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Abstract The National Air Emission Inventory and Research Center (NAIR) has refined emissions estimation methods to enhance the accuracy and reliability of national statistics on air pollutant emissions. The center estimated 2020 national emissions by applying 23 items identified to have been improved from the improvement research and re-estimated the national emissions from 2016 to 2019 to secure the coherence of national annual emissions. This study compares national emissions of the past years before and after the re-estimation and analyzes the major causes of changes in 2020 national emissions compared to those of 2019. The re-estimation of national emissions from 2016 to 2019 revealed the following change rates for each substance: CO, − 5.5 to 5.8%; NOx, − 3.9 to 1.8%; SOx, − 14.7 to − 0.6%; PM2.5, − 31.5 to − 27.0%; VOCs, − 1.3 to 1.1%; NH3, − 15.4 to 14.3%; and BC, − 4.9% to 5.5%. National air pollutant emissions in 2020 were as follows: CO, 711,399 tons; NOx, 929,227 tons; SOx, 180,157 tons; PM2.5, 58,558 tons; VOCs, 990,629 tons; and NH3, 261,207 tons. It turned out that the year-on-year reduction rates of emissions were as follows: CO, − 5.5%; NOx, − 11.1%; SOx, − 23.9%; PM2.5, − 4.9%; VOCs, − 2.0%; NH3, − 2.9%; and BC, − 11.6%. National statistics on air pollutant emissions serve as basic data for establishing, implementing, and evaluating national atmospheric environment policies to improve air quality. It is necessary to establish effective atmospheric environment policies based on highly accurate emission statistics to improve air quality. To this end, it is imperative to conduct ongoing research including studies on improving the national air pollutant emissions estimation method as well as on verifying emissions using air quality modeling and satellite observation data.

In streaming systems with a discrete CPU-GPU architecture, leveraging the strengths of both processing units can significantly improve query performance. Existing studies assign entire queries to either the CPU or GPU to reduce data transfer overhead and boost throughput. However, this coarse-grained approach can limit performance for two main reasons. Firstly, PCIe transfer overhead is minimal for small data sizes, and the device preference of each operator within a query may change with variations in data size. Secondly, it neglects performance fluctuations based on the placement location of consecutive operators within the device. To address these issues, we propose dSTREAM, a distributed stream processing system that dynamically maps queries at the operator level on discrete CPU-GPU architectures. dSTREAM adapts to runtime conditions by selecting the optimal device for each operator dynamically. Through dynamic operator-level query mapping without prior knowledge, dSTREAM consistently achieves high performance. Extensive evaluation has confirmed that dSTREAM enhances average throughput by up to 45% and reduces average latency by up to 42.5% across various types of stream SQL queries, regardless of traffic types.

At EUROCRYPT 2020, Hosoyamada and Sasaki proposed the first dedicated quantum collision attacks on hash functions. Their proposal presented a quantum adaptation of the rebound attack and revealed that differential trails, which have too low probability for use in classical settings, might be exploitable in quantum settings. After their work, subsequent research has actively delved into analyzing the security of hash functions in the quantum setting. In this paper, we revisit the quantum rebound attacks on the double block hash function Hirose instantiated with 10-round AES-256 (HCF-AES-256) and 7-round ARIA-256 (HCF-ARIA-256) proposed by Chauhan et al. and Baek et al., respectively. Initially, we identify the flaws in their work and reevaluate the complexity of the attacks. We reveal that the flaws stem from not considering the issue that the S-box differential equation has one solution on average. Earlier research addressed this problem by adding auxiliary bits to the search space. If this method is used to correct the flaws, the resulting time complexities are 217.36 and 220.94 times higher than their proposals. Consequently, in some settings, their attacks become less efficient than generic attacks. Subsequently, we propose improved quantum rebound attacks using nested quantum amplitude amplification and quantum state preparation. Our improved attack efficiently pre-filters the search space, leading to a reduction in overall time complexity. We first classically reduce the search space and employ quantum state preparation to generate a superposition state over the pre-filtered search space. We then use nested quantum amplitude amplification to further reduce the search space quantumly. As a result, we achieve a reduction in the time complexity of the quantum rebound attacks on HCF-AES-256 and HCF-ARIA-256 by factors of 211.2 and 219.5, respectively, making the attacks more efficient than generic attacks again.

Administering intraluminal fluid can improve the acoustic window for the visualization of the lumen and wall layers in the cavitary organs. Microbubbles in ultrasound contrast agents can also be used for intracavitary applications to enhance visualization of the lesion in human patients. However, there was no literature extending the clinical application of intraluminal contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) to patients with naturally occurring diseases in veterinary medicine. This case series aims to describe the detailed application and diagnostic value of intraluminal CEUS in six clinical cases with naturally occurring gastrointestinal (GI) and urinary tract diseases.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential for evaluating cerebellar compression in patients with craniocervical junction abnormalities (CJA). However, it is limited in depicting cortical bone because of its short T2 relaxation times, low proton density, and organized structure. Fast field echo resembling a computed tomography (CT) scan using restricted echo-spacing (FRACTURE) MRI, is a new technique that offers CT-like bone contrast without radiation. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of using FRACTURE MRI for craniocervical junction (CCJ) assessment compared with CT and conventional MRI, potentially reducing the need for multiple scans and radiation exposure, and simplifying procedures in veterinary medicine. CT and MRI of the CCJ were obtained from five healthy beagles. MRI was performed using three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted, T2-weighted, proton density-weighted (PDW), single echo-FRACTURE (sFRACTURE), and multiple echo-FRACTURE (mFRACTURE) sequences. For qualitative assessment, cortical delineation, trabecular bone visibility, joint space visibility, vertebral canal definition, overall quality, and artifacts were evaluated for each sequence. The geometrical accuracy, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were quantified. Both sFRACTURE and CT images provided significantly higher scores for cortical delineation and trabecular bone visibility than conventional MRI. Joint space visibility and vertebral canal definition were similar to those observed on CT images, regardless of the MR sequence. In the quantitative assessment, the distances measured on T2-weighted images differed significantly from those measured on CT. There were no significant differences between the distances taken using T1-weighted, PD-weighted, sFRACTURE, mFRACTURE and those taken using CT. T1-weighted and sFRACTURE had a higher SNR for trabecular bone than CT. The CNR between the cortical bone and muscle was high on CT and FRACTURE images. However, the CNR between the cortical and trabecular bones was low in mFRACTURE. Similar to CT, FRACTURE sequences showed higher cortical delineation and trabecular bone visibility than T2-weighted, T1-weighted, and PDW CCJ sequences. In particular, sFRACTURE provided a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the trabecular bone and a high CNR between the cortical bone and muscle and between the cortical and trabecular bones. FRACTURE sequences can complement conventional MR sequences for bone assessment of the CCJ in dogs.

We present a ciphertext-only attack on the GEO-Mobile Radio Interface-2 (GMR-2) system for the first time. The GMR-2 is a satellite communication standard adopted by Inmarsat, a British satellite telecommunications company that offers global mobile services. The best publicly known attack on GMR-2 is a known plaintext attack called the inversion attack, proposed by Hu et al. in 2018. It recovers the 64-bit session key in 20 milliseconds when one keystream frame (15-byte) is available. Our contributions are twofold. First, we improve the previous inversion attack using a novel approach, pre-filtration. With our improvement, we can recover the session key in 4.5 milliseconds and 0.62 milliseconds using one and two keystream frames, respectively. Second, we propose a practical ciphertext-only attack on the GMR-2 by exploiting a vulnerability in the CIPHERING MODE COMMAND message type. We find that this message type only has $2^{11}$ degrees of freedom despite being transmitted in a 184-bit format. Additionally, we find that two or more keystream frames can be derived from a single message in four of the six channels through which this message type may be transmitted. Assuming the CIPHERING MODE COMMAND message type is transmitted using one of these four channels, we can iteratively guess the message and conduct a known plaintext attack to recover the session key. Thanks to the speed improvement achieved by our pre-filtration method, our ciphertext-only attack can recover the session key in 1.3 seconds.

Abstract According to the 2018 National Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory (NEI), air pollutant emissions in the Republic of Korea comprised 808,801 tons of CO, 1,153,265 tons of NOX, 300,979 tons of SOX, 617,481 tons of TSP, 232,993 tons of PM10, 98,388 tons of PM2.5, 15,562 tons of black carbon (BC), 1,035,636 tons of VOCs, and 315,975 tons of NH3. As for national emission contributions to primary PM2.5 and PM precursors (NOX, SOX, VOCs, and NH3), major source categories were the road sector for NOX, the industry sector for SOX and PM2.5, and the everyday activities and others sector for VOCs and NH3. In the case of emissions by region, the largest amount of NOX was emitted from the Seoul Metropolitan Areas (SMA; Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi-do, hereafter SMA) and the largest amounts of SOX, PM2.5, VOCs, and NH3 were from the Yeongnam region. A 3D chemical transport modeling system was used to examine the uncertainty of the national air pollutant emissions based on the National Emission and Air Quality Assessment System (NEAS). Air quality was simulated using CAPSS 2018, and the simulation data were compared with observed concentrations to examine the uncertainties of the current emissions. These data show that emissions from five si (cities) (Pohang, Yeosu, Gwangyang, Dangjin, and Ulsan) need to be improved. Most of all, it is necessary to examine the emissions from places of business that use anthracite, which is the major PM2.5 emission source, as fuel in these areas.

IntroductionIn veterinary medicine, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely utilized for brain imaging. But the complex structures of brain tissues can give rise to artifacts such as partial volume averaging in conventional sequences. To address this issue, several studies about double inversion recovery (DIR) sequences have been conducted in human medicine. However, published clinical studies about brain MRI using DIR sequences in dogs are currently lacking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the magnetic resonance features of single-slab 3D DIR sequences in the normal canine brain.MethodsFive healthy Beagle dogs were examined and the following pulse sequences were acquired for each: (1) spin-echo T2-weighted (T2W), (2) fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), (3) gray matter (GM) selective, and (4) white matter (WM) selective single-slab 3D DIR sequence. For qualitative analysis, the distinction between gray and white matter of the cerebral cortex, presence and severity of the image artifacts were assessed for each pulse sequence. In addition, reconstructed images of single-slab 3D DIR sequences were qualitatively evaluated. For quantitative analysis, contrast ratios (CRs), signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) of the GM, WM and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured for each pulse sequence.Results and DiscussionGM selective 3D DIR was superior to T2W and FLAIR in delineating the boundaries between GM and WM in the overall brain area. Whereas WM selective 3D DIR provided better gray-white matter distinction of the cerebral cortex than T2W and FLAIR at the level of the medulla oblongata, where T2W and FLAIR images exhibited severe partial volume averaging artifacts. In general, the 3D DIR images demonstrated fewer artifacts compared to other sequences, and the reconstructed sagittal and dorsal images of these sequences maintained same spatial resolution as the original transverse images without any image degradation. Both gray and white matter selective 3D DIR sequences effectively suppressed unwanted signals, thereby providing high contrast between gray and white matter. Findings from this study could serve as a foundation for further studies on DIR sequences for the evaluation of brain diseases in dogs.

The GEO-Mobile Radio Interface-1 (GMR-1) is a satellite communication standard used in Thuraya, a United Arab Emirates-based regional mobile satellite service provider. The specification of the encryption algorithm used in GMR-1 was not disclosed until it was uncovered by Driessen et al. in 2012 through reverse engineering. Given that A5-GMR-1, a stream cipher used in GMR-1, is primarily based on A5/2, Driessen et al. presented a ciphertext-only attack from the attacks on A5/2. Their ciphertext-only attack recovers the session key from multiple sets of 24 ciphertexts in an average of 32.1 min and requires 400 GB of pre-computed data. This study enhances Driessen et al.’s ciphertext-only attack on A5-GMR-1 in all aspects of time, memory, and data. Our contributions are fourfold. First, we optimize the inefficient part of the previous attack. As a result, our ciphertext-only attack recovers the session key from multiple sets of 13 ciphertexts in less than 1 second and requires 400 MB of pre-computed data. Second, we propose novel memory-saving techniques. These techniques reduce the memory complexity to 216 ~ 289 MB without increasing the time and data complexity. Third, we present several time-memory-data tradeoff techniques. Using these techniques, we can present an attack that meets the desired conditions, such as memory minimization or data minimization. Furthermore, while the complexity of the previous attack is presented vaguely as “multiple sets” of 24 ciphertexts, these techniques allow us to accurately calculate the time, memory, and data complexity of the attack. Finally, we demonstrate that A5-GMR-1 can be attacked without frame numbers. To find out the frame number of each ciphertext, it is necessary to analyze and synchronize multiple channels. We present a plaintext recovery attack that does not require these processes.

Accurate unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) trajectory tracking is crucial for the successful execution of UAV missions. Traditional global positioning system (GPS) methods face limitations in complex environments, and visual observation becomes challenging with distance and in low-light conditions. To address this challenge, we propose a comprehensive framework for UAV trajectory verification, integrating a range-based ultra-wideband (UWB) positioning system and advanced image processing technologies. Our key contribution is the development of the Spatial Trajectory Enhanced Attention Mechanism (STEAM), a novel attention module specifically designed for analyzing and classifying UAV trajectory patterns. This system enables real-time UAV trajectory tracking and classification, facilitating swift and accurate assessment of adherence to predefined optimal trajectories. Another major contribution of our work is the integration of a UWB system for precise UAV location tracking, complemented by our advanced image processing approach that includes a deep neural network (DNN) for interpolating missing data from images, thereby significantly enhancing the model’s ability to detect abnormal maneuvers. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in UAV trajectory tracking, showcasing its robust performance irrespective of raw data quality. Furthermore, we validate the framework’s performance using a lightweight learning model, emphasizing both its computational efficiency and exceptional classification accuracy.

Recently, the cattle genome sequence has been completed, followed by developing a commercial single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip panel in the animal genome industry. In order to increase statistical power for detecting quantitative trait locus (QTL), a number of animals should be genotyped. However, a high-density chip for many animals would be increasing the genotyping cost. Therefore, statistical inference of genotype imputation (low-density chip to high-density) will be useful in the animal industry. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the reference population size and marker density on the imputation accuracy and to suggest the appropriate number of reference population sets for the imputation in Hanwoo cattle. A total of 3,821 Hanwoo cattle were divided into reference and validation populations. The reference sets consisted of 50k (38,916) marker data and different population sizes (500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, and 3,600). The validation sets consisted of four validation sets (Total 889) and the different marker density (5k [5,000], 10k [10,000], and 15k [15,000]). The accuracy of imputation was calculated by direct comparison of the true genotype and the imputed genotype. In conclusion, when the lowest marker density (5k) was used in the validation set, according to the reference population size, the imputation accuracy was 0.793 to 0.929. On the other hand, when the highest marker density (15k), according to the reference population size, the imputation accuracy was 0.904 to 0.967. Moreover, the reference population size should be more than 1,000 to obtain at least 88% imputation accuracy in Hanwoo cattle.

Background Antithrombotic agents to treat patients with acute myocardial infarction can cause bleeding, which may reveal undiagnosed cancer. However, the relationship between bleeding and new cancer diagnosis and the prognostic impact is still unclear. Methods and Results We analyzed the new cancer diagnosis, Bleeding Academic Research Consortium 2, 3, or 5 bleeding, and all‐cause death of 10 364 patients with acute myocardial infarction without a history of previous cancer in a multicenter acute myocardial infarction registry. During a median of 4.9 years, 1109 patients (10.7%) experienced Bleeding Academic Research Consortium 2, 3, or 5 bleeding, and 338 patients (3.3%) were newly diagnosed with cancer. Bleeding Academic Research Consortium 2, 3, or 5 bleeding was associated with an increased risk of new cancer diagnosis (subdistribution hazard ratio [sHR] 3.29 [95% CI, 2.50–4.32]). In particular, there were robust associations between gastrointestinal bleeding and new gastrointestinal cancer diagnosis (sHR, 19.96 [95% CI, 11.30–29.94]) and between genitourinary bleeding and new genitourinary cancer diagnosis (sHR, 28.95 [95% CI, 14.69–57.07]). The risk of all‐cause death was not lower in patients diagnosed with new gastrointestinal cancer after gastrointestinal bleeding (hazard ratio [HR], 4.05 [95% CI, 2.04–8.02]) and diagnosed with new genitourinary cancer after genitourinary bleeding (HR, 2.79 [95% CI, 0.81–9.56]) than in patients newly diagnosed with cancer without previous bleeding. Conclusions Clinically significant bleeding, especially gastrointestinal and genitourinary bleeding, in patients with AMI was associated with an increased risk of new cancer diagnoses. However, the bleeding preceding new cancer detection was not associated with better survival. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02385682 and NCT02806102.

Abstract Background Neprilysin has an essential role in regulating fluid balance and vascular resistance, and neprilysin inhibitors have shown beneficial effects in patients with heart failure. However, the potential predictive value of neprilysin levels as a biomarker for cardiovascular risk remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic value of soluble neprilysin (sNEP) levels in patients with ischemic heart disease. Methods Neprilysin levels were measured in 694 consecutive patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). These patients were classified into two groups according to their serum levels of neprilysin and categorized into the lower neprilysin group (n = 348) and the higher neprilysin group (n = 346). The primary clinical endpoint was all-cause mortality, and the secondary endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Results The median sNEP level was 76.0 pg/ml. The median sNEP levels were higher in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥40% (77.6 pg/ml, interquartile range 46.6–141.3) than in those with LVEF

Background Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a heterogeneous disease entity. Its prognosis and predictor of mortality remain unclear. This study aimed to compare the prognosis between MINOCA and myocardial infarction with obstructive coronary artery disease and identify factors related to all‐cause death in MINOCA using a nation‐wide, multicenter, and prospective registry. Methods and Results Among 13 104 consecutive patients enrolled, patients without previous history of significant coronary artery disease who underwent coronary angiography were selected. The primary outcome was 2‐year all‐cause death. Secondary outcomes were cardiac death, noncardiac death, reinfarction, and repeat revascularization. Patients with MINOCA (n=396) and myocardial infarction with obstructive coronary artery disease (n=10 871) showed similar incidence of all‐cause death (9.1% versus 8.8%; hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; 95% CI, 0.74–1.45; P=0.83). Risks of cardiac death, noncardiac death, and reinfarction were not significantly different between the 2 groups (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.53–1.28; P=0.38; HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 0.93–2.56; P=0.09; HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.65–2.31; P=0.38, respectively). MINOCA patients had lower incidence of repeat revascularization (1.3% versus 7.2%; HR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.07–0.41; P