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Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) mediating resistance in Enterobacterales is a global public health issue, especially in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Cameroon. ESBL-producing Enterobacterales reduce therapeutic options and lead to the use of last resort drugs such as carbapenems even in vulnerable populations like children under five years. This study aims at determining the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) isolated from children under five years with and without diarrhoea in two health care facilities in Dschang. A cross-sectional study was conducted from 3 February to 19 May 2022 in two hospitals in the city of Dschang, Cameroon. Stool collected were cultured on Eosine Methylen Blue (EMB) medium. Enterosystem 18 R kit was used for bacterial identification. Evaluation of the resistance patterns and detection of ESBL production were performed with, the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method and CHROMagar® ESBL medium, respectively. The genomic DNA of ESBL-Ec was extracted using the boiling method and subjected to conventional and multiplex PCRs for detection of blaSHV, blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes. Data were entered into ExcelTM 2016. Epi info and R software were used for statistical analyses with a p-value

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Introduction : La perennite des mutuelles de sante au Cameroun n’est pas garantie, et celle-ci a tendance a echouer apres une tres courte periode de fonctionnement. Il existe tres peu d’etudes concernant la question de la performance des MS. Au vu de cela, nous voulons mesurer la performance en calculant les indicateurs financiers et economiques ainsi que d’autres permettant d’evaluer la satisfaction des beneficiaires au niveau de deux mutuelles de sante communautaires. Il s’agit de la mutuelle de sante communautaire de Douala V (Musocom) et Yaounde I (Mucamaadd).Methodologie : Il s’agit d’une etude de type descriptif et analytique. L’echantillonnage a donc fait l’objet d’une methode non probabiliste avec l’aide d’un questionnaire autoadministre et d’une grille d’evaluation.Resultats : L’etude a revele une satisfaction globale de 69 %, un taux de disponibilite des outils et activites de gestion de 85,5 %, un ratio de solvabilite de 34,2 %, un ratio de couverture des charges de 37,4 %, un ratio d’equilibre de 50,9 %, un ratio des frais de fonctionnement de 76 % et un taux de sinistralite de 133 %. Il en ressort qu’il existe une association significative entre la satisfaction et le fait d’etre dans un menage ou petite et moyenne entreprise, d’adherer par groupe de 6 a 11 personnes ou de plus de 22 personnes, de travailler dans le secteur prive ou d’etre retraite et d’avoir un salaire superieur a 100 000 FCFA (OR > 1, p-value

Salmonella infections remain one of the major health problems in both poultry farming and human medicine. In addition, resistance to Salmonella has emerged as a global health problem in both sectors. The present study aimed at evaluating the in vivo antisalmonellal and antioxidant activities of 95° ethanol extract of Khaya grandifoliola using broiler chickens as animal model. Animals were divided into the normal control group, negative control group, positive control group and three test groups treated with the extract at 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg respectively. The antioxidant status of broiler chickens was also evaluated by measuring the concentration of enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and biochemical markers (malondialdehyde and nitric oxide). The results showed that infected animals treated with the Khaya grandifoliola extract at 40 mg/kg recovered on day 11 after the beginning of the treatment and on day 13 for those treated at the 10 and 20 mg/kg. The antioxidant assay showed that the infection led to the reduction of enzymatic markers in the body of infected animals, while the treatment increases such makers. The infection resulted in a significant increase in serum and pulmonary malondialdehyde. It also caused a significant decrease in cardiac and pulmonary nitric oxide whereas the treatment depending on the doses of the extract tends to normalize these biochemical markers. The overall results showed that Khaya grandifoliola extract can be successfully used in the treatment of avian salmonellosis as well as the management of the oxidative stress caused by the infection.

Since ancient Greek-Roman times, the use of plants to cure many human diseases is still common. The present ethnobotanical survey was conducted to contribute to the knowledge of medicinal plants used for the treatment of typhoid fever in three sub divisions of Vina division, Adamawa Cameroon. After having explained the importance of this study to interviewees, 41 traditional healers have agreed and delivered information regarding the medicinal plants they use as well as the different preparation and administration through a well- structured questionnaire that was given to them on this matter. Among 41 traditional healers whose attended this study, 32 were men and 09 were women. The ethnobotanical survey allowed the identification of 70 plants belonging to 38 families. With a frequency of 11/70, the Fabaceae family was the most represented followed by that of Rubiaceae and Asteraceae (04/70 each). The leaves are the most used parts (34.28%) followed by leaves + roots (14.28%) and the whole plant (12.86%). The majority of the recipes consisted of four to six plants (34.66), and were prepared by decoction (50%), with water as the main solvent (87.80%). 41.56% of typhoid preparations are administered twice daily for a duration of 14 days (46.77%). This is the first report on antityphoid herbal remedies in Vina division-Adamawa Cameroon. It would therefore be judicious for our government and research institution to investigate on their therapeutic properties in order to develop ameliorated and efficient phytomedicines.

A new anthraquinone, 1,6-dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-5-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione (1), along with four known compounds, including 1,2-dimethoxyanthraquinone (2), morindone-5-methylether (3), scopoletin (4), and fraxidin (5) were isolated from the methylene chloride extract of the stem bark of Morinda lucida Benth. Structure elucidation was accomplished by analysis of the 1D and 2D NMR, IR and mass spectra. Compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 were tested against five Salmonella strains. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined. The results indicated that the four compounds have different antibacterial activities, with MIC values ranging from 8 to 256 µg/mL. Among these four compounds, the best activity was observed for compound 4 against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurim (STM), with a MIC value of 8 µg/mL. Compound 1 showed selective antibacterial activity toward the five Salmonella strains, with MICs of 16 µg/mL against STM, 32 µg/mL against S. enteritidis (STE), 64 µg/mL against S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (ST) and S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (ST566), and 128 µg/mL against S. enteritidis, S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi ATCC 6539 (STS). Compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5 have bactericidal effects (MBC/MIC ≤ 4) against the tested Salmonella strains, except for compound 4, which is bacteriostatic to STM with a MBC/MIC value of 16.

Several androgenic steroids have been biotransformed by fungi into metabolites with numerous biological properties. Incubation of norandrostenedione (1) with Fusarium lini NRRL 2204 was carried out for the first time, yielding two new metabolites, 3,7β-dihydroxy-19-norandrost-1,3,5-trien-17-one (3) and 6α,10β,17β-trihydroxy-19-nor-4-androsten-3-one (4), along with three known compounds, 3-hydroxy-19-norandrost-1,3,5-trien-17-one (2), 10β, 17β-dihydroxy-19-nor-4-androsten-3-one (5) and 10β-hydroxy-19-nor-4- androsten-3,17-dione (6). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D-, 2D-NMR, and HR-MS experiments. Substrate 1 and its derivatives 2-6 were evaluated in vitro for their urease and chymotrypsin inhibitory properties. Compounds 2 and 3 were found to have strong urease activity with IC50 = 23.7 ± 0.17 and 10.2 ± 0.28 μm, respectively, as compared to the standard drug thiourea (IC50 = 21.6 ± 0.12 μm). Compounds 4, 5 and 6 showed good chymotrypsin activity with IC50 values of 6.4 ± 0.19, 15.6 ± 0.46 and 18.4 ± 0.65 μm, respectively, as compared to standard chymostatin with IC50 = 5.7 ± 0.14 μm. These transformed metabolites may form the basis for the future development of new drugs against ulcer, inflammation, bacterial and viral diseases.

One new tirucallane triterpene named as canarimoic acid (1), and three known analogues: 3β-hydroxytirucalla-8,24-dien-21-oic acid (2), 3α-acetyltirucalla-8,24-diene-21oic acid (3) and 3-oxotirucall...

In this work we report the isolation, identification and antibacterial activity of two anthraquinones, 2-hydroxy-1-methoxyanthraquinone (1) and 2,5-dihydroxy-1-methoxy-6-methoxymethylanthraquinone (2), from the stem bark of Morinda lucida. These two natural products were selectively converted into two new glycosylated derivatives, 2-hydroxy-1-methoxyanthraquinone-4′-O-methyl-2-O-β- d -glucopyranoside (3) and 2,5-dihydroxy-1-methoxy-6-methoxymethylanthraquinone-4′-O-methyl-2-O-β- d -glucopyranoside (4) by the filamentous fungus Beauveria bassiana ATCC 7159. Structure elucidation was accomplished based on the 1D and 2D NMR, IR and mass spectra. The glycosylated compounds 3 and 4 showed higher in vitro antibacterial activity against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars Typhimurim (MIC of 8 μg/mL each) than the corresponding aglycons 1 and 2 (MIC of 16 μg/mL and 32 μg/mL, respectively). These results indicated that microbial glycosylation is an effective approach to modify natural products for enhanced biological activities.

Today, Typhoid fever remains a public health problem in developing countries due to the poor quality of lifestyle associated with abusive and inappropriate use of antibiotics. Aims: Considering the ethnopharmacological relevance of Terminalia avicennioides (T. avicennioides) (Combretaceae), this study was designed to investigate the in vitro antisalmonella and antioxidant activities of various extracts of this plant. Methodology: The microdilution method was used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of T. avicennioides extract. These extracts were also subjected to in vitro antioxidant tests such as diphényl-2-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) radical scavenging test, ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroxyl radical (OH) nitric oxide (NO) and Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenging Capacity. Results: In vitro antisalmonella activity reveals that T. avicennioides stem bark extracts presented MIC values ranging from 64 to 512 μg / mL on tested microorganisms. This extract exhibited a good ability to trap DPPH with an IC50 of 8.30 μg / mL. The iron reducing power obtained with this extract had ODs ranging from 0.96 to 1.63. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols anthocyanin and anthraquinone in all the extracts. Conclusion: The results suggest that stem extract of T. avicennioides contains antisalmonella and antioxidant substances, which could be used for the treatment of typhoid fever and another salmonellosis.

Aim: Study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antisalmonellal and antioxidant properties of Tectona grandis, a medicinal plant commonly used in traditional Cameroonian medicine for the treatment of typhoid fever. Study Design: In vitro Antimicrobial and antioxidant analyses of plant extract using established protocols. Place and Duration of Study: Plant materiel collection at Loum (Moungo Division, Littoral region of Cameroon), identification at the National Herbarium of Cameroon, extraction of plant and all analyses at the Research Unit of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang-Cameroon, between August 2018 and April 2019. Methodology: In vitro antisalmonellal activity of Tectona grandis extracts was evaluated by the liquid microdilution method as well as their antioxidant activity using by standard methods of H2O2 trapping, FRAP, DPPH radical trapping and OH radical trapping. Quantification test of total phenols and flavonoids and phytochemical screening of extract were also done. Results: The results showed that most of the Tectona grandis extracts had minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 64 to 1024 μg/mL. Ethanolic extract, 70% ethanol extract and aqueous decoction are the most effective compared to aqueous extracts with activities between 64 and 128 μg/mL on the bacteria tested. Antioxidant tests showed that all extracts except macerated and aqueous infused extracts exhibited high DPPH trapping activities. The antioxidant activities of the extracts are proportionally linked in most cases to their flavonoid and total phenol contents at a concentration of 200 µg/mL. Aqueous decoction showed better H2O2 trapping activity at concentrations less than or equal to 25 µg/mL. Conclusion: These results show that the ethanolic extract and decocted aqueous of Tectona grandis leaves can be used as an alternative to treat salmonellosis.

Mango is one of the main fruits grown in Chad. However, it is prone to high post-harvest losses due to lack of adequate distribution networks, appropriate harvesting and conservation methods. The objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of coatings based on extracts of Allium sativum (garlic), Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Spirulina platensis (spirulina) on their conservation. Shelf life, weight loss, firmness, pH and total soluble solids content of mangoes were evaluated. The coated mangoes had excellent brillance compared to control mangoes. The coatings based on the extracts of A. sativum, S. platensis and Z. officinale increased respectively the means shelf life of mangoes to 18, 19 and 24 days. Weight losses were 21% for control mangoes while they were 13% for mangoes coated using mixture containing extracts of A. sativum and S. platensis and 11% for mangoes coated with Z. officinale. Coatings based on extracts of Z. officinale and S. platensis had statistically comparable effects on the firmness of mangoes but significantly higher than those of A. sativum extracts and controls after the 10th day. pH values and total soluble solids content (TSSC) values of control mangoes were significantly higher than those of coated mangoes. On day 10 after treatment, chlorophylls were absent from the peel of control mangoes whereas they were still present in the peel of coated mangoes. The mangoes coated with extract of Z. officinale reached a shelf life of 24 days. This shelf life was significantly higher than that of mangoes coated with other types of extracts and control mangoes. The coating with Z. officinale extract slowed considerably the ripening of mangoes. It can be recommended for conservation of mangoes in fresh.

Haptoglobin is a protein involved in protecting the body from the harmful effects of free hemoglobin. The haptoglobin gene exhibits a polymorphism, and the different genotypes do not have the same capacity to combat the free hemoglobin effects. The present study aimed at determining the polymorphic distribution of haptoglobin in sickle cell patients (SCPs) from West Cameroon and their impact on the hematological parameters, as well as clinical manifestations of the disease severity. Haptoglobin genotype of 102 SCPs (SS) and 115 healthy individuals (60 AA and 55 AS) was determined by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction, and the complete blood count was determined using the AutoAnalyser. Results showed that the genotype Hp2-2 was significantly ( p p

One new tirucallane triterpene named as canarimoic acid (

Tectona grandis (T. grandis) is a medicinal plant widely used in Cameroon to treat typhoid fever and several other diseases. Despite its heavy use for medical purposes, no study has yet been conducted to assess its potentially toxic effects. This study aimed at evaluating the acute and subchronic toxicological profile of Tectona grandis leaf extract in rats. The acute toxicity study revealed neither behavioral disturbances nor death in rats. The lethal dose (DL50) of this extract is greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The subchronic toxicity study showed no significant change in weight gain in rats at test doses throughout the treatment period. However, there was a significant decrease in alanine transaminase activity and serum protein levels at all doses. Alkaline phosphatase activity decreased at doses of 30, 90, and 270 mg/kg and increased at the dose of 810 mg/kg body weight. Serum and urinary urea levels increased simultaneously at doses of 270 and 810 mg/kg body weight. Repeated administration of the extract also increased total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein levels in both sexes were compared to respective controls, and the ratio of high- to low-density lipoprotein was found to be greater than 1 in all animals. However, at the dose of 810 mg/kg, necrosis was observed on the kidney sections and vascular congestion on the liver sections of animals. Aqueous extract of T. grandis did not lead to any adverse effects in rats after acute and subchronic treatment at 30 and 90 mg/kg doses. This extract can, therefore, be used for the formulation of typhoid fever phytomedicine at the therapeutic dose of 30 mg/kg, but before this, chronic and mutagenic toxicity evaluations must be carried out.

Although the discovery of antibiotics has decreased the spread and severity of infectious diseases, their uncontrolled use has lead to the emergence of bacterial resistance to existing chemotherapeutic agents. Bacterial disease thus remains a challenge for health authorities in worldwide and especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite their efficacy, the miss-use of medicinal plants for the treatment of infectious diseases couple to the farming and hunting activities has contribute enormously to the destruction of many medicinal plant species. In search of an alternative for new and effective agents against bacterial infection, norandrostenedion (19-nor-4-androsten-3,17-dione) (1), was biotransformed by Cunninghamella blakesleeana ATCC 8688A and yielded a new metabolite, 6α,10 β -dihydroxy-19-nor-4-androsten-3-one (2), together with three known compounds, 10 β -hydroxy-19-nor-4-androsten-3,17-dione (3), 6 β,10 β,17 β -trihydroxy-19-nor-4-androsten-3-one (4) and 10 β,17 β -dihydroxy-19-nor-4-androsten-3-one (5). Their structures were elucidated on the basis ofspectroscopic techniques: NMR analysis (1D and 2D) and HRIE-MS and by comparison with previously reported data. In addition, the agar diffusion method was used to evaluate the diameter of the inhibition zone and INT colorimetric assay for MIC values. All metabolites obtained showed a potent and varied activity against tested bacteria. These results support the uses of biotransformation to develop new antimicrobial compounds for clinical application.

Objective: To determine inhibitory activity of methanolic leaf extract of Piper umbellatum and Persea americana (P. americana) (traditionally used in Cameroon against diabetes) on α -glucosidase, β -glucosidase, maltase-glucoamylase, aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase activities, enzymes involved in starch digestion or diabetic complications. Methods: The methanol extracts from Piper umbellatum and P. americana were prepared by maceration. To assess relative efficacy of these extracts, the determination of concentrations that were needed to inhibit 50% of enzyme activity was done, whereas, gas chromatography-mass spectrum was used to identify components from extracts that may be responsible for the activities. Results: The tested extracts strongly inhibited α -glucosidase, maltase-glucoamylase, aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase activities with IC50 ranging from (1.07 ± 0.03) to (31.77 ± 1.17) μg/mL. Among the tested extracts, P. americana was the most active against sensitive enzymes (IC50 of 1.07 ± 0.03 to 15.63 ± 1.23). But, none of the extracts showed interesting inhibitory effect against β -glucosidase as their percentage inhibitions were less than 16%. From gas chromatography-mass spectrum analysis, 10 and 8 compounds were identified in Piper umbellatum and P. americana extracts respectively, using NIST library 2014. Conclusions: Results of this study provide the scientific credential for a prospective usage of these plants to treat diabetes.

The development and spread of resistance to currently available antibiotics is a major drawback in the treatment of microbial infections. Salmonellosis for example remains among the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the antisalmonellal potential of extracts, fractions, isolated compounds and semi-synthetic flavonoids from Tristemma hirtum P. Beauv. Bioguided fractionation by column chromatography of the EtOAc and n -BuOH fractions led to the isolation of eleven compounds including two new esterified glucuronide flavonoids namely: luteolin-3′-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosylbutyl ester (1), a mixture of compound 1 and quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosylbutyl ester (2). Chemical transformation mainly based on the prenylation of 6-hydroxyapigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5) afforded four new semi-synthetic flavonoid derivatives namely: 6, 4'-O-diprenylapigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5a), 8-C-prenyl-6, 4'-O-diprenylapigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5b), 8-C-prenyl-4'-O-prenylapigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5c), 4'-O-prenylapigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5d). The chemical structures of these compounds were assigned using NMR techniques, mass spectrometry and by comparison of their data with reported ones. The antisalmonellal activity was assessed by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) using serial microdilution methods. The results showed that the MeOH extract and EtOAc fraction were active against all the bacteria tested with MICs ranging from 24 to 1536 µg/mL. Seven isolated compounds and three semi-synthetic compounds tested showed MIC values ranging from 16 to 256 µg/mL. Compounds 1, 3, 5a, 5c and 11 displayed the most potent antisalmonellal properties but were generally less potent than those of reference drugs. The activity of extracts and isolated compounds could be used as the starting point for the development of alternative phytodrugs against salmonellosis.

A novel ligand, 1-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-4-methylthiosemicarbazone (MBT) derived from 4-methoxybenzaldehyde was synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR), single crystal X-ray diffraction technique and physical means. MBT showed antibacterial activity in vitro with MICs of 64 μg/mL (a strain of Salmonella typhi (ATCC 6539)), 128 μg/mL (Salmonella typhi), 64 μg/mL (Salmonella paratyphi A), 128 μg/mL (Salmonella paratyphi B) and 64 μg/mL (Salmonella typhimurium). The results showed that MBT demonstrated moderate in vitro antibacterial activity against a strain of Salmonella typhi (ATCC 6539), Salmonella paratyphi A, and Salmonella typhimurium, indicating its promise as a possible lead for the discovery of antibacterial drugs.

Objectif: Le Tchad produit plus de 14 variétés de mangues, de caractéristiques physiques cependant peu connus. L’étude avait pour objectif de déterminer les caractères physiques de ces variétés de mangues afin de contribuer à leur vulgarisation et valorisation.Méthodologie et résultats: Les données physiques ont été collectées sur chaque fruit de mangue dans un échantillon constitué de 15 fruits mûrs d’une variété, récoltés sur trois manguiers dans un verger. L’ensemble des fruits ont été récoltés dans 12 vergers repartis dans les quatre régions d’étude. Cette étude a montré que les variétés de mangues Davis haden, Smith, Eldon, Kent et Coeur de Boeuf cultivées au Tchad et particulièrement dans la région du Logone Occidental avaient les meilleurs paramètres physiques notamment la masse, le volume, l’indice de calibre, la masse de la pulpe et le rendement de la pulpe. Par contre les variétés locales (Bangui, Kassaï et Mangotine) avaient les paramètres les plus modestes excepté la variété Maïduguri, qui est classée parmi les variétés moyennes avec José Tchad, Julie Kassawa, Keitt, Palmer et Valencia, mais toutefois avait la meilleure qualité commerciale (proportion de la pulpe : 83,26±2,36%). Les variétés locales avaient néanmoins une fermeté plus élevée (2,33±0,38 à 2,46±0,33) par rapport aux variétés améliorées (2,11±0,29 à 2,39±0,23). Toutes ces variétés de mangues étaient de forme allongée et avaient un poids spécifique proche de celui de l’eau à l’état mûr (0,99±0,01 à 1,12±1,02). Chez toutes ces variétés de mangue, une corrélation positive parfaite (r = 1) a été trouvée entre la masse de la mangue et la masse de la pulpe.Conclusions et applications des résultats: Il ressort de cette étude qu’il y a une importante variabilité des caractéristiques morphologiques et physiques entre les variétés et qu’ils sont milieu-dépendants. Les variétés améliorées se distinguent nettement des variétés locales par l’importance de ces paramètres. Les résultats obtenus permettraient d’apprécier les potentialités adaptatives des variétés de mangues et fourniraient des informations nécessaires aux différents acteurs de la filière mangue en vue de rationaliser le choix des variétés de mangues. Ils pourraient permettre notamment le tri des fruits mûrs des non mûrs car les fruits mûrs ont un poids spécifique proche de l’unité, donc flottable sur l’eau. Enfin, ces résultats montrent que la variabilité des paramètres étudiés résulterait d’une diversité fonctionnelle des mangues cultivées au Tchad.Mots clés: Variétés de mangues, caractères physiques, diversité fonctionnelle, Tchad et régions de cultureEnglish Title: Variability of physical characteristics of mangoes cultivated in Chad: characterization of the functional diversityEnglish AbstractObjective: Chad produces more than 14 varieties of mangoes; however, their physicals characteristics are little known. The aim of the study was to determine the physical characteristics of these varieties of mangoes in order to contribute to their popularization and valorization.Methodology and results: Physical data were collected from each mango fruit in a sample of 15 ripe fruits of one variety harvested from three mango trees in an orchard. All fruits were harvested from 12 orchards in the four study regions. This study showed that Davis haden, Smith, Eldon, Kent and Coeur de Boeuf mango varieties cultivated in Chad and particularly in the region of Logone Occidental had the best physical parameters including mass, volume, index of caliber, the mass of the pulp and the pulp yield. On the other hand, the local varieties (Bangui, Kassaï and Mangotine) had the most modest parameters except the variety Maïduguri, which is classified among the medium varieties group with José Tchad, Julie Kassawa, Keitt, Palmer and Valencia, but nevertheless possessed the best commercial quality (pulp proportion: 83.26 ± 2.36%). Local varieties had higher firmness (2.33 ± 0.38 to 2.46 ± 0.33) than improved varieties (2.11 ± 0.29 to 2.39 ± 0.23). All these varieties of mangoes grown in Chad were elongated and had at ripe stage a specific weight nearly to 1 (0.99 ± 0.01 to 1.12 ± 1.02). In all these varieties of mango, a perfect positive correlation (r = 1) was found between the mass of the mango and the mass of the pulp.Conclusions and applications of the results: This study showed that there is a great variability of morphological and phycical characteristics between varieties and that they are milieu-dependent. The improved varieties were clearly distinguishable from local varieties by the importance of morphological and physical parameters. The results obtained would allow an appreciation of the adaptive potential of mango varieties and provide the necessary informations to the various actors in the mango sector in order to rationalize the choice of mango varieties. They could in particular allow the sorting of mature and ripe fruits because the ripe fruits have a specific weight nearly to unit, therefore floatable on water. Finally, these results indicated that the variability of parameters studied could be a result of a funtional diversity of mango varieties cultivated in Chad.Keywords: Mango varieties, physical characters, functional diversity, Chad and cultivation regions

Context Harungana madagascariensis Lam is commonly used in Cameroonian folk medicine for the treatment of malaria and typhoid fever. Objective To investigate the therapeutic potentials of H. madagascariensis aqueous leaf extract for the treatment of salmonellosis ( e.g. typhoid fever, gastroenteritis). Materials and methods A Salmonella Typhimurium-infected rat model was used. The faeces of these rats were analysed for viable Salmonella Typhimurium before and after infection, and during the treatment period. The physiological, biochemical and histopathological markers of possible side effects of the extract were also studied using standard methods and kits. Results and discussion The in vivo antisalmonellal study revealed that this extract significantly ( P Salmonella Typhimurium recovered from faeces, and could stop salmonellosis after 10 days of treatment for male and female rats, with non-toxic doses. However, the biochemical and histological analyses revealed that at relatively high-doses (≥100 mg/kg for females and 200 mg/kg for males) the extract could induce liver damage, as illustrated by a rise of serum transaminases (ALT and AST), significant inflammation of the parenchyma and portal vein, as well as cell necrosis. There were also increases in cholesterol levels in both sexes. No significant unwanted side effect of the extract was observed on the kidney, as shown by both serum and urinary creatinine, and urinary protein levels. Conclusion The results obtained showed that H. madagascariensis has a promising antisalmonellal effect and, therefore, the potential to provide an effective treatment against salmonellosis, including typhoid fever.

Background: The pathogenesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) linked to chronic diseases such as typhoid fever has warranted the intensive search for plants with antioxidant properties. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vivo antioxidant activities of the aqueous extract from Curcuma longa rhizomes (Zingiberaceae) in the typhoid fever induced in rats. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon, between March and July 2015. Methodology: The Salmonella typhi infected rats (1.5x10 8 CFU) regularly received different doses of plant extract (10, 30 and 60 mg/kg or oxyteracyclin 5 mg/kg) daily for 11 days. The levels of parameters such as catalase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total peroxidase, malondialdehyde

Aims: Typhoid fever is an infectious disease, which continues to be a serious health problem and remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing country. Considering the ethnopharmacological relevance of Albizia gummifera (Leguminosae/Fabaceae), this study was designed to investigate the in vitro antisalmonellal and antioxidant activities of various extracts and fractions of this plant against five Salmonella species. Study Design: Extraction, fractionation, antibacterial and antioxidant evaluation, phytochemical Original Research Article

Typhoid fever is still a major public health problem in developing countries, where it remains endemic. With a view to searching for new antityphoid substances, Curcuma longa rhizome extracts and fractions were assessed for their antisalmonellal and antioxidant activities. The antisalmonellal efficacy in terms of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the different extracts and fractions was determined using serial microdilution method. The antioxidant activity was determined by measuring FRAP (ferric reducing-antioxidant power), DPPH radical scavenging, Original Research Article

Objective To investigate the in vivo anti-salmonella activity and the safety of aqueous extract of Euphorbia prostratra ( E. prostratra ), a plant commonly used in Cameroon by traditional healers. Methods A Salmonella typhimurium -infected rat model was used for the study. The physiological, biochemical and histopathological markers of possible side effects of this extract were studied using standard methods. Results The extract had a significant effect on the number of viable Salmonella typhimurium recovered from faeces, and could stop salmonellosis after 8 and 10 days of treatment for male and female rats, respectively, with non-toxic doses. However, the biochemical and histopathological analyses revealed that at relatively high doses (≥ 73.48 mg/kg for female and ≥ 122.71 mg/kg for male) the extract could induce liver damage, as illustrated by a rise of serum transaminases’ levels and significant inflammation of the parenchyma and portal vein. Side effects were also observed on the kidneys, as shown by both serum and urinary creatinine, and urinary proteins. Conclusions The overall results indicate that the aqueous extract of E. prostrata has the potential to provide an effective treatment for salmonellosis, including typhoid fever. However, it is necessary to extrapolate these results in large animals, in further studies.

Objective To evaluate the effect of bacterial infection on cell oxidation and to study the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of Ludwigia abyssinica and Vitellaria paradoxa . Methods The Salmonella typhimurium -infected rats (1.5×10 8 CFU) concurrently received either different doses of plant extract (55, 110, 220 and 440 mg/kg) or ascorbic acid (vitamin C 100 mg/kg) daily for 18 d. The parameters like, lipid profile, reduced glutathione content, superoxide dismutase, catalase activities and bilirubin were assessed. Results Infection has resulted in an increase of heart reduced glutathione, heart and kidneys malondihaldehyde and liver superoxide dismutase activity followed by decreases of that of heart. The administration of the extract at 55, 110, 220 and 440 mg/kg body has resulted in the correction of some of these injuries. Conclusions The present study demonstrates that aqueous extract of Ludwigia abyssinica and Vitellaria paradoxa can fight against bacterial infection and cell oxidation induced by infection with Salmonella typhimurium .

Background In our previous work, the dichloromethane-methanol (1:1 v/v) extract, fractions and isolated compounds from Polyscias fulva stem bark showed interesting antifungal activity. As a continuity of that work, this study aimed to bring out complementary informations about the antimicrobial properties of P. fulva stem bark that may be useful in the standardization of phytomedicine from this plant. Methods The antibacterial activities of the crude extract, fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and residual) and isolated compounds from Polyscias fulva stem bark were assayed by broth microdilution techniques. Their antioxidant activity were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), pyrogallol (superoxide anion) and β-carotene - linoleic acid assays. Results The crude extract presented antibacterial activities against S. typhi (ATCC 6539), E. aerogenes (ATCC 13045), P. aeruginosa (PA01) and E. coli (ATCC 10536) with MIC values of 2000 to 8000 μg/ml. The fractionation led the ethyle acetate and n-butanol fractions relatively more active (MIC = 500 to 1000 μg/ml) as compared to the crude extract. β-sitosterol and 3-O-α-L- arabinopyranosyl-hederagenin were the most active compounds on the tested bacteria with MIC values ranging from 6.25 to 100 μg/ml. The most sensitive was P. aeruginosa (PA01) on which all the tested compounds were active with MICs ranging from 6.25 to 400 μg/ml. Among all the tested substances, the crude extract (RSa50 = 84.86 μg/ml) and the methyl atrarate (RSa50 = 14.77 μg/ml), showed the highest scavenging activities against DPPH free radicals and those arising from the oxidation of the linoleic acid respectively. Conclusion From this study, the results obtained reveal that the stem bark of P. fulva possesses antibacterial and antioxidant activities. It may then be useful in the development of an antimicrobial phytomedicine with a large spectrum of actvity endowed with antioxidant properties which can be standardised based on the isolated compounds.

Medicinal plants have had a long traditional use and gained integration into the primary health care through its recognition and standardization by WHO. Medicinal plant use has been well documented, and hundreds of plant species, and their extracts, are used in developing countries to treat numerous diseases despite the fact that only a small number are approved for therapeutic use by the FDA. However, the cytotoxic effects of these plants have not been studied in detail, nor have their molecular structures been identified. The objective of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of Ficus species using two standard cytotoxic assays. The stem, leaf, bark and trunk extracts from each plant species were used to determine the cytotoxic effects of the plant species, Hep G2 cells were exposed to extracts taken from plant species at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/ml and the cytotoxic effects determined using both MTT and Neutral Red assays. Using two standard assays; MTT and Neutral Red assays, the cytotoxicity of each plant species was determined. It was evident that extracts from Ficus ovata exposure to Hep G2 cell lines showed no level of cytotoxic effect, but for cells treated with all other extracts of the plant species, cytotoxic effects were observed in at least one concentration tested. This cytotoxicity assay study showed that F. ovata extracts at different concentrations exposed to Hep G2 cells indicated no observed cytotoxicity effect and by inference could be considered as a promising safe medicinal product. As safety was evaluated only at cell level there is need for more comprehensive in vivo toxicity testing to ascertain the safety level of the plant. Keywords : Pre-clinicals, cytotoxic, Ficus spp, Hepatoma cells, toxicity assay.