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Background: S100B is involved in brain injury. This study aimed to determine plasma and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) levels of S100B in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and to correlate S100B levels with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, ICH volumes, presence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and survival rate, and to correlate CSF S100B levels with plasma S100B levels as well as CSF interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) levels., Methods: Ten patients with suspicion of subarachnoid hemorrhage and 38 patients with spontaneous basal ganglia hemorrhage were included in the study. Their plasma and CSF samples were collected. The concentrations of IL-1β in CSF and S100B in plasma and CSF were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay., Results: Plasma or CSF S100B levels in the ICH group were significantly higher than those in the control group (178.7±74.2 versus 63.2±23.0 pg/ml; P<0.001 or 158.1±70.9 versus 1.8±0.7 ng/ml; P<0.001). S100B levels were highly associated with GCS scores, ICH volumes, presence of IVH, and survival rate (all P<0.05). CSF S100B levels were highly associated with plasma S100B levels as well as CSF IL-1β levels (both P<0.01) in patients with ICH. A receiver operating characteristic curve identified CSF and plasma S100B cutoff levels that predicted 1-week mortality of patients with a high sensitivity and specificity. The areas under curves (AUCs) of GCS scores and ICH volumes were larger than those of CSF and plasma S100B levels, but the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05)., Conclusion: High levels of S100B are present in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of patients with ICH and may contribute to the inflammatory processes of ICH. The levels of CSF and plasma S100B after spontaneous onset of ICH seem to correlate with clinical outcome in these patients. Increases in peripheral S100B properly reflect brain injury, and plasma S100B level may serve as a useful clinical marker for evaluating the prognosis of ICH.

Objective: To observe the serial changes of plasma microparticle procoagulant activity in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and evaluate its correlations with outcome and pathophysiology of TBI., Methods: A total of 139 consecutive patients with isolated moderate or severe head trauma and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Plasma samples were obtained on entry in healthy controls, as well as on admission and at day 1, day 2, day 3, day 5, and day 7 after TBI in the patients. Its concentration was measured by a prothrombinase assay., Results: Fifty patients (36.0%) died from TBI in a month. After TBI, plasma microparticle procoagulant activity in the patients increased during the 6-hour period immediately, peaked in 24 hours and decreased gradually thereafter. It was substantially higher than that of healthy controls during the 7-day period using analysis of covariate (P < 0.01). A multivariate analysis selected plasma microparticle procoagulant activity (OR 1.432, 95% CI 1.194-1.719, P < 0. 01) as an independent predictor for 1-month mortality. Plasma microparticle procoagulant activities of non-survivals were statistically significantly higher than those of survivals (P = 0.01), and plasma microparticle procoagulant activities of patients with severe TBI were obviously higher than those of patients with moderate TBI (P = 0.002) using repeated-measures analysis. Plasma microparticle procoagulant activities of patients were negatively associated with Glasgow coma scale scores using Spearman correlation coefficient (P < 0.05). A multivariate linear regression selected plasma D-dimer level (P = 0.012) and plasma C-creative protein level (P = 0.019) related to plasma microparticle procoagulant activities. A receiver operating characteristic curve identified the cutoff levels of plasma microparticle procoagulant activities (12.2 U/ml) predicting 1-month mortality of patients with the high sensitivity (72.0%) and specificity values (85.4%). Areas under curve (AUC) of plasma resistin level (AUC = 0.847 +/- 0.037) was smaller than those of GCS scores (AUC = 0.917 +/- 0.023), but this difference failed to reach statistical significance (P = 0.104)., Conclusion: Increased activity of plasma microparticle procoagulant is found after traumatic brain injury. It may contribute to inflammatory reaction and coagulation cascade and is associated with a poor clinical outcome.