Search

Irsyam ASD, Hariri MR, Peniwidiyanti, Irwanto RR. 2021. Short Communication: Note on the genus Dorstenia Plum. ex L. (Moraceae) in Java (Indonesia) and noteworthy information on the identity of D. bahiensis through ITS sequence. Biodiversitas 22: 3358-3363. Dorstenia Plum. ex L. grouped within tribe Dorstenieae in the Moraceae. The genus comprises 105 species that are distributed in the African, Asian, and Neotropical regions. Previous studies showed that Java Island has only one species of Dorstenia, namely D. contrajerva L. This exotic species was introduced a long time ago and naturalized in Java. The field survey was carried out in Banten, Jakarta, West Java, and East Java. Herbarium study was also carried out in Herbarium Bogoriense and Herbarium Bandungense. There are two additional species from Java, D. bahiensis Klotzsch ex Fisch. and C.A. Mey. and D. foetida (Forssk.) Schweinf. Dorstenia bahiensis originated from Eastern Brazil and was found naturalized in Mekarwangi Village, Lembang, Bandung Barat regency, Indonesia. Dorstenia foetida is native to Africa and is only found as a popular cultivated plant. A molecular approach was carried out to provide the right identity of D. bahiensis because it has been mistakenly labeled as D. elata by a Javanese horticulturist. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence separated and distinguished both D. bahiensis and D. elata into different clades, which makes the popular name for D. elata actually D. bahiensis. Based on this study, there are three species of exotic Dorstenia in Java. The descriptions, photographs, and further discussions are provided.

Angiosperms are the most diversified clade of extant plants and are exceptionally species-rich in tropical regions. In this thesis, I investigated breeding system evolution and biogeographic history in the family Moraceae, which I used as a model clade to understand the origin and evolution of diversity of angiosperms. In Chapter I, I reconstructed and calibrated a new dated phylogenetic tree for Moraceae as a whole. I then used this tree to reconstruct ancestral states of breeding systems in Moraceae and Ficus. The crown group ages of Moraceae and Ficus were estimated in the Cretaceous and in the Eocene, respectively. Dioecy was inferred as the ancestral breeding systems of Moraceae, with several subsequent transitions to monoecy, including in Ficus. This result suggests that dioecy is not necessarily an evolutionary dead end. In Chapter II, I reconstructed a dated phylogenetic tree for tribe Dorstenieae, mainly distributed in tropical regions, with a new data set of nuclear genomic data generated with a Hyb-Seq approach. Biogeographic history was then reconstructed using dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis models. The crown group ages of Dorstenieae and Dorstenia were estimated in the Cretaceous and in the Cretaceous/Paleocene period, respectively. Two long-distance dispersal events from continental Africa to South America occurred in the Cenozoic (Dorstenia and Brosimum s.l.). In Chapter III, I tested the climatic niche difference (temperature and precipitation) between the two breeding systems (monoecy and gynodioecy) in Ficus using a new dataset of cleaned spatial occurrence records and breeding systems for 183 species. I used two comparative approaches: generalized estimating equations (GEE) and generalized linear models (GLM). A positive relationship between precipitation and gynodioecy was supported by GLM, but not GEE analyses, and no relationship between temperature and breeding systems was supported by either method. Higher dispersal ability and the potential for self-fertilization may explain why monoecious species of Ficus have been able to colonize and survive in drier environments. This thesis highlights the potential of phylogenetic comparative methods and phylogenomic data to address questions of breeding system evolution and biogeography in Moraceae, and opens up several important new perspectives worth investigating in other plant clades, such as a relationship between breeding system and climatic niche.; Les Angiospermes sont le clade le plus diversifié des plantes actuelles et sont exceptionnellement riches en espèces dans les régions tropicales. Dans cette thèse, j’ai étudié l’évolution des systèmes sexuels et l’histoire biogéographique de la famille des Moraceae, clade modèle utilisé pour comprendre l’origine et l’évolution de la diversité chez les Angiospermes. Dans le Chapitre I, j’ai reconstruit et calibré un nouvel arbre phylogénétique daté pour les Moraceae. J’ai ensuite utilisé cet arbre pour reconstruire les états ancestraux des systèmes sexuels chez les Moraceae et Ficus. Les âges des groupes-couronne des Moraceae et du genre Ficus sont estimés au Crétacé et à l’Eocène, respectivement. La dioécie est inférée comme l’état ancestral des systèmes sexuels chez les Moraceae, avec plusieurs transitions ultérieures vers la monoécie, y compris chez Ficus. Ce résultat suggère que la dioécie ne représente pas nécessairement un cul-de-sac évolutif. Dans le Chapitre II, j’ai reconstruit un arbre phylogénétique daté pour la tribu des Dorstenieae, distribuée principalement dans les régions tropicales, à partir d’un nouveau jeu de données génomiques nucléaires produit avec une approche Hyb-Seq. L’histoire biogéographique du groupe a ensuite été reconstruite en utilisant les modèles de dispersion-extinction-cladogenèse. Les âges des groupes-couronne des Dorstenieae et du genre Dorstenia sont estimés au Crétacé et dans la période du Crétacé au Paléocène, respectivement. Deux évènements de dispersion à longue distance depuis l’Afrique continentale vers l’Amérique du Sud ont eu lieu au Cénozoïque (Dorstenia et Brosimum s.l.). Dans le Chapitre III, j’ai testé les différences de niche climatique (température et précipitation) entre les deux systèmes sexuels (monoécie et gynodioécie) chez Ficus avec un nouveau jeu de données fiables d’occurrences spatiales et de systèmes sexuels chez 183 espèces. À cette fin, j’ai utilisé deux approches comparatives : équations d’estimation généralisées (GEE) et modèles linéaires généralisés (GLM). Une relation positive entre précipitation et gynodioécie est soutenue par les analyses GLM, et aucune méthode ne soutient une relation entre température et système sexuel. Une meilleure capacité à se disperser et le potentiel d’autopollinisation sont deux explications possibles pour la colonisation et la survie des espèces monoïques dans des environnements plus secs. Cette thèse démontre le potentiel des méthodes phylogénétiques comparatives et des données phylogénomiques pour répondre aux questions d’évolution des systèmes sexuels et de biogéographie chez les Moraceae et ouvre plusieurs nouvelles perspectives importantes méritant d’être approfondies chez d’autres clades de plantes, telles que la relation entre système sexuel et niche climatique.

RESUMO Dorstenia está representada por 11 espécies no Estado de São Paulo, destas D. brevipetiolata C.C. Berg é registrada pela primeira vez para o Estado. São apresentadas descrições, chave de identificação, ilustrações, distribuição geográfica e comentários taxonômicos sobre as espécies. ABSTRACT Dorstenia is represented by11 species in the State of SãoPaulo; of these, D. brevipetiolata C.C. Berg is registered to the state for the first time. Descriptions, identification key, illustrations, geographic distribution, and taxonomic comments are provided to each species.

AimThe Neotropics have the highest terrestrial biodiversity on earth. Investigating the relationships between the floras of the Neotropics and other tropical areas is critical to understanding the origin and evolution of this mega-diverse region. Tribe Dorstenieae (Moraceae) has a pantropical distribution and almost equal number of species on both sides of the Atlantic. In this study, we investigate the relationship between the African and Neotropical floras using Dorstenieae (15 genera, 156 species, Moraceae) as a model clade.Locationthe Neotropics and Africa.MethodsWe used a targeted enrichment strategy with herbarium samples and a nuclear bait set to assemble a data set of 102 genes sampled from 83 (53%) species and fifteen genera (100%) of Dorstenieae, and five outgroup species. Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed with maximum likelihood and coalescent approaches. This phylogeny was dated with a Bayesian relaxed clock model and four fossil calibrations. The biogeographic history of the group was then reconstructed with several dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis models (incl. DEC and DEC+J).ResultsThe crown-group ages of Dorstenieae andDorsteniawere estimated in the Cretaceous (65.8-79.8 Ma) and the Paleocene (50.8-67.3 Ma), respectively. Tribe Dorstenieae as a whole appears to have originated in the joint area of continental Africa, Madagascar and Asia-Oceania area. The Neotropical species ofDorsteniadiversified in the Eocene (29.8-44.7 Ma) and formed a clade nested within the African lineages in the genus.Brosimums.l., with a crown-group age at the period of the Oligocene and Miocene (14.9-31.1 Ma), represents another Neotropical clade in Dorstenieae.Main conclusionsTribe Dorstenieae originated in the joint area of continental Africa, Madagascar and Asia-Oceania area in the Cretaceous and then dispersed into Neotropics twice. Neotropical diversification after long-distance dispersal across the Atlantic is the most plausible explanation for the extant distribution pattern of Dorstenieae.

The Moraceae family is a family of great importance amongst angiosperms. It consists of 37 genera and 1500 species, which are extensively distributed, and 23 genera and approximately 350 species alone have been described in Brazilian biomes. Intra-familiar classification, which is based on morphological and anatomical characteristics and on phylogenetic data, organizes the genera from the Moraceae family within the Artocarpeae, Castilleae, Dorstenieae, Ficeae and Moreae tribes. The purpose of the present study is to collaborate towards the understanding of the relationships between the genera and the tribes of this taxon by exploring chemosystematic data available for the Moraceae family, using grouping and factor analyses (CA and FA, respectively) as chemometric methods. The chemosystematic analysis was performed through a bibliographic survey of the number of occurrence of secondary metabolites isolated from the Moraceae family. Six hundred and seventy-eight papers were identified with the aid of ScIFinder, ranging from 1907 to 2014, enumerating 3728 special metabolites from this family, widely distributed within the Artocarpeae (1242), Castilleae (350), Dorstenieae (486), Ficeae (557) and Moreae (1071) tribes. According to the literature, the metabolite biogenesis in this family derives, mainly, from mixed pathways (1827), followed by the acetate (1280) and shikimate pathways (404). However, each tribe of the family shows a specific trend. For example, while the Artocarpeae and Moreae tribes prefer substances from the mixed route, the most predominant ones in the Castileae and Ficeae tribes are from the acetate pathway. The Dorstenieae tribe, on the other hand, presents a reasonable productive equity in this regard. Furthermore, the factor analysis made it possible to relate genera subordinated in the same tribe, due to their peculiarities regarding special metabolite biosynthesis and evolutionary advancement parameters of protection, oxidation and specialization. Finally, these data confirmed the advanced status of the Moraceae family in angiosperms.

Background Despite being a relatively small genus, the taxonomy of the paper mulberry genus Broussonetia remains problematic. Much of the controversy is related to the identity and taxonomic status of Broussonetia kaempferi var. australis, a name treated as a synonym in the floras of Taiwan and yet accepted in the floras of China. At the generic level, the monophyly of Corner (Gard Bull Singap 19:187–252, 1962)’s concept of Broussonetia has not been tested. In recent studies of Broussonetia of Japan, lectotypes of the genus were designated and three species (B. kaempferi, Broussonetia monoica, and Broussonetia papyrifera) and a hybrid (B. ×kazinoki) were recognized. Based on the revision and molecular phylogenetic analyses, this article aims to clarify these issues. Results Herbarium studies, field work, and molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that all Taiwanese materials identifiable to B. kaempferi var. australis are conspecific with B. monoica of Japan and China. Molecular phylogenetic analyses showed that Broussonetia sensu Corner (Gard Bull Singap 19:187–252, 1962) contains two clades corresponding to sect. Broussonetia and sect. Allaeanthus, with Malaisia scandens sister to sect. Broussonetia. Conclusions Based on our analyses, B. kaempferi var. australis is treated as a synonym of B. monoica and that B. kaempferi is not distributed in Taiwan. To correct the non-monophyly of Broussonetia sensu Corner (Gard Bull Singap 19:187–252, 1962), Broussonetia is recircumscribed to contain only sect. Broussonetia and the generic status of Allaeanthus is reinstated. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40529-017-0165-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A Serra da Mantiqueira é uma formação montanhosa que ocupa importante área do Sudeste brasileiro. Entre as famílias ricas em espécies na composição da flora da Mantiqueira está Moraceae, sendo que Dorstenia se destaca como o segundo gênero mais representativo em número de espécies, depois de Ficus. Neste trabalho são apresentadas descrições, observações sobre fenologia e distribuição geográfica, comentários e ilustrações das espécies nativas de Dorstenia (Moraceae). Após o levantamento bibliográfico e análise do material coletado e de herbário foi possível reconhecer 14 espécies nativas, sendo, duas novas espécies que foram descritas durante a realização deste estudo. Mantiqueira Ridge is a chain of mountains that represents an important area of Brazilian southeastern. Moraceae is among the richest families on species's diversity of Mantiqueira's flora, being that Dorstenia stands out as the second genus more representative in number of species, after of Ficus. This paper presents descriptions, observations on phenology and geographic distribution, comments and illustrations of native species of Dorstenia (Moraceae). After reviewing the bibliography and analyzing the collected material and botanical collections, 14 native species were found within Mantiqueira Ridge, among them, two new species described during this study.

The genus Maria Vianna was proposed by Vianna et al . (2013: 290) for a small group of the tribe Dorstenieae (Moraceae), components of the undergrowth in the rainforests of tropical Africa. However, as the authors chose a later homonym, Maria M.D.M.Vianna is an illegitimate name (Art. 53.1 of the ICN, McNeill et al. 2012). This was discovered after checking the nomenclature of fossil plants, which was suggested by Jefferson Prado. It was confirmed that the name Maria I.A.Dobruskina (1980: 92) is a valid name of a fossil gymnosperm (Peltaspermaceae). In accordance with the Code, the new generic name Hijmania M.D.M.Vianna is proposed as a replacement name. New combinations for the four species assigned by Vianna et al . (2013) to Maria M.D.M.Vianna are here proposed under Hijmania . The new generic name maintains the honorific to Maria Hijman, for her great contribution to the knowledge in Moraceae.

Pollen grains of the tribe Dorstenieae, as defined by Berg (1973), comprising the large genus Dorstenia with about 105 species and 7 smaller genera with about 20 species, have been examined. Thirteen pollen types were recognized and classified in four groups. Seven pollen types, all belonging to the genus Dorstenia , show the characteristic presence of aspides. The first group, with only one pollen type, the Brosinum alicastrum type, contains pollen of the three American genera of the Dorstenieae formerly separated in the tribe Brosimeae. Its pollen resembles those occuring in other tribes of the Moraceae. Group 2, comprising the small African genera Bosqueiopsis, Trilepsium and Utsetela , shows more or less primitive pollen classified into three different pollen types. Group 3, comprising two pollen types containing Dorstenia taxa, differs in the absence of aspides, but is distinctly related in other characters to the pollen types of group 4. A key to the pollen types is included. The pollen types have been arranged in a scheme to show their relationships, based on eighteen evolutionary trends.