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Inspired by the multi-layered structure found in banana pseudostem, an innovative bionic pseudostem-like multilayer weft-knitted spacer fabric (ML-WKSF) was proposed for the development of high-performance and mass-produced personal protective materials. ML-WKSFs with different spacer filament diameters (0.15, 0.175, and 0.2 mm) were produced on a computerized flat knitting machine, incorporating thermoplastic filaments during the knitting process to enhance structural supporting of the spacer filaments. In both flat compression and fatigue compression tests, the ML-WKSF with 0.15 mm filament exhibited superior compressive resistance and fatigue resistance due to the more compact fabric structure resulting from the smaller diameter monofilaments, which facilitated uniform stress distribution. Additionally, composite fabrics were prepared using a shear thickening fluid (STF) with a SiO2 mass fraction of 70%, and mechanical property tests were conducted. The composite fabrics displayed similar trends to the pure fabrics in both flat compression and fatigue compression tests. Differently, the integration of STF with the monofilaments led to an increase in compressive load bearing capacity. In low-velocity impact tests, larger spacer filaments resulted in better impact resistance for the fabrics as the impact force was locally dispersed. The composite with 0.2 mm spacer filaments demonstrated excellent impact resistance and energy absorption, achieving an energy absorption efficiency of 69% at an initial impact energy of 40 J. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent stitch-based simulation methods permit effective and realistic simulation for the planar structure of warp-knitted fabrics. However, simulating the warp-knitted fully formed jacquard fabric with a specific shape remains a challenge. Characteristics of diversity and complexity of this kind of fabric greatly raise the simulation difficulty. We propose a new modeling and simulation method based on the mesh model with complex shapes. We start from the analysis of the double needle bed warp-knitting technique, and establish a three-dimensional fabric mesh model, producing a finer stitch placement on a double needle bed knitted structure. Due to the deformation date derived from the jacquard pattern, stitches are placed at the actual locations. The used stitches forming the fully formed products are rendered according to the jacquard pattern. Using the two-dimensional plates and corresponding three-dimensional objects as input models to define the shape of the warp-knitted products, stitches are transferred from two to three-dimensional model objects by spatial mapping. The interface of our modeling system allows for designing complex jacquard patterns and selecting specific models for warp-knitted products. The method we propose leads to a visible design process with results visualization, which is convenient for designers to modify the knitting parameters covering knitting information and jacquard pattern before the product is knitted. The simulation method can be applied to the rapid design of the warp-knitted boa, which can reduce duplicate sampling, shorten the design process, and save raw material costs. Further research will be carried out in the future to improve this simulation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the sweat conductivity of flat-knitted uppers in sports scenes with a lot of sweat on feet, based on the differential capillary effect, 9.33 tex/(384 f) DTY was chosen to knit the front of fabric, 5.55 tex/(24 f) DTY and 24.44 tex polyester hot melt composite was chosen to knit the back. Five unidirectional moisture-transfer flat-knitted upper fabrics were designed and knitted, and their mechanical properties and thermal-moisture comfortable properties were tested. The results show that the tenacity of the five fabrics was higher than 16 N/mm, the average value of the tear force was higher than 50 N, the appearance rating of the front side of the fabrics on Taber test was higher than or equal to 4 for 2 500 times, and the back side on Martindale test with wool friction fabric was not damaged for 25 000 times, indicating that the mechanical properties of the five fabrics met the relevant national and industry standard^ for shoe upper. In terms of thermal and humidity comfort, the permeating rate was 150-260 mm/s, the moisture permeability was 3 500-5 000 g/(m² • d), the wicking height was higher than 12 cm, and accumulative one-way transport capacity and overall moisture management capability were rated at 4 or above, indicating that the designed upper fabrics had qualified mechanical properties and good unidirectional moisture-transfer capacity, and provided ideas for the function and structure design of sports shoes for people who are prone to sweating and exercising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this experimental study is to determine the thermal properties and the moisture conduction function of a single jersey with a three-dimensional channel structure. As the channel structure of single jersey is gradually applied in the functional sportswear sector, the channel structure has been knitted by single jacquard technology for research purposes. Firstly, the formation principle and the structural unit of knitted fabric with the channel structure were explained. Then, the effects of channel structure with different sizes on thermal insulation, quick-drying, wicking height, and moisture management performance of the fabrics were investigated. Finally, the performance characteristics of the channel structure fabric were analyzed through the channel structure model. The analysis obtains that the channel structure of the sample holds more stagnant air and a large evaporation area. Moreover, as the courses or wales of structural units increase, the thermal insulation rate and the evaporation rate of the fabric improve accordingly. Also, it has a superior effect on the improvement of the wicking effect and the unidirectional transmission of the fabrics. However, when the structural unit exceeds a particular value, the fabric structure begins to deform, which makes its wicking height and unidirectional transmission properties decline. It provides a reference for the design and development of the 3D channel structure of the functional knitted fabric.

In this paper, a new method to simulate the structure and loop deformation behavior of double-bar reflex-lapping warp-knitted fabrics based on the structural characteristics is proposed. A simplified mass-spring model was built in which loops knitted by filaments were considered as particles with the uniform mass distribution connected by structure springs for overlaps and shear springs for underlaps. Deformation forces and direction on particles were analyzed to describe the displacement and deformation behavior of particles. A loop model with eight control points was established, and the relationship between control points and particles was studied combining the quadratic Bezier curves. The deformation simulation was implemented by a simulator program with C# and JavaScript via web technology on Visual Studio 2015. The stereoscopic sense of filaments was realized by changing the direction and intensity of the light. The results show that the fabric deformation and the loop shape can be accurately achieve using the simplified mass-spring model compared with the real sample.

Wearable products have significant applications in medical assistance, posture correction, and humancomputer interaction. In this study, we present a knitting method for a one-piece knitted embedded hang-needle sensor. This method involves simultaneously knitting conductive yarn into the sensing zone while creating the monitoring garment in a seamless manner. By implementing a tight hanging needle structure in the sensing zone design and adjusting knitting parameters, the effect of pre-stretching on the sensor caused by the base garment is minimized. Furthermore, integrating the sensing area of the hang-needle structure with the monitoring garment eliminates the need for additional sensor integration steps and simplifies the preparation process, resulting in reduced time and material costs. Moreover, the monitoring garment offers a comfortable wearing experience without any foreign body sensation and accurately captures the initial shoulder posture of the wearer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, two functional superfine polyester yarns were selected as face yarns, three conventional yarns were selected as ground yarns, and 18 fabrics were designed by using a combination of three different plating structures. Then, through contact angle measurements, moisture management performance, thermal management performance, and breathability tests, we evaluated the effects of raw material, structure, and pore characteristics on the fabric's hygrothermal comfort, and furthermore assessed the prioritization of the three factors using a range analysis. The results show that fabrics with face yarn of 75 D/288 F have better hydrophilicity, and fabrics with face yarn of 50 D/216 F have a better temperature control effect. The fabric with spandex/polyester covered yarn or spandex/nylon covered yarn has the best moisture transmission, and the unidirectional transfer index can reach 300%. The microstructure has a great influence on air permeability, and the surface porosity is positively correlated with air permeability. Combined with the heat and humidity division of the sports body, the development of efficient zonal positioning of heat and moisture management sports undershirts can provide certain theoretical support for the design of weft-knitted seamless sports products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A realistic computerized simulation of double-bar plush fabrics can result in a time-saving development process with high quality. Based on basic analysis of jacquard principles, a fast 3-D simulation method of warp-knitted plush fabrics is proposed by using a geometry shader on GPU. Firstly, pile areas and non-pile areas are identified according to the jacquard design graphs and chain notations. According to the directions of observation and raised pile, two layered chips are formed in the geometry shader with an approach of multi-layered textures. To ensure that the simulated piles resemble the real ones, the directions of the piles are randomized with the Perlin noise method. One pile is generated along its length with numerous layers in the plush fabric model. Simulation results of piles on both the technical face and technical back are obtained via the model built above, which is confirmed with practicability and efficiency. This 3D simulation approach improves the visualization appearance of piles just as they are actually raised.

In order to withstand high-temperature environments, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers with cooling properties are being increasingly used in personal thermal management textiles during the summer. However, there is relatively little research on its combination with knitting. In this paper, we combine UHMWPE fiber and knitting structure to investigate the impact of varying UHMWPE fiber content and different knitting structures on the heat and humidity comfort as well as the cooling properties of fabrics. For this purpose, five kinds of different proportions of UHMWPE and polyamide yarn preparation, as well as five kinds of knitted tissue structures based on woven tissue were designed to weave 25 knitted fabrics. The air permeability, moisture permeability, moisture absorption and humidity conduction, thermal property, and contact cool feeling property of the fabrics were tested. Then, orthogonal analysis and correlation analysis were used to statistically evaluate the properties of the fabrics statistically. The results show that as the UHMWPE content increases, the air permeability, heat conductivity, and contact cool feeling property of the fabrics improve. The moisture permeability, moisture absorption and humidity conductivity of fabrics containing UHMWPE are superior to those containing only polyamide. The air permeability, moisture permeability, and thermal conductivity of the fabrics formed by the tuck plating organization are superior to those of the flat needle plating and float wire plating organization. The fabric formed by 2 separate 2 float wire organization has the best moisture absorption, humidity conduction, contact cool feeling property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to create realistic loop primitives suitable for the faster CAD of the flat-knitted fabric, we have performed research on the model of the loop as well as the variation of the loop surface. This paper proposes an interlacing point-based model for the loop center curve, and uses the cubic Bezier curve to fit the central curve of the regular loop, elongated loop, transfer loop, and irregular deformed loop. In this way, a general model for the central curve of the deformed loop is obtained. The obtained model is then utilized to perform texture mapping, texture interpolation, and brightness processing, simulating a clearly structured and lifelike deformed loop. The computer program LOOP is developed by using the algorithm. The deformed loop is simulated with different yarns, and the deformed loop is applied to design of a cable stitch, demonstrating feasibility of the proposed algorithm. This paper provides a loop primitive simulation method characterized by lifelikeness, yarn material variability, and deformation flexibility, and facilitates the loop-based fast computer-aided design (CAD) of the knitted fabric.

During exercise, the degree of sweating in different parts of the body varies. The organization of different functions in different parts can be realized using weft knitting seamless technology. The advantage of this technology was that it can be one-piece woven, has high efficiency, offers environmental protection, provides superior wearing comfort, and facilitates the rapid response of sweat and sweat management in different parts. In this work, 9.33 tex/384 F yarn was selected as the face yarn, and 5.55 tex/24 F yarn was selected as the ground yarn, seven fabrics were designed using a combination of three basic plated loops. The effect of two factors, surface porosity and fabric tightness, on the sweat management performance of plated fabrics was investigated through experiments, including moisture management performance, liquid spreading performance, wicking performance, evaporation performance, air permeability and moisture permeability performance, etc. The results showed that the smaller the surface porosity of the fabric, the better the one-way transmission performance of the liquid. However, the larger the surface porosity, the easier the liquid plane diffusion was. The tightness of the yarn filling in the fabric was beneficial for the weft flow of the liquid. A certain degree of tightness was helpful for the unidirectional conduction of fluid, but both too tight and too loose fabrics were not conducive to fluid conduction. Studying the difference in performance caused by the surface porosity and the tightness of the fabric can provide some theoretical help for the design of weft-knit seamless sports products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yarn property and structure design play a decisive role in the sweat, evaporation and heat dissipation comfort of single jersey. However, single jerseys also tend to exhibit limited moisture comfort properties, even with the use of high-performance fibers or specific structures. They also have some common phenomena such as backflow and the poor isolation of sweat, making the garment feel uncomfortable when worn. To enhance the moisture comfortable feeling of single jersey, the fabric is formed from a yarn combination of 75 dtex/288 f and 50 dtex/14 f polyesters, and the fabric structure with rapid moisture conduction is formed through the structural design. Through the research method of this paper, the single jersey ensures an excellent capillarity effect, and the outer surface of the fabric shows a large loop structure. In contrast, the inner surface is supported by yarn without contact with the skin. Furthermore, the fabric contains three pathways to transfer sweat outward, including a multistage bifurcated transmission system, which aids in the improvement of fabric moisture conduction, penetration and prevention. In the various tests, compared with plain structure, the single jersey of this design scheme exhibits a 1.98-fold larger loop size. It contains an effective sweat transmission pathway, which improves fabric air permeability and water permeability. In addition, the water repellent effect of the fabric is improved by 26.56%, with the inner surface of the fabric remaining dry within 3 s, even in the presence of heavy sweating. It is expected that the structural and material optimization designs of the single jersey can provide a promising method for functional textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The warp-knitted fully formed products are widely popular because of their fast production speed, seamless, beautiful patterns, and wearing comfort. The structure and performance of the warp-knitted head mask influence the wearer's physiological and psychological state. In this article, according to the structure of the human head, a warp-knitted fully formed head mask technology model was established. Afterward, the article designed nine kinds of jacquard stitches and tested heat-moisture performance. A comprehensive evaluation system for the heat-moisture performance of jacquard stitches was installed based on a fuzzy matter-element analysis model. The all-around heat-moisture performance of nine kinds of jacquard stitches was evaluated, and the factors affecting the heat-moisture performance of jacquard stitches were analyzed. The research aims to provide a reference for the structure optimization and performance research of warp-knitted fully formed head masks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the impact of social exclusion and green product conversion behaviour. One study has conducted the result showed that consumers who experienced social exclusion showed more switching behaviour of green product than those who not feel excluded. This effect is mediated by the control demand, while the individual’s self-construction type plays a moderate role.

In this paper, a new method to simulate the structure and loop deformation behavior of double-bar reflex-lapping warp-knitted fabrics based on the structural characteristics is proposed. A simplified mass-spring model was built in which loops knitted by filaments were considered as particles with the uniform mass distribution connected by structure springs for overlaps and shear springs for underlaps. Deformation forces and direction on particles were analyzed to describe the displacement and deformation behavior of particles. A loop model with eight control points was established, and the relationship between control points and particles was studied combining the quadratic Bezier curves. The deformation simulation was implemented by a simulator program with C# and JavaScript via web technology on Visual Studio 2015. The stereoscopic sense of filaments was realized by changing the direction and intensity of the light. The results show that the fabric deformation and the loop shape can be accurately achieve using the simplified mass-spring model compared with the real sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]