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Pharmacokinetics and elimination of florfenicol and florfenicol amine in grouper held in sea water at 23.3 ± 0.8 °C were studied using HPLC method after they were given a single peroral dose of florfenicol at 24 mg kg−1 body weight. Florfenicol was rapidly absorbed from intestine and distributed extensively to all the tissues examined. The maximum concentrations ( Cmax, μg g−1 or μg mL−1) in plasma and tissues were observed at 2-6 h (the time to reach maximum concentration, Tmax) except for bile ( Tmax = 24 h) and were in the order of intestine (52.02 ± 25.07) > bile (49.41 ± 28.16) > gill (45.12 ± 11.10) > plasma (28.28 ± 5.43) > liver (21.97 ± 12.08) > muscle (21.63 ± 6.12) > kidney (20.88 ± 11.28) > skin (19.10 ± 5.88). The drug distribution level was higher in plasma than in extravascular tissues except for bile, based on the ratios of the area under concentration-time curve between tissue and plasma (AUCtissue/plasma). The elimination of florfenicol was rapid in fish, and the corresponding half-lives ( T1/2β) in the order of magnitude were bile (13.92 h) > muscle or liver (12.31 h) > skin (11.77 h) > plasma (11.57) > gill (11.04 h) > intestine (10.55 h) > kidney (10.05 h). The delayed Tmax, lower Cmax and longer T1/2β for florfenicol amine compared with florfenicol were measured in grouper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic influence and natural processes exert important effects on the aquatic ecosystem of Sanya Bay in the northern part of the South China Sea. These effects result to the temporal and spatial differences of water quality in the bay. In this study, four-way principal component analysis is employed to identify the natural characteristics of the water in this bay, as well as the anthropogenic effects on its water quality. The results indicate that anthropogenic influence (nutrients as indicator) is the dominant factor that affects the water quality at the mouth of Sanya River (S1). This region exhibits the maximum effects of the discharge from Saya River, which is indicated by higher nutrient levels and Chl a than in outer bay. Both upwelling and mixing caused by monsoons are the dominant factors that affect water quality in the central and outer bays. The water exchange between the bay and open oceanic water exercises an important effect on the water quality in Sanya Bay. The information on the spatial and temporal variations of the water quality in Sanya Bay may be valuable for the socioeconomic development and human health in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]