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Nogo-A is a key inhibitory molecule to axon regeneration, and plays diverse roles in other pathological conditions, such as stroke, schizophrenia, and neurodegenerative diseases. Nogo-66 and Nogo-Δ20 fragments are two known functional domains of Nogo-A, which act through the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR1) and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), respectively. Here, we reported a new functional domain of Nogo-A, Nogo-A aa 846-861, was identified in the Nogo-A-specific segment that promotes complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain. Intrathecal injection of its antagonist peptide 846-861PE or the specific antibody attenuated the CFA-induced inflammatory heat hyperalgesia. The 846-861 PE reduced the content of transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and decreased the response of DRG neurons to capsaicin. These effects were accompanied by a reduction in LIMK/cofilin phosphorylation and actin polymerization. GST pull-down and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays both showed that Nogo-A aa 846-861 bound to NgR1. Moreover, we demonstrated that Nogo-A aa 846-861 inhibited neurite outgrowth from cortical neurons and DRG explants. We concluded that Nogo-A aa 846-861 is a novel ligand of NgR1, which activates the downstream signaling pathways that inhibit axon growth and promote inflammatory pain.

Previous studies have attempted to elucidate the molecular mechanism of vitiligo; however, its pathogenesis remains unclear. This study aimed to explore biomarkers related to vitiligo through bioinformatic analysis. The microarray datasets GSE53146 and GSE65127 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Firstly, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GSE53146 were screened, and then an enrichment analysis was performed. Secondly, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of DEGs was constructed using the STRING database, and the key genes were screened using the MCODE plugin in Cytoscape and verified using GSE65127. Finally, quantiseq was used to evaluate immune cell infiltration in vitiligo, then to observe the correlation between biomarkers and immune cells. In total, 544 DEGs were identified, including 342 upregulated and 202 downregulated genes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment showed that DEGs were related to inflammatory and immune responses, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment showed that DEGs were involved in many autoimmune diseases. In the PPI network, 7 key genes, CENPN, CKS2, PLK4, RRM2, TPX2, CCNA2, and CDC45 were identified by MCODE cluster and verified using the GSE65127 dataset. With an area under the curve (AUC) 0.8 as the standard, 2 genes were screened, namely CKS2 and RRM2. Further immune infiltration analysis showed that M2 macrophages were involved in the pathogenesis of vitiligo, whereas CKS2 and RRM2 were both related to M2 macrophages. This study shows that CKS2 and RRM2 have potential as biomarkers of vitiligo and provides a theoretical basis for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of vitiligo.

Background Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and condyloma acuminatum (CA) in the genital area often exist in extensive and multi-point fashion. Laser ablation combined with topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a feasible approach for genital CA but its effectiveness and limitations need to be evaluated. Methods This single-arm prospective study consisted of 100 newly diagnosed CA cases of both sexes. All patients underwent laser ablation and then three times aminolaevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT). The outcomes were evaluated and analyzed 3 months after the treatment. Results A total of 98 patients completed the study. Except for 6 patients (4 males and 2 females) showed some residual lesions other 92 patients (93.8%) showed complete cure. However, there were 18 patients (10 males and 8 females) showed new lesions near the treated areas. Although the HPV types of 18 patients before and after treatment were not completely consistent, 94.4% percent of patients (17/18) had the same HPV type as the primary lesion, which suggested that these late-onset CA might have latent infection or subclinical infection in the early stage of the disease but the length of the incubation period was longer. Conclusion Combination approach is effective in treating genital CA and preventing CA recurrence. But its limitations need to be recognized as the late-onset CA might occur near the treated area. The treatment plan needs to be optimized for multiple genital CA lesions.

Malignant melanoma (MM) is a highly metastatic and malignant cancer. Developing potential drugs with good efficacy and low toxicity for MM treatment is needed. Huaier, extracted from the mushroom Trametes robiniophila Murr, has been widely used in clinical anticancer treatments in China. A previous work done by our group confirmed that Huaier could inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in human melanoma cells. The current study is aimed at investigating the effects of Huaier on melanoma metastasis and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo and to explore its possible mechanism of action. Our results showed that Huaier not only significantly inhibited the metastasis of A375 cells at the concentration ranging from 4 to 16 mg/ml (P<0.05), which were determined by the wound healing assay and transwell assay in vitro, but also suppressed the MM tumor growth and metastatic cells to the liver in A375-bearing mice after oral administration at the dose of 5 mg/kg (P<0.05). In addition, Huaier treatment downregulated the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), astrocyte-elevated gene-1 (AEG-1), and N-cadherin, while it upregulated E-cadherin expression in both the A375 cells and tumor tissues, which was detected using western blotting and RT-PCR (P<0.05). Taken together, our data suggests that the antitumor and antimetastatic activities of Huaier are caused by the downregulation of the HIF-1α/VEGF and AEG-1 signaling pathways and by the inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This study provides a new insight into the mechanism of Huaier on antimetastatic therapy and a new scientific basis for comprehensive treatment strategies for MM.

Nogo-A is highly expressed in oligodendrocytes in the adult central nervous system (CNS). Recently it was found that Nogo-A is also expressed in some neuronal types during development. Here, we examined the expression pattern of Nogo-A in both the retina and optic tract (OT) of mouse embryos from E12 to E15. After perturbation of its function in the OT for 5 hr in the brain slice culture system using a Nogo-A specific antibody or antagonist of its receptor (NEP1-40), the optic nerve fibers and growth cones were traced with DiI. We showed that most Tuj-1 positive new-born neurons at E12 were Nogo-A positive. At E15, retinal neurons reduced the Nogo-A expression. It was worth noting that some projecting axons expressed Nogo-A along the retinofugal pathway. On the basis of their specific locations within the superficial half of the OT and the colocalization with GAP-43 (a marker for the newly born growth cones and axons), we concluded that those Nogo-A positive axons were the newly arrived retinal fibers. Blocking the function of Nogo-A with Nogo-A antibody or NEP1-40 resulted in the shift of DiI labeled axons and growth cones from the superficial half to the whole depth of the OT. These results indicate that Nogo-A in the newly born retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons are involved in sorting out the newly arrived axons to the subpial region of the OT. Anat Rec, 299:1027-1036, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Nogo-A is a key inhibitory molecule of axon regeneration in oligodendrocytes. However, little is known about its role in adult neurons. In this study, we showed an important function of Nogo-A on regulation of inflammatory pain in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. In adult rats with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) hind paw inflammation, DRG neurons showed a significant increase in Nogo-A expression. Disruption of Nogo-A signaling with Nogo-66 receptor antagonist peptide, Nogo-A blocking antibody, Nogo-A short hairpin RNA, or Nogo-A gene knockout attenuated CFA-induced inflammatory heat hyperalgesia. Moreover, disruption of Nogo-A signaling suppressed the function and expression in DRG neurons of the transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member (TRPV)-1 channel, which is known to be the endogenous transducer of noxious heat during inflammation. These effects were accompanied with a reduction in LIM domain kinase (LIMK)/cofilin phosphorylation and actin polymerization. Similar disruption of actin filament architecture by direct action of Latrunculin A reduced the TRPV-1 activity and up-regulation of TRPV-1 protein caused by CFA. We conclude that Nogo-A plays an essential role in the development of inflammatory heat hyperalgesia, partly through maintaining TRPV-1 function via activation of the LIMK/cofilin pathway, which regulates actin filament dynamics. These findings support a therapeutic potential of modulating Nogo-A signaling in pain management.-Hu, F., Liu, H.-C., Su, D.-Q., Chen, H.-J., Chan, S.-O., Wang, Y., Wang, J. Nogo-A promotes inflammatory heat hyperalgesia by maintaining TRPV-1 function in the rat dorsal root ganglion neuron.

The antitumor effects of Huaier have been recently revealed. However, no research has been conducted on the effects of Huaier on keratinocyte proliferation and for the treatment of psoriasis. Hacat cells were treated with different concentrations of Huaier for different periods of times. The effects on cell proliferation and vitality and on the cell cycle were detected. Patients with mild-to-moderate psoriasis were randomized and divided into two groups in a double-blind manner. The experimental group was given sugar-free Yinxie granules and Huaiqihuang (HQH) granules, and the control group was given sugar-free Yinxie granules and placebo. After 4 weeks, various therapeutic indexes were compared. Huaier significantly inhibited Hacat cell proliferation, suppressed vitality, and blocked the cell cycle in the G1 phase compared with the control group (P < 0.01, respectively). After treatment for 4 weeks, the number of patients between the two groups that experienced a 50% reduction in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI 50), PASI 75 and PASI 90, was significantly different (P

Nogo-A is highly expressed in oligodendrocytes in the adult central nervous system (CNS). Recently it was found that Nogo-A is also expressed in some neuronal types during development. Here, we examined the expression pattern of Nogo-A in both the retina and optic tract (OT) of mouse embryos from E12 to E15. After perturbation of its function in the OT for 5 hr in the brain slice culture system using a Nogo-A specific antibody or antagonist of its receptor (NEP1-40), the optic nerve fibers and growth cones were traced with DiI. We showed that most Tuj-1 positive new-born neurons at E12 were Nogo-A positive. At E15, retinal neurons reduced the Nogo-A expression. It was worth noting that some projecting axons expressed Nogo-A along the retinofugal pathway. On the basis of their specific locations within the superficial half of the OT and the colocalization with GAP-43 (a marker for the newly born growth cones and axons), we concluded that those Nogo-A positive axons were the newly arrived retinal fibers. Blocking the function of Nogo-A with Nogo-A antibody or NEP1-40 resulted in the shift of DiI labeled axons and growth cones from the superficial half to the whole depth of the OT. These results indicate that Nogo-A in the newly born retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons are involved in sorting out the newly arrived axons to the subpial region of the OT. Anat Rec, 299:1027-1036, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.