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Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC), defined as any sign of smooth-surface caries in a child younger than three years of age, remains a serious health issue. The aim of this study was to indicate oral health behaviours related to S-ECC. The study surveyed parents (socio-economic and medical factors, oral health behaviours) and clinically examined children including non-cavitated d1,2/cavitated d ≥ 3 lesions. %S-ECC, and caries indices (d1,2 d ≥ 3 mft and d1,2 d ≥ 3 mfs) were calculated. Spearman’s correlation and simple and multiple logistic regression were used to assess the relationships between various factors and S-ECC. A total of 496 children were examined. S-ECC occurred in 44.8%: d1,2 d ≥ 3 mft = 2.62 ± 3.88, d1,2 d ≥ 3 mfs = 4.46 ± 8.42. S-ECC was correlated with socio-economic factors, vitamin D supplementation, breastfeeding and using formula after the 18th month, and toothbrushing. Supplementation of vitamin D and toothbrushing tended to decrease the odds of S-ECC (OR = 0.49 (0.27–0.87); p = 0.016, OR = 0.46 (0.24–0.86) p = 0.015, respectively). Feeding exclusively with formula was observed to increase the odds of S-ECC (OR = 2.20 (1.29–3.76); p = 0.004). Consuming > three snacks daily (OR = 1.39 (0.97–1.98); p = 0.072) and the reluctance to eat resilient foods (OR = 1.63 (1.05–2.51); p = 0.028) were nullified by the confounding factors. Vitamin D supplementation, mastication of resilient food, breastfeeding in the first six months of a baby’s life, and parent-supervised toothbrushing are factors in the prevention of caries in toddlers. Breast- and bottle-feeding after the 18th month of life, the reluctance to eat solids, lack of vitamin D supplementation, hygienic neglect, and delay in introducing oral health behaviours may contribute to the development of caries in toddlers.

The aim of the study is to determine the occurrence and etiology of traumatic dental injuries of permanent teeth and to evaluate the relationship between diagnosed injuries and selected socio-economic indicators. In total, 1741 students aged 18 years, representing all the regions of Poland, took part in the survey. Questionnaires for monitoring studies were prepared in accordance with the criteria of the World Health Organization. Among the respondents, tooth trauma was reported by 18% of adolescents. The most common trauma occurred during other activities (e.g., playing) (64%). The most common direct cause of injury was a fall (43%) or a collision with an object or another person (36%). Risk of injury was increased by a low level of parents’ education and poor financial situation of the family. Playing sports is important in the etiology of injuries. The incidence of injuries was highest in school, demonstrating the need for school education in injury prevention and first aid. Occurrence of injuries, their causes, therapy, and post-traumatic complications were similar in respondents of both genders, which can be explained by secularization trends. Risk of injury was increased by parents’ low level of education and poor economic status. The research demonstrates the need for universal education on treatment of dental injuries.

BACKGROUND Education was significantly affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Online learning affects the quality of learning as well as the mental health status of students. Regular screening for COVID-19 may be crucial to provide practical classes during the pandemic. The present study aimed to analyze the usefulness of rapid antigen tests for on-campus COVID-19 screening in real-life conditions at a medical university in Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS This screening study was carried out among students attending practical classes at the Medical University of Warsaw, Poland between November 15 and December 10, 2021, during which a series of rapid antigen tests (Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device, nasal) were performed by healthcare professionals (nurses). Out of 104 student groups selected for the study (n=1847 students), 423 individuals from 63 student groups were tested at least once (22.9% response rate). A total of 2295 samples were collected. RESULTS Among the participants, 3.4% (n=15) had positive test results. Out of 15 COVID-19 cases, 14 were vaccinated. At least 1 positive COVID-19 case was detected in 8 student groups. In 3 student groups, we observed ≥2 infections that occurred at intervals, which may suggest student-to-student SARS-CoV-2 transmission. CONCLUSIONS This study produced real-world data from a COVID-19 screening study and confirmed the usefulness of the rapid antigen test (Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device nasal) for on-campus COVID-19 screening prior to practical classes. Maintaining a high percentage of participants is crucial to ensuring the effectiveness of on-campus COVID-19 screening.

Background. Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare reactive proliferative disorder marked by excess proliferation and accumulation of mononuclear phagocytes in tissues and organs. Usually, organs and systems where Langerhans cells are normally found are involved. Lesions may be limited to one system and be single- or multisite, or many systems may be involved. The etiology is not fully known. According to one of the hypotheses, immune dysfunction due to exuberant response to an unknown antigen may be the cause. The most common clinical symptoms include skin lesions, bone pain, exophthalmos, and enlarged lymph nodes, affecting the liver and spleen. Gingivitis, pocket granulation tissue, ulceration of the gingival papilla, alveolar bone atrophy leading to loosening and loss of teeth are observed in the oral cavity. The aim of the study was to determine the type and incidence of oral manifestations in patients diagnosed with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Methods. We evaluated patients’ medical records to obtain data on the children’s age at diagnosis, sex, the form of Langerhans cell histiocytosis, clinical picture (systemic and local oral symptoms), and radiological findings. Dental examinations (clinical and radiological) were performed to assess oral mucosa and periodontal tissues, and medical records were analyzed for the course and treatment of histiocytosis. Results. The analysis included the medical records of 43 patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Oral lesions in the form of gingivitis, pathological tooth mobility, and expansion of alveolar mandibular bone were observed in 7 patients. Conclusions. Langerhans cell histiocytosis may be accompanied by maxillary, gingival, and mucosal lesions.

Background Glass ionomer cements (GIC) used for restoration of missing dental structures have high biocompatibility and remineralization potential. However, low mechanical resistance excludes their use for long-term restorations of extensive lesions, particularly on approximal surfaces in permanent dentition. GIC with increased viscosity have much better physical properties, which involves better bonding and wear resistance, so they can be considered as an alternative to composite resin materials. The aim of this study was to perform a clinical and radiological assessment of restorations in permanent teeth, made with an increased viscosity GIC - Equia Fil (Ivoclar Vivadent) with Equia Coat (Ivoclar Vivadent) and composite material - Tetric EvoCeram (Ivoclar Vivadent) in young patients. Material and methods A total of 100 cavities on approximal surfaces were filled with the composite material or GIC in 49 patients aged from 12.08 to 19.58 years. During control examinations, the condition of each restoration was assessed with criteria acc. to Hickel et al. Bitewing radiographs had been taken before fillings were placed and after 12 and 24 months. Results After two years of observations, two GIC restorations were replaced due to loss of retention and staining. The other 96 restorations were given a satisfactory grade. The clinical efficacy of Equia Fil after 24 months was assessed at 95.83%, the Tetric EvoCeram at 100%. The difference was not statistically significant (P=0.145). When GIC was used, there was a higher risk of marginal adaptation deterioration and the occurrence of staining and erosion. Radiographic efficacy of the Equia Fil material for cavity restoration after 24 months was assessed at 93.75%, for the Tetric EvoCeram material at 100%. Differences were not significant statistically (P=0.073). Conclusions Tetric EvoCeram and Equia Fil used for the restoration of approximal lesions in premolars and permanent molars have similar efficacy in a 2-year period of observation. Key words:Dental restoration, permanent, composite resins, glass ionomer cements, clinical study.

Objectives: To compare the prevalence of parafunctional habits, erosive tooth wear and occurrence of tooth injuries among children being under the care of Social Welfare Centre and children treated in the Department of Children’s Dentistry of the Medical University of Warsaw. Study design: The study contains environmental and medical interviews, record-based analysis and clinical examination. Parafunctional habits were rated on the base of dental interviews and clinical examinations. The occlusal surfaces were evaluated by visual examination using modified tooth wear index (TWI). Tooth injuries were reported from a medical interview labeled using Andreasen classification. The consent of the bioethics committee and guardians of children participated in the study was obtained. Results: The study involved 782 patients, including 404 children from dysfunctional families (average age 11,4 ± 3,7) and 378 from ordinary families-control group (8,53 ± 3,92). In the study group we observed higher prevalence of erosive tooth wear (44,66% vs 18,02% p=0,000), dental trauma (9,4% vs 3,44% p=0,001) and a presence of parafunctional habits (67,8% vs 20,4 % p=0,000). Conclusion: The occurrence of parafunctional habits, erosive tooth wear and tooth injuries may be an indicator of domestic violence and a component of maltreated child syndrome.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cigarette smoking and the condition of the teeth and periodontium and the oral health behavior of 18-year-olds. Cross-sectional studies on 1,611 18-year-olds from Poland were conducted in 2017. The questionnaire provided socio-economic data, information about health-related behavior (cigarette smoking and oral health behavior), and absence from school due to oral pain. The dentition status (DMFT and DMFS), periodontal status (gingival bleeding, depth of periodontal pockets, loss of attachment), and need for endodontic treatment or tooth extraction were clinically assessed. Cigarette smoking was reported by 25% of participants (15% reported every day smoking). Adolescents who smoked cigarettes regularly had a higher mean number of decayed teeth (2.40±3.21 vs. 1.95±2.66) and similar periodontal status. Cigarette smoking increased the risk of oral hygiene neglect (63% vs. 69%), dietary mistakes (25% vs. 13%), failure to make dental appointments (32% vs. 43%), occurrence of oral pain (28% vs. 27%), absence from school due to pain (13% vs. 6%), and the need for endodontic treatment or tooth extraction (11% vs. 5%). The socio-economic factors and sex of the subjects decreased the influence of smoking only on oral hygiene neglect. Cigarette smoking by adolescents seems to be an independent risk factor for serious dietary mistakes, failure to benefit from oral healthcare, and more dynamic damage of teeth, which lead to pain and even tooth loss. Therefore, these aspects should be included in the risk assessment of oral disease and incorporated into educational programs promoting a healthy lifestyle.

Objective: The aim of the cross-sectional study was to assess the potential relationship between developmental defects of the enamel (DDE) and caries in adolescents aged 18 year.Materials and methods: A total of 1,611 individuals aged 18 years were selected based on randomisation to form a nationally representative sample from all provinces of Poland. Dental evaluation was performed by 22 trained and calibrated dentists. DDE and caries were assessed using the modified DDE index, MIH Treatment Need Index, FDI and WHO criteria. T-test was used for comparing group means. A simple and multiple logistic regression were used to assess the relationship between DDE and caries (p Results: The prevalence of DDE was 13.7%. Demarcated opacities (DEO) were the most frequent (9.65%); 4% had diffuse opacities (DIO), 1.5% had hypoplasia and 0.6% - MIH. The prevalence of caries was 93.2%, with mean DMFT of 6.50±4.22. The DMFT and DMFS values ​​were: 7.52±4.77 and 11.31±8.94 in the group of patients with DEO; 7.85±4.74 and 11.88±9.83 with DIO and 7.56 ±4.57 and 10.96±8.77 with enamel hypoplasia, respectively. There was an association between the presence of caries and DDE (p Conclusions: Caries and DDE are prevalent and influenced the dental health of 18-year-old adolescents. The presence of DDE had significant association with caries severity in 18-year-old adolescents. Adolescents with DDE had a higher probability to develop carious lesions.Clinical Relevance: DDE is associated with dental caries.

Background: Premature loss of primary teeth can occur as a consequence of dental trauma, neonatal tooth extraction, early childhood caries, or periodontal problems, or it can be a manifestation of systemic disease. This review aims to present systemic disorders that can lead to premature loss of deciduous teeth in children and to provide a comprehensive resource for clinical practice for both physicians and dentists. Methods: This study is a narrative review of original studies and case reports published in English and Polish between 1957 and 2021 that was conducted by searching electronic scientific resources: PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The schema of the qualification process is represented by a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). In total, 196 articles were identified; after provisional assessment of the titles and abstracts by two reviewers, 46 were found to be relevant to the topic, including 1 review, 16 original papers, and 27 case reports regarding systemic disease resulting in premature tooth loss. Results: In this study, 16 systemic diseases were linked to premature primary tooth loss in children: Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome, mucocutaneous dyskeratosis, Coffin–Lowry syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, cherubism, hypophosphatasia, acatalasia, Chediak–Higashi syndrome, cyclic neutropenia, erythromelalgia, Down syndrome, Hajdu–Cheney syndrome, short bowel syndrome, leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (LAD-1), and Wiedemann–Steiner syndrome (WSS).

Background Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) can occur at any age. They may cause health, functional, esthetic, and psychological problems, negatively affecting quality of life. Objectives The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence, causes, treatment, and risk factors of TDIs among Polish adolescents. Material and methods As part of a cross-sectional national monitoring survey concerning the oral health condition and its determinants in the Polish population, 992 15-year-olds of both sexes were examined. The subjects were the residents of the urban and rural areas of 10 from a total of 16 provinces of the country. Caries-affected teeth were assessed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, and caries prevalence and the decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT) index values were calculated. Traumatic dental injuries were assessed with the use of the WHO criteria, modified for retrospective evaluation. The details of clinically diagnosed TDI were supplemented by a questionnaire and an interview. Results Overall, TDIs occurred in 22.0% of the subjects, similarly often in urban and rural areas (23.0% and 20.9%, respectively; p = 0.439), and more frequently in males than in females (26.2% and 18.2%, respectively; p = 0.002). The most common damage was crown fracture (46.2%), followed by luxation (43.9%) and avulsion (9.9%). Among the traumatized teeth, 73.8% received crown fracture restorations, 29.6% root canal treatment, and 17.5% were splinted due to luxation or avulsion. The most common cause of TDIs were accidental falls - 96.3%, including playing sports (27.1%), the other referred to violence/fight (3.7%). Nearly 14% of the accidents took place at school. The likelihood of TDI experience in males was 1.59-fold higher than in females. Males revealed a 2.76-fold higher probability of TDI incidence during participation in sports activities. Other predictors of TDIs were a low level of education of the mother, a poor socioeconomic status and a high DMFT score. Conclusions A relatively high prevalence of TDIs in Polish 15-year-olds calls for effective planning and intervention to prevent the occurrence of the injuries and their aftereffects.

Purpose Idiopathic scoliosis is a developmental deformation of the vertebral column of an unknown aetiology. Its clinical symptoms and hypothetical causative factors may affect the stomatognathic system. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationships between the prevalence and type of malocclusions, and the presence of idiopathic scoliosis, its location and severity. Methods This was a prospective longitudinal study. The study group consisted of 80 patients with idiopathic scoliosis and the control group of 61 healthy individuals. Standard standing long-cassette radiographs were taken of all of the patients in the idiopathic scoliosis group in order to confirm diagnosis, to determine localization and the Cobb angle of the curve. Both groups underwent standard clinical dental examination. Results The most commonly observed types included right main thoracic (R-MT) and thoracolumbar or left lumbar scoliosis (Cobb angle 11° to 125°). In the idiopathic scoliosis group, prevalence of malocclusions was greater than in the control group (95% versus 82%). In the idiopathic scoliosis group more than one type of malocclusion was observed with a higher incidence than that in the control group (63.8% versus 37.7%; p = 0.002). A correlation between the left proximal thoracic (L-PT) curve with anterior partial open bite was demonstrated (p = 0.323), between thoracic dextroscoliosis main thoracic with lateral partial cross bite (p = 0.230) and a correlation between scoliosis severity and malocclusion in the event of L-PT and anterior partial open bite (p = 0.330) and R-MT and scissors bite (p = 0.248). Conclusion The incidence of malocclusions is greater in children with idiopathic scoliosis than in their healthy peers Level of Evidence III

Background Many studies have indicated that the excessive use of computers (more than 3 hr/d) might be associated with an unhealthy life‐style. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between excessive computer use with the condition of the teeth and periodontium and the oral health behaviour of 18‐year‐olds. Design Cross‐sectional studies, using a questionnaire, were carried out on 1,611 18‐year‐olds from Poland. The questionnaire contained questions about socioeconomic status and information about health‐related behaviour. The condition of their teeth and gingivae were clinically assessed. Results Excessive (>3 h/d) computer use was reported by 492 (31%) of participants, who had an increased frequency of unfilled cavities (1.97 vs. 2.27, p = .047) and a higher risk of oral hygiene neglect (e.g., using dental floss 41% vs. 34%, p = .009). Excessive computer use was also seen to be associated with poor dietary habits. Individuals who declared excessive computer use also had a higher risk of gingival bleeding (35% vs. 29%, p = .009). Conclusion In the group studied, excessive computer use by adolescents constituted a risk factor for neglect of oral hygiene, poor dietary choices, and failure to benefit from oral health care. Therefore, these aspects should be included in the risk assessment of oral disease and incorporated into educational programs that promote a healthy lifestyle.

The prevalence of early childhood caries and its level varies. The present study was to establish the trends in dental caries and the impact of behavioural changes on the prevalence of caries in three-yearolds in Poland within a fifteen-year period. The results of a cross sectional survey carried out on 3439 three-year-olds in 2002, 2009, and 2017 using WHO criteria for dental caries (dmft, dmft=0, dmft≥4) and the results of a questionnaire filled by their parents with data on sociodemographics, oral hygiene and dietary habits, especially their sugar intake, were assessed. The dmft/dmfs index is applied to the primary dentition and is expressed as the total number of teeth/surfaces that are decayed, missing, or filled. The Cochran-Armitage test for trend was used to assess the fraction changes in time. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the changes in dmft trends and the correlations between behavioural changes, awareness levels, and the prevalence of caries. Within the fifteen-year period minimal changes in the prevalence of early childhood caries (15% down), dmft≥4 (11.4% down) and a lower dmft (36% down) were accompanied by a better parent awareness about the causes of caries and better oral hygiene routines. Sugary beverages were no longer drank at least once a day, however sweetened milk, cake, doughnuts, and sweet rolls were consumed more often. Being female, living in an urban area, having parents more aware about caries, consuming sugary beverages less frequently, brushing teeth twice a day, and using a fluoride toothpaste promoted lower early childhood caries. Gradually healthier teeth are linked to an increased awareness of the parents and healthier routines. A too frequent exposure to sugar promotes early childhood caries. Should the changes of dietary habits be insufficient, brushing teeth with fluoride toothpaste becomes crucial.

Introduction. The high incidence and level of early childhood caries (ECC) in children aged 3 years in Poland indicate a high risk of developing this disease in younger children. Caries most often develops on the occlusal surfaces of molars. The distribution of caries in primary dentition changes with age. In younger children, the maxillary incisors are most often affected by caries, while in the older ones – molars. There are no current data describing caries distribution in younger children in Poland. Aim. Assessment of caries distribution, taking into account the surface in primary dentition in children in the second and third year of life from the Warsaw agglomeration. Material and methods. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among children aged 12-36 months to assess dental condition for the presence of non-cavitated (d1) and cavitated caries (d2), fillings (f), and missing (m) teeth (t) and surfaces (s) caused by caries. The frequency of ECC and its intensity (d1d2mft and d1d2mfs) were determined. In the statistical analysis, the chi-square test was used to compare the fractions (percentages). Results. A total of 496 children were examined, including 262 (52.8%) boys. S-ECC was recorded in 44.8% of the respondents, d1d2mft and d1d2mfs reached the values of 2.62 ± 3.88 and 4.46 ± 8.42, respectively. Central maxillary incisors (34.2%) and the first molars of both arches (21.0%, including 23.5% for the maxilla and 18.6% for the mandible) were most commonly affected by carious lesions. Carious lesions were most often found on the labial surfaces of the maxillary incisors (19.1%) and occlusal first molars (19.4%). Conclusions. Primary teeth caries in the early childhood period is characterized by a rapid transformation of non-cavitated lesions into cavitated ones and subsequent eruption of teeth. Carious lesions most are most often found on the labial surfaces of the central incisors of the maxilla and occlusal surfaces of the first molars.

Introduction. The high incidence and level of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in children aged 3 in Poland indicate a high risk of developing this disease in younger children. There are no data describing the scale of the problem in Poland. Aim. Determining the prevalence and level of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC), the needs of conservative treatment in children in the second and third year of life from the Warsaw agglomeration. Material and methods. A cross-sectional study of children aged 12-36 months was carried out after obtaining the consent of the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of Warsaw. The presence of non-cavitated (d1) and cavitated caries (d2), fillings (f), and missing teeth (t) and surfaces (s) caused by caries (m), periodontal abscesses and fistulas was assessed. The frequency of ECC and its intensity (d1d2mft and d1d2mfs), conservative treatment index (f/f + d) were determined. In the statistical analysis, the chi-square test was used to compare the fractions. Results. 496 children were examined, including 262 (52.8%) boys. S-ECC was recorded in 44.8% of the respondents, d1d2mft and d1d2mfs reached the values of 2.62 ± 3.88 and 4.46 ± 8.42. The incidence and level of S-ECC increased with age. The greatest increase was seen in the subgroup > 18 to 24 months. The main components of d1d2mft were the teeth with caries (d). Abscesses and fistulas were diagnosed in 15 (3%) patients. The treatment indexes increased from 0 in the youngest to 0.08 in the oldest age group. Conclusions. Caries of primary teeth in the early childhood period is characterized by a rapid transformation of non-cavitated lesions into cavitated ones and subsequent eruption of teeth. With medical negligence, complications result in tooth loss. The greatest increase in the frequency and level of caries is observed in the second half of the second year of life, therefore, early home and professional prevention is essential.

Introduction. Pit and fissure sealing is highly efficient in caries prevention. New types of composite materials – self-adhesive and bulk fill materials – are interesting alternatives to standard resin-based sealants. Their specific features may contribute to the clinical success of the sealing procedure. The requirement for a successful procedure is an adequate seal of the material to prevent bacterial microleakage. Aim. The aim of this study is the laboratory evaluation of the degree of filling of fissures by the tested materials and the occurrence of gaps between the materials and enamel. Material and methods. Fissures of 15 permanent third molars were sealed with the following materials: Helioseal F (Ivoclar Vivadent), Vertise Flow (Kerr) and SDR (Dentsply Sirona) with XP Bond (Dentsply Sirona). The specimens were embedded in epoxy resin and cut. Images were taken using a scanning electron microscope. An evaluation of the degree of fissure filling and material adaptation was performed in a graphic software. Statistical analysis was performed. Results. A total of 22 samples were evaluated: 7 Helioseal F, 7 Vertise Flow and 8 SDR. SDR had the highest percentage of fissure filling depth (0.808), followed by Vertise Flow (0.614) and Helioseal F (0.602). The highest percentage of fissure fill area was characterized by SDR at 0.938, followed by Helioseal F at 0.872 and Vertise Flow at 0.799. No statistically significant differences were observed between the results. The percentage of inadequate material adaptation was 0 for SDR, 0.069 for Vertise Flow and 0.149 for Helioseal F. There was a statistically significant difference between Helioseal F and SDR material. Conclusions. The degree of fissure filling by all tested materials is comparable, while the degree of adaptation of the materials to the enamel surface is statistically different when comparing SDR to Helioseal F, in favor of SDR.

Introduction. Oral lesions in newborns and infants represent a wide range of diseases often creating apprehension and anxiety among parents. Aim. We aimed to assess the type, prevalence and associated factors of oral lesions in newborns and infants. Material and methods. Participants were recruited during a two-year cross-sectional study among children who had their first teething assessed. The mothers answered medical history questions and the children underwent a clinical examination by paediatric dentists after training, calibration, and pilot study. Results. Two hundred and forty-eight children aged up to 12 months took part in the study. The mean number of teeth (SD) was 1.96 (2.55). 1.25% of children had natal teeth. Dental caries was observed in 3.2% children; traumatic dental injuries caused by falling in 7%; enamel hypoplasia in 1.9%, and mucosal lesions in 19.8% (Bohn’s nodules, mucocele, candidiasis). Conclusions. Oral lesions in infants may involve teething, teeth and oral mucosa. One child out of five children has mucosal lesions, most often Bohn’s nodules or candidiasis. There is a significant correlation between the prevalence of natal/neonatal teeth and of Bohn’s nodules.

The prevention of dental caries in preschool children is a priority for dental services. The aim of the study was to investigate the caries-preventive effect of 2 fluoride varnishes in caries-active preschool children, and then compare the outcome with a non-varnish control group. After screening, 180 preschool children aged 36–71 months, with at least 1 noncavitated lesion, were enrolled and randomly allocated into 3 parallel groups, namely A: 1.5% ammonium fluoride varnish (Fluor Protector S), B: 5% NaF varnish (Duraphat), and C: professional tooth-cleaning. All children were recalled every third month for intervention and their parents were instructed to have them brush their teeth with a 1,000-ppm fluoride toothpaste twice daily. Caries were recorded at baseline and after 12 months by a calibrated examiner and the incidence was scored on noncavitated (d2) and cavitated (d3) level. We tested differences between the groups with the χ2 and two-sided t tests. One hundred and seventy-two children (95.6%) completed the trial and 56 (32.6%) and 35 (19.2%) developed new d2 and d3 lesions, respectively. Both varnishes reduced the incidence of caries compared with the control group, but there was no significant difference between group A and group B. Compared with group C, the relative risk for developing cavitated lesions was 0.39 (95% CI 0.22–0.62) in group A and 0.26 (95% CI 0.14–0.50) in group B. The total prevented fraction (Δd2d3mft) for group A and group B was 19.9 and 22.5% (p < 0.05), respectively. No adverse effects were observed or reported during the study period. In conclusion, the 2 fluoride varnishes demonstrated an equal capacity to reduce the incidence of caries in caries-active preschool children over a 12-month period in comparison with a control group.

Objectives: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multisystem genetic disorder characterized by the development of benign tumors. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of oral lesions in patients with TSC and healthy individuals. Study design: The study included 120 patients aged 1.1 to 42.7 years: 60 patients with TSC and 60 controls. Clinical assessment of oral hygiene (Plaque Index–PLI), gingiva (Gingival Index–GI, Gingival Overgrowth Index–GOI), oral mucosa and dentition (caries, tooth wear, enamel defects) was performed. Statistical analysis was performed. Results: 40 patients with TSC received anticonvulsants. Neglected hygiene (PLI: 1.50±0.96 vs 0.92±0.72), gingival hyperplasia (50.0% vs.1.7%), gingivitis (80.7% vs. 53.4%), oral mucosal fibromas (10.0% vs. 0.0%), mucous membrane traumatic lesions (11.7% vs. 1.7%), enamel pits and hypoplasia of incisal borders (41.7% vs. 6.7%), tooth wear (35.0% vs. 11.7%) were more common in patients with TSC compared to controls; increased gingival hyperplasia was correlated with vigabatrin and levetiracetam treatment (r = 0.266 and 0.279, respectively), gingivitis was correlated with PLI (r= 0.635). Conclusions: Although gingival fibromas in TSC are independent of patient’s age, young age, anticonvulsant therapy and local factors increase their severity. Enamel defects in TSC include pits, but also enamel loss on the incisal edges and tooth wear.

To determine the effects of sociodemographic and pregnancy-related factors on oral health attitudes during pregnancy, as well as the main predictors of proper oral practices.An electronic survey consisting of 47 (single or multiple-choice) questions was conducted in women up to 3 years after childbirth in 2017. Sociodemographic data, as well as information on the course of pregnancy and delivery, oral knowledge and basic behaviours during pregnancy were collected. The Chi-square test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis. Odds ratios were determined. A statistical significance level of 0.05 was used.A total of 2480 questionnaires completed by women aged between 13 and 45 years who were up to 3 years after delivery, were analysed. Correct answers to all questions regarding basic oral health and oral practices were obtained by 20.8% and 19.6% of respondents, respectively. Proper health behaviours were more strongly correlated with the level of knowledge (r = 0.155; odds ratio (OR) = 2.44; CI:1.93-3.07; p0.001) and the use of dental care before pregnancy (r = 0.187; OR = 2.88; CI:2.29-3.63; p0.001) rather than age (r = 0.144), good or very good financial status (r = 0.110), high level of education (r = 0.081), urban residence (r = 0.058) or occupational activity (r = 0.049). Attending dental visits depended on the conviction about their safety (r = 0.195; OR = 2.47; CI: 2.09-2.93; p0.001) as well as gynaecologist's referral in the case of general conditions in pregnancy (r = 0.052) and the risk of premature birth (r = 0.053). No effects of other parameters associated with pregnancy or delivery were confirmed.Health attitudes during pregnancy are modified by sociodemographic factors. The main predictors of proper health behaviours include high level of knowledge on oral health and the use of dental care before conception. Furthermore, dental attendance among pregnant women depends on the awareness of the safety of dental visits and a gynaecologist referral in case of general condition and risk of premature birth.

Objective The study aimed to assess the association between parental-reported vitamin D supplementation and caries in a national sample of 3-year-olds in Poland. Materials and methods A total of 1900 children, representing all provinces of Poland, were invited. The questionnaires concerned vitamin D supplementation, socio-demographics, and oral health behaviours. Based on dental examination, caries scores (dmft/dmfs), prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) and severe ECC (S-ECC) were calculated. The Spearman’s correlation, linear regression and logistic regression were used to assess the association between various factors and caries (p < 0.05). Results A total of 1638 children were tested. Of this number, 99.1% infants were supplemented with vitamin D. Supplementation had been continued seasonally in 55.2% children. ECC/S-ECC prevalence were significantly lower in children receiving vitamin D (ECC 38.3% vs. 44.7%, OR = 0.77; S-ECC 20.5% vs. 27.1%, OR = 0.69; p < 0.05). Mean dmft/dmfs were lower in those with supplementation (1.54 ± 2.72 vs. 2.24 ± 3.55; 2.40 ± 5.56 vs. 3.72 ± 7.56, respectively; p < 0.001). After controlling for confounding factors, supplementation was not significantly associated with caries; only dt/ds were still associated. Maternal education, sweetened beverages before bedtime, bottle use were significantly associated with S-ECC. Conclusions Lower caries prevalence was observed in those with vitamin D supplementation. The association between parental-reported vitamin D and ECC/S-ECC was not significant in Polish children. Decayed teeth and supplementation were still associated. Dietary habits can modify the association with caries. Clinical relevance There may be an association between vitamin D supplementation and lower caries in children. Parents should supplement their children during periods of significant growth and development.

Introduction. Asthma is the most common chronic condition of childhood. Patients with bronchial asthma are a high-risk group requiring constant and intensive dental prophylaxis and treatment as well as regular dental check-ups. They also require certain modifications of the management in order to minimize the risk of a disease exacerbation during dental treatment. Aim. The purpose of the article is to discuss dental therapeutic management in asthma patients in light of the latest research. Material and methods. Three databases PUBmed/Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane Library were searched through in terms of contemporary methods of dental treatment of an asthmatic patient. Results. In order to provide the best dental care and to avoid exacerbations during dental procedures to a patient with asthma, a dentist should cooperate with the patient’s attending physician. The elimination of pre-procedural stress using inhaled or oral sedation and knowledge of allergenic agents within dental anaesthetic substances and materials are crucial for successful treatment of the patient. Additionally, a professional fluoride prophylactic is recommended as a standard of care in patients at a high risk of caries. Conclusions. In light of recent research, intensive treatment and dental prevention is necessary in asthma patients as it may reduce symptoms and lead to the stabilization of the disease.

Introduction. Early childhood caries affects 41.1% of Polish 3-year-olds. If left untreated, it can affect overall health, cause local infections, and reduce quality of life. Objective. To evaluate the first dental visits of children in the first three years of life in the Warsaw agglomeration. Material and methods. A questionnaire survey of parents/legal guardians of children aged 12 to 36 months, living in the Warsaw agglomeration was conducted. The questionnaire included questions about socioeconomic factors (level of education and age of both parents, number of children in the family, economic level of the family) and the child's first dental visit (age and reason for visiting). Statistical analysis was performed on data obtained from correctly completed questionnaires (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient to assess the relationships between selected variables and using the chi-square test to compare the percentages, p

Background Bacterial reinfection of dental cavities remains an unsolved clinical problem. The search for methods enabling the limitation of the bacterial factor has become the fundamental goal of the dental materials research. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used as disinfection agents. An incomplete polymerization of the polymer resins combined with AgNPs, along with the increase of the release of the unbound monomers, have been found. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the vitality of the human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in response to a disinfection agent containing silver and gold nanoparticles (NPs), different bonding systems, glass-ionomer cement (GIC), and their combinations with the disinfection agent. Also, the influence of these materials both on the secretory function of DPSCs and on their antibacterial properties was established. Material and methods Cytotoxicity (MTT assay) and genotoxicity (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - ELISA) assays were used in the study. Antibacterial features were assessed with the optical density (OD) measurement of the bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius and Lactobacillus acidophilus) kept in dental materials. Results The disinfection liquid proved to be biocompatible. However, it relevantly interfered with the total-etch bonding system in terms of vitality, which may have serious clinical implications. Its combination with the self-etching system was biocompatible, yet it impaired the antibacterial action of the system. An enhancement of antibacterial action of GIC with AgNPs was found. Conclusions The disinfection liquid and GIC were biocompatible toward the DPSCs in terms of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Simultaneous usage of AgNPs with other dental materials did not affect the biocompatibility of the used materials. The disinfection liquid and GIC acted as antibacterial agents against all studied bacteria species. Used together with GIC and the total-etch bonding system, the disinfection liquid seemed to be efficient toward bacteria, yet it relevantly impaired the antibacterial action of self-etching systems.

Background Masticatory system and speech sound disorders concur, have the same causes and similar consequences - both increase the risk of dental and periodontal diseases. Objectives The study was conducted to establish the correlation between functional disorders of the masticatory system and speech sound disorders. Material and methods Three hundred patients aged 7-10 years were examined to detect functional disorders of the masticatory system and speech sound disorders. Functional disorders were assessed in patients with and without speech sound disorders. Results According to the study results, functional disorders of the masticatory system concur more often with speech sound disorders than with correct articulation and lead to speech sound disorders. There is a strong correlation between: - any dysfunction and errors in the /p/, /b/, /m/, /s/, /z/, /t s/, /d z/, /ɕ/, /ʑ/, /t ɕ/, and /d ʑ/ sounds, - mouth breathing and errors in the /p/, /b/, /m/, /s/, /z/, /t s/, /d z/, /ɕ/, /ʑ/, /t ɕ/, and /d ʑ/ sounds, - persistent tongue thrust and errors in the /s/, /z/, /t s/, /d z/, /ʂ/, /ʐ/, /t ʂ/, /d ʐ/, /ɕ/, /ʑ/, /t ɕ/, and /d ʑ/ sounds, and - parafunctional sucking and errors in the /s/, /z/, /t s/, /d z/, /ʂ/, /ʐ/, /t ʂ/, /d ʐ/, /ɕ/, /ʑ/, /t ɕ/, and /d ʑ/ sounds. Conclusions To implement effective and early prevention and treatment, it is crucial to know the correlation between the masticatory system and speech sound disorders, as it reduces treatment duration and minimizes relapses of not only communication disorders, but also of concurrent masticatory system disorders.

Anatomical defects and functional disorders of the masticatory system are often accompanied by speech sound disorders. Speech therapy prophylaxis, as well as prevention of disorders of all parts of the masticatory system, is focused on monitoring of the proper development of anatomy and functions typical of a given developmental period. An early therapeutic intervention is associated with better results. Aim. This study aimed to create a simple tool for dentists to assess the risk of articulation disorders using several preselected physical and functional characteristics. Materials and methods. Three hundred children aged 7-10 years had a dental and speech examination performed. Using the CHAID algorithm upon assessing the disorders of the masticatory system and coexisting speech sound disorders, it was possible to create a decision tree to determine the probability of two disorders occurring at the same time. Results. It was observed that there were many correlations between individual anatomical or functional disorders and presence of speech sound disorders. The strength of those correlations was measured. Mesioclusions, distoclusions, open bites, short lingual frenulum, persistent infantile swallow pattern, mouth breathing, and premature loss of deciduous teeth were all determined to increase the risk of speech sound disorders in children. Conclusions. This algorithm is a simple diagnostic tool for dentists. It enables early detection of a high risk of speech sound disorders. Children with particular malocclusions should undergo speech therapy prophylaxis and be referred to consultations with a speech therapist. Early detection of such abnormalities will allow to avoid not only the intensification and consolidation of speech defects, but also certain pathologies of the oral cavity. (Grudziąż-Sękowska J, Olczak-Kowalczyk D, Zadurska M. Algorithm for early detection of a high risk of speech sound disorders in children. Orthod Forum 2018; 14: 119-29).

Aim This study assessed correlations between systemic disturbances of paediatric chronic liver diseases (CLD) and oral symptoms in subjects aged 2-18 years. Methods It was carried out during outpatient appointments at the Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland, from 2010 to 2015 and comprised 52 CLD patients with a mean age of 12.3 ± 4.6. We also recruited 54 generally healthy controls with a mean age of 12.0 ± 3.7 from the Department of Paediatric Dentistry at the Medical University of Warsaw. The study used various measures, including the Child-Pugh score, which assesses CLD prognosis. We also assessed the causes of liver disease and the medication taken by the patients with CLD. Results A total of 24 patients received a Child-Pugh score of seven or more points, while 28 patients were awarded five or six points. More severe cases of gingivitis and a greater prevalence of oral lesions were evident in patients suffering from liver disease. Oral candidiasis, telangiectasia, bald tongue, cracked strawberry lip, yellowish-brown gum discoloration, petechiae and gingival bleeding all correlated with the severity of liver dysfunction, coagulopathy, protein, bilirubin and creatinine levels and portal hypertension. Conclusion This study found that oral lesions and gingival bleeding may indicate the progression of liver failure.