water supplies) in the cooking water on losses of pectic substances from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), carrot (Daucus carota L.), and swede (Brassica napus L. var. napobrassica Peterm.) after boiling and pressure cooking were also investigated. Water hardness did not influence losses during pressure cooking but samples boiled in hard water had decreased losses of pectic substances compared to those boiled in soft water. The increase in retention of pectic substances due to hard water was about 8 % for potatoes (cv. Pentland Dell), about 33 % for sliced carrots (cv. Berlicum, approved maintenance Perfecta) and about 23% for diced swedes (cv. Acme). The interaction of water hardness with cooking method was significant for potato (P< 0.05) and swede (P

In high a maneuvering of high-performance military aircraft it is common for sideslip to exist either intentionally or unintentionally. Analysis and simulation of an aircraft in unsymmetric flight has resulted in identification of new open-and closed-loop parameters which relate to a coupled longitudinal-lateral divergence known as nose slice departure. The coupling produces nonminimum phase zeros in the pitch attitude numerator at angle of attack below that for stall and at relatively small sideslip angles. Pilot control of pitch attitude via elevator then produces a lateral divergence. The phenomenon is traced through the equation of motion, effective stability derivative, transfer function, and root aerodynamic flow relationships. The results are verified by openand closed-loop time histories from a nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom digital simulation and by fixed-base piloted simulation.

A survey of new and previously-recorded host and distribution records for the species of Dermanyssus exclusive of D. gallinae (in particular D. americanus, D. gallinoides, D. hirundinis and D. prognephilus ), has demonstrated that members of this genus are more widespread in North America than previously believed. Earlier literature records of the ubiquitous D. gallinae are quite likely based on a combination of this species plus related forms, indicating that further work may be needed to clarify the possible role of Dermanyssus species in virus transmission. On a world basis, the 13 non- gallinae species of Dermanyssus are now known from 35 species of birds in 15 families.

Posternbryonic development in Eutrombicula Splendens includes the following instars: prelarva, larva, protonymph, deutonymph, tritonymph, and adult. Prelarva and larva bear Claparede's organ; the protonymph, deutonymph, tritonymph, and adult bear 1, 2, 3 and 3 pairs of genital papillae, respectively. Larva, deutonymph, and adult are active instars whereas the prelarva, protonymph, and tritonymph are calyptostatic (quiescent, regressive) instars. The cyclical pattern of active and calyptostatic instars in parasitengone mites is unique among Arthropoda. Each active instar is preceded by a molt followed by ecdysis. No ecdysis accompanies the molt preceding the calyptostatic instars; these instars are entirely pharate. The terminology applicable to periods of “discontinuous” development is briefly discussed. The interval delimited by molts is called a stasis; the animal itself during a stasis is called an instar. The supposed pupal nature of calyptostatic instars is discussed.

Canestriniphis megalodacne , a new genus and species of Eviphididae, is described from adult females found on the erotylid beetle, Megalodacne heros (Say).

Presentation de methodes d'essai et modelisation assistee par ordinateur pour l'analyse de la reponse dynamique d'un vehicule terrestre en cas de freinage et dans un virage

Attention has been focused on departure (e.g., nose slice, wing rock) and recovery of military aircraft as opposed to spin entry. The approach has been to analytically identify and validate key flying quality parameters, to qualitatively assess and verify these through piloted simulation, and to measure and quantify effects on key dynamic parameters of pilot describing functions.

Intramuscular, intravenous, and subcutaneous injections of heroin, methadone, morphine, LAAM, cocaine, d-amphetamine, and phencyclidine produced about equivalent effects on schedule-controlled responding in rhesus monkeys. By the buccal route, potency was reduced by approximately three-fold except with cocaine and heroin; with cocaine, buccal potency was equivalent to the parenteral routes while with heroin, buccal potency was reduced by about 20-fold. By the oral route (gavage), methadone, morphine, heroin, and phencyclidine were at least 50–100 times less potent than by i.m., i.v., or s.c. routes. Cocaine was about sixteen times less potent orally than parenterally, while LAAM and d-amphetamine were only slightly less potent orally than parenterally. Thus, for certain drugs like methadone and phencyclidine, relative potencies by oral vs. parenteral routes in rhesus monkeys differ greatly from those obtained in humans.

The control system features of force vs displacement stick command, feel/force displacement gradient, 'feel' system vs command prefilter dynamic lag, and flight control system effective time delay, have been investigated by a fixed-base simulation employing both joysticks and side-sticks in order to ascertain their effect on pilot opinion, pilot performance, and their hand/arm neuromuscular subsystem interaction. The results obtained indicate that the use of displacement sensing added the feel system dynamic lag to the command path and increased effective system flight delay, thereby lowering pilot opinion and performance but reducing the possibility of roll instability; the use of force sensing as stick command to exclude feel system dynamic lag had the obverse effect.

The high-angle-of-attack, low-speed stall/departure characteristics of the F-4J and F-14A are analyzed, using a six-degree-of-freedom mathematical model with nonlinear aerodynamics. Cause-effect relationships are investigated for maneuver limiting factors including wing rock, nose slice, and rolling departures. Cross-derivatives of zeta primed sub alpha, n primed sub alpha and m sub Beta alter key transfer function parameters. A piloted simulation validates analytic predictions and demonstrates that departure warning, susceptibility, and severity are strongly influenced by the static cross-derivatives. A connection between roll numerator parameter values and pilot perception of departure susceptibility and severity is identified. Potential modifications for the high AOA sections of the MIL-F-8785B Flying Qualities Specification are proposed: a criterion for the real part of the roll numerator root, further recommendations for minimizing departure susceptibility and certain sideslip influences, and a flying quality rating form for assessing departure and recovery characteristics. Part I, Analysis and Simulation, presents a summary of the complete investigation and results. Part II, Piloted Simulation Assessment of Bihrle Departure Criteria, presents a detailed comparison of analytical prediction and piloted simulation results for a specific set of programmed control deflections. Part III, Appendices-Aerodynamic Models, contains the detailed aerodynamic models employed in the F-4J and F-14A high-angle-of-attack analysis and validation and the equations of motion, aerodynamic models, control system configurations, etc., employed in the piloted simulation.

This paper presents selected results from a full-scale test program aimed at development and validation of test procedures for evaluating car/trailer handling and braking performance. The trailer hitch under consideration is one of the weight distribution type. This hitch utilizes equalizer (or "spring" ) bars attached at the trailer tongue and produces a nose down moment on the tow car and tail down moment on the trailer. Load leveling is not a totally satisfactory solution to the problem of heavy hitch loads. Trailer design should be aimed at minimizing hitch loads consistent with maintaining some positive value of trailer mode damping. Differential tire pressure should be more seriously considered for use with large hitch loads. Tire type changes may be necessary to avoid excessive wear, heat buildup, etc. at underinflated levels. It is suggested that operators of automobiles used for towing trailers minimize hitch load consistent with acceptable trailer damping; minimize load leveling torque consistent with rear tire load rating; use air shocks for additional leveling as necessary and maintain front/rear tire pressure differential (F < R).

An analytical and experimental investigation of possible contributing factors in jet aircraft turbulence upsets was conducted. Major contributing factors identified included autopilot and display deficiencies, the large aircraft inertia and associated long response time, and excessive pilot workload. An integrated flight and thrust energy management director system was synthesized. The system was incorporated in a moving-base simulation and evaluated using highly experienced airline pilots. The evaluation included comparison of pilot workload and flight performance during severe turbulence penetration utilizing four control/display concepts: manual control with conventional full panel display, conventional autopilot (A/P-A) with conventional full panel display, improved autopilot (A/P-B) with conventional full panel display plus thrust director display, and longitudinal flight director with conventional full panel display plus thrust director display. Simulation results show improved performance, reduced pilot workload, and a pilot preference for the autopilot system controlling to the flight director command and manual control of thrust following the trim thrust director.

Male Tetranychus urticae search for and defend quiescent pharate females. Intruding males may be threatened or attacked. Fights involve pushing and grappling with the forelegs, jousting with the mouthparts, and entangling the opponent with silk. In these encounters larger males usually win. Sole possession of a female at her ecdysis virtually ensures successful mating.

Female deutonymphs are recognized by a small, clear area surrounded by a raylike pattern in the posterior part of the sternal shield; males lack this feature.

This book represents part of the final report on a survey of the ixodid ticks of cattle carried out by the Veterinary Department in Tanganyika from 1955–1961. This survey had its origin in attempts to control East Coast fever, the most important tick-borne disease of the country. During the course of the survey, collections were also made from domesticated mammals other than cattle, wild mammals, human beings, birds (very few), and reptiles. Despite the breadth of the project, the report fastens tightly on the tick-cattle interrelation and the problems inherent in it. The introductory chapter reviews the origin, purpose, and scope of the survey and provides an historical account of tick studies in Tanganyika. This is followed by three chapters providing descriptions of the territory, the livestock of the territory, and the methods employed in the study. The major part (143 pp.) of the work is an account, arranged according to species, of the ticks (63 species in 8 genera) encountered in the survey.

Raillietia whartoni sp. n. (Raillietidae) is described from adult females and males from the ears of Kobus kob (Artiodactyla: Bovidae) in Uganda.

Max Sellnick (1974) described a new species of the genus Haemogamasus from Iceland viz. H. richteri Sellnick, 1974. This name is synonymized with H. pontiger Berlese, 1904. The species is also recorded from Scandinavia for the first time.

A numerical phenetic study, based on 43 OTU's (species) and 83 characters, was carried out on this potentially large but homogeneous group of mites. The MCD values computed from the standardized data matrix were analyzed by cluster analysis and graph (nearest-neighbor) analysis. Successive subdivisions of the Syringophilidae were determined from analysis of the phenogram, graph diagrams, and distributions of the MCD values. The family is divisible into 2 major groups, the Syringophilinae and Picobiinae, new subfamily. The Syringophilinae is comprised of two major generic groups, the Syringophilopsis-group and the Syringophiloidus-group. The latter includes 2 complexes of genera centered about Niglarobia and Syringophiloidus, respectively. The indeterminate relationships of certain genera, especially Syringophilus, is discussed. Principal components analysis of the OTU's appeared to portray relationships rather poorly. The quill mites of the family Syringophilidae are a potentially large but homogeneous group of bird parasites. The mites inhabit the hollow of the calmus of various feathers and have been found on representatives of 16 orders of birds. A preliminary revision of the family (Kethley, 1970) arrayed the 29 recognizable described species in 17 genera. In addition, specimens of at least 200 new species are on loan to or in the collection of the junior author. The tactics of Syringophiloidus minor (Berlese) have been described by Kethley (1971) and, extrapolating from those observations and his experience with patterns of taxonomic discovery in the group, we may predict an eventual known fauna of 5,000 or more species of these mites. Although the number of species discovered is very small relative to the number yet to be found, we regard a numerical phenetic study as an essential step in the advancement of the knowledge of the Syringophilidae. Such studies have been suggested as inappropriate for poorly known groups by Michener (1963) but we believe that the strictly comparative approach demanded in numerical phenetic methods is precisely what is needed for all mite taxa. It is the purpose of this paper to provide quantitative estimates of affinity among members of the Syringophilidae. These estimates should (1) provide a sound basis and direction for future taxonomic work with the family; (2) provide a basis for comparison of taxa and their properties with ecologically Received for publication 22 December 1972. defined groups within the family; and (3) provide a basis for comparison of the classification of quill mites with the classifications of their avian hosts. In this paper we use the ideas and terminology of numerical phenetics without special explanation and definition. For a general introduction to these approaches, the reader is referred to Sokal and Sneath (1963), Blackith and Reyment (1971), or Jardine and Sibson (1971); an introduction oriented toward parasite taxonomy is given by Moss and Webster (1970). Prior numerical phenetic studies of mites have been carried out by Funk (1963, 1964, 1968), Herrin (1969), Manischewitz (1971), Moss (1967, 1968), Petrova (1967), Sheals (1965, 1969), and Wasmer (1971). MATERIALS AND METHODS The 43 OTU's used in this study are listed in Table I with their codes and host names. The choice of specimens was an attempt to provide a wide coverage of the diversity of the family within the limits of the quality of available material. Twenty-nine undescribed species were included and 6 of these were judged, prior to the study, to represent new genera. Because only adult females are known for many taxa, we have restricted our study to that instar and sex. Intensive examination of the chosen material permitted the recognition of 83 characters; the partitioning of these is given in Table II. A complete list of the characters is available upon request from the junior author. There were no missing data for any of the OTU's. The basic (character X OTU) data matrix was transformed by standardization. Similarity (or, conversely, difference) was computed as product