Search

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "Aurora kinase targeting in lung cancer reduces KRAS-induced transformation" published in the journal Molecular Cancer. The authors have identified an error in Figure 1f of the original article. The correction provides the correct and incorrect figures, along with a detailed description of the experiments and results. The correction was authored by Edmilson Ozorio dos Santos, Tatiana Correa Carneiro-Lobo, Mateus Nobrega Aoki, Elena Levantini, and Daniela Sanchez Bassères. [Extracted from the article]

Sexual violence is a pervasive global issue that affects individuals of all genders. However, the experiences of male survivors have often been marginalized and inadequately represented. Male rape, which encompasses several forms of sexual violence against men, remains a sensitive and under-discussed topic in academic literature and public discourse. This study presents a descriptive cross-sectional analysis based on data collected from the Legal Medicine Institute (IML-São Paulo, Brazil) between 2014 and 2017. The analysis includes 7386 reports of sexological examinations performed on male victims of alleged rape. The analysis reveals that a significant majority of rape reports involved victims under the age of 12 or 14, which is considered vulnerable rape by the Brazilian legislation. Regarding the examination of reported cases of abuse against men, it was observed that only the minority of these cases exhibited visible injuries consistent with rape or tested positive for the presence of spermatozoa in the perianal region. Since the absence of visible injuries or spermatozoa does not negate the possibility of rape, this work highlights the challenges in obtaining conclusive evidence, necessitating a comprehensive approach to investigate and prosecute these crimes, creating a more inclusive and supportive environment for all survivors of rape, irrespective of their gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difficulties of implementing Law No. 12990/2014 in federal universities have been calling the attention of the scientific community. In this regard, the present study sought to understand how its implementation took place at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The information was collected directly from the institution's tender website. As a result, it was possible to identify that the combination of institutional racism and the ideology of merit prevented the proper application of the norm. On the other hand, the non-observance of the existing legal provisions that guarantee the maximum effectiveness of the norm can also be seen. The grammar of institutional racism follows precise tracks and the hiring of only one black faculty member demonstrates its vector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to analyze the participation of the government of Piauí in the bottom-up funding of sport and leisure public policies from 2013 to 2017, embracing four aspects: (1) comparison of expenditure with tax revenue; (2) comparison of expenditure with other social agendas, notably Social Assistance and Culture; (3) identifying the spending behavior regarding subfunctions; (4) analyzing the efficiency in resource liquidation comparatively. Quantitative data were collected from the National Treasure website and submitted to descriptive statistics. In a conclusive manner, the study indicated that: (a) state government expenditure with the SLF is far shorter than the estimated by the II National Sport Conference; (b) expenditure has not followed the positive revenue variation during the period; (c) when compared to Social Assistance and Culture, Sport and Leisure has been the less considered area on the government’s agenda; (d) there has been an abrupt chance in the government’s agenda towards performance sport; (e) the government acts in an efficient way regarding the liquidation of planned resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, important studies on the participation of municipalities in the expenses with the Sport and Leisure Function (SLF) have been published in Brazil, but little is known regarding variables affecting its results. For that matter, the present study aimed to verify the existence of a norm, in the scope of the organic law, capable of explaining the behavior of expenses with the SLF by municipalities from Piauí. The sample was composed of 44,64% (100) of municipalities in Piauí (224). The majority of the sample does not acknowledge the subject as an important one among other private competences (94%) and with full effectiveness (96%). Unlike the behavior of these two legislative classes, out of all municipalities that have not presented norms for the dealing with the subject, 1/3 has expended for 15 years. The organic law was not a good predictor of the behavior of expenses with the SLF by municipalities from Piauí. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Oncogenic KRAS mutations are found in over 90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs). As yet, however, no effective therapies are available for KRAS-induced malignancies. Therefore, research aimed at the identification of KRAS targets with therapeutic potential is warranted. Our goal was to investigate Aurora A (AURKA) and targeting protein for Xklp2 (TPX2) as potential therapeutic targets in PDAC. Methods: AURKA and TPX2 expression was assessed using RNAseq and qRT-PCR in PDAC patient samples and matched non-tumor pancreatic tissues. Publicly available PDAC datasets were used to investigate associations of AURKA and TPX2 expression levels with patient survival and the presence of KRAS mutations. Next, we used an Aurora kinase inhibitor, or KRAS, AURKA and TPX2 targeting using RNA interference in KRAS-mutant PDAC cells and, subsequently, analyzed their clonogenic and anchorage-independent growth and migration. Results: We found that relative to matched non-tumor tissues, PDAC tumors displayed significantly higher expression levels of AURKA and TPX2. In addition, we found that AURKA and TPX2 were co-expressed in PDAC datasets, and that high expression levels of AURKA and TPX2 were associated with a shorter patient survival and with the presence of oncogenic KRAS mutations. In addition, we found that siRNA-mediated KRAS targeting in KRAS-mutant PDAC cells reduced AURKA and TPX2 expression. Furthermore, targeting AURKA or TPX2 in KRAS-mutant PDAC cells reduced their clonogenic and anchorage-independent growth, as well their migration. Conclusions: From our data we conclude that AURKA and TPX2 may act as KRAS biomarkers in PDAC that can predict a worse prognosis, and that AURKA or TPX2 targeting in PDAC cells may reduce their transformed phenotype. These results indicate that AURKA and TPX2 may serve as promising targets to be explored for KRAS-mutant PDAC therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A full human development implicates the constant improvement of population's well-being. Among actions that affect this, are sports and leisure activities. In this manner, the present study established the following objectives: (a) verifying if cumulative investments since 2002 had an impact on the enhancing of Human Development Index (HDI) identified in the 2010 PNUD's report; (b) verifying if the 2010 HDI has improved per capita investments in the Sport and Leisure Function (SLF) from 2011/2012, when compared to SLF from 2002. The analysis of averages and medians allowed us to conclude cumulative investments have not helped explaining the improvement in HDI from 2010; the raising in per capita investments in 2011/2012 in the SLF cannot be justified by the improvement presented by municipalities in Piauí regarding 2010 HDI. Thus, HDI is not a variable capable of explaining investments in public sports and leisure policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares 39 cities from all over the world that shifted fuel used in urban buses that serve public transport. The study seeks to find out which configurations (combination of conditions) lead to the choice of compressed natural gas (CNG). In order to archive the objective, a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) was performed, modelling three main conditions (variables) associated with fuel shifting that produced the option for CNG (positive outcome) or other vehicle fuel (negative outcome). Results show that CNG is more attractive economically than other options, which by the methodology terms, it is considered a necessary condition. However, economic viability alone is not sufficient to cause the choice for CNG, it only happens when there is an absence of concern in being dependent on fossil fuels or the presence of an interest in promoting better public transportation services. These combinations of conditions, which are context sensitive, show the complex nature of choosing cleaner substitutes for diesel oil. The use of QCA permitted a comparison between all sample cases, reduced the complexity of the urban transportation planning, and allowed a better understanding of this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Activating mutations in KRAS are prevalent in lung cancer and have been causally linked to the oncogenic process. However, therapies targeted to oncogenic RAS have been ineffective to date and identification of KRAS targets that impinge on the oncogenic phenotype is warranted. Based on published studies showing that mitotic kinases Aurora A (AURKA) and B (AURKB) cooperate with oncogenic RAS to promote malignant transformation and that AURKA phosphorylates RAS effector pathway components, the aim of this study was to investigate whether AURKA and AURKB are KRAS targets in lung cancer and whether targeting these kinases might be therapeutically beneficial. Methods: In order to determine whether oncogenic KRAS induces Aurora kinase expression, we used qPCR and western blotting in three different lung cell-based models of gain- or loss-of-function of KRAS. In order to determine the functional role of these kinases in KRAS-induced transformation, we generated KRAS-positive A549 and H358 cells with stable and inducible shRNA-mediated knockdown of AURKA or AURKB and evaluated transformation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. In order to validate AURKA and/or AURKB as therapeutically relevant KRAS targets in lung cancer, we treated A549 and H358 cells, as well as two different lung cell based models of gain-of-function of KRAS with a dual Aurora kinase inhibitor and performed functional in vitro assays. Results: We determined that KRAS positively regulates AURKA and AURKB expression. Furthermore, in KRAS-positive H358 and A549 cell lines, inducible knockdown of AURKA or AURKB, as well as treatment with a dual AURKA/AURKB inhibitor, decreased growth, viability, proliferation, transformation, and induced apoptosis in vitro. In addition, inducible shRNA-mediated knockdown of AURKA in A549 cells decreased tumor growth in vivo. More importantly, dual pharmacological inhibiton of AURKA and AURKB reduced growth, viability, transformation, and induced apoptosis in vitro in an oncogenic KRAS-dependent manner, indicating that Aurora kinase inhibition therapy can specifically target KRAS-transformed cells. Conclusions: Our results support our hypothesis that Aurora kinases are important KRAS targets in lung cancer and suggest Aurora kinase inhibition as a novel approach for KRAS-induced lung cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a comprehensive analysis of the global gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) markets, discussing increasing demand, market volatility, supply and demand dynamics, and the implications of the Paris Agreement on natural gas demand. It emphasizes the potential impacts of decarbonization policies on the LNG market, including changes in energy composition, reduced LNG demand, increased costs, and the need for industry adaptation. The article also examines the future outlook, investment needs, and implications for global gas and LNG markets, highlighting the continued uptake of gas in heavy-duty transport and the importance of investment to avoid supply–demand gaps. Overall, the analysis provides insights into the complex dynamics and challenges facing the global gas and LNG markets in the context of energy transition and climate change mitigation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural transmission cycle of Yellow Fever (YF) involves tree hole breeding mosquitoes and a wide array of nonhuman primates (NHP), including monkeys and apes. Some Neotropical monkeys (howler monkeys, genus Alouatta) develop fatal YF virus (YFV) infections similar to those reported in humans, even with minimum exposure to the infection. Epizootics in wild primates may be indicating YFV circulation, and the surveillance of such outbreaks in wildlife is an important tool to help prevent human infection. In 2001, surveillance activities successfully identified YF-related death in a black-and-gold howler monkey ( Alouatta caraya), Rio Grande do Sul State (RGS) in southern Brazil, and the YFV was isolated from a species of forest-dwelling mosquito ( Haemagogus leucocelaenus). These findings led the State Secretariat of Health to initiate a monitoring program for YF and other 18 arboviral infections in Alouatta monkeys. The monitoring program included monkey captures, reporting of monkey casualties by municipalities, and subsequent investigations. If monkey carcasses were found in forests, samples were collected in a standardized manner and this practice resulted in increased reporting of outbreaks. In October 2008, a single howler monkey in a northwestern RGS municipality was confirmed to have died from YF. From October 2008 to June 2009, 2,013 monkey deaths were reported (830 A. caraya and 1,183 A. guariba clamitans). Viruses isolation in blood, viscera, and/or immunohistochemistry led to the detection of YF in 204 of 297 (69%) (154 A. g. clamitans and 50 A. caraya) dead Alouatta monkeys tested. The number of municipalities with confirmed YFV circulation in howlers increased from 2 to 67 and 21 confirmed human cases occurred. This surveillance system was successful in identifying the largest YF outbreak affecting wild NHP ever recorded. Am. J. Primatol. 74:68-76, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A simple alternative method to determine the degree of polymerization (DP) in transformer insulating papers, using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR), was developed to reduce the costs and the analysis time of the conventional method. Seventy-five samples of Kraft, crepe and cardboard types of paper, in different stages of degradation (DP varying between 200 and 900 units) were collected from transformers over a period of 3 years. The sample set was analyzed according to the conventional method to compare with the proposed alternative spectroscopic method. The spectra were obtained by diffuse reflectance using the spectral range between 1260 and 2500nm. Some pre-processing strategies of the spectral data were evaluated and the best results were obtained when the derivatives spectra were used (Savitzky–Golay algorithm employing a 21 point window). NIR spectroscopy combined with partial least squares regression method revealed a simple and fast technique to determine the DP of the papers. The prediction error of 83, obtained after external validation, is acceptable for evaluation of the remaining useful life of insulating paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We consider the problem of recovering equations of motion from multivariate time series of oscillators interacting on sparse networks. We reconstruct the network from an initial guess which can include expert knowledge about the system such as main motifs and hubs. When sparsity is taken into account the number of data points needed is drastically reduced when compared to the least squares technique. We show that the sparse solution is stable under basis extensions, that is, once the correct network topology is obtained, the result does not change if further motifs are considered. • Recovering network structure by least squares techniques can be unstable. • Ergodicity of the underlying dynamical system induces a set of adapted basis functions. • Sparse recovery method is stable when the set of adapted basis functions is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Howler monkey capture is an arduous and expensive task requiring trained and specialized professionals. We compared strategies and methods to most efficiently capture Alouatta guariba clamitans in remnants of the Atlantic Forest in Rio de Janeiro and its bordering states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. We tested whether or not the success of expeditions in the forest with anesthetic darts, nets, and baited traps differed with and without the support of an information network, a contact chain built with key institutions and inhabitants to continuously monitor howler monkey presence. The influence of forest conditions (vegetation type and fragment size) upon darting success was also evaluated. We captured 24 free‐living A. guariba clamitans. No howler monkey was caught with traps, probably due to the predominantly folivore feeding to high local plant diversity providing a great variety of food options. Captures based on an information network were significantly more efficient in terms of numbers of caught monkeys than without it. Captures with darts were considerably more efficient when performed in semideciduous forests and small forest fragments as opposed to ombrophilous forests or large woods. Although we walked great distances within the forest searching for howler monkeys, all but one animal were captured at the forest fringes. Hindrances to search and the darting method in the Atlantic Forest, for example, the steep terrain, high tree canopies, hunt pressure, and low A. guariba clamitans population density, were mitigated with the use of the information network in this monkey capture. Moreover, the information network enhanced the surveillance of zoonotic diseases, which howler monkeys and other nonhuman primates are reservoirs in Brazil, such as malaria and yellow fever. HIGHLIGHTS: The construction of an information network with key institution and resident contacts optimize the efforts of howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans) capture.The network can be easily maintained through mobile message exchange apps.Focusing howlers searches in small and semideciduous forest fragments are the best strategies to enhance capture efficiency when using anesthetic darts in the Atlantic Forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental changes may expose primates to new pathogens. We investigated two zoonotic protozoa, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum, to which free-living primates may be exposed in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. We evaluated risk factors associated with species, sex, age group, and biome in howler monkeys and assessed whether eight landscape metrics of forest fragments influence the monkeys' exposure to the pathogens. To do this, we tested serum from 96 howler monkeys (61 Alouatta caraya and 35 Alouatta guariba clamitans) by using an indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) for T. cruzi and an indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) for L. infantum. In the IHA for T. cruzi, 51% (49/96) were seropositive, with titers from 1:16 to 1:256. We found that A. caraya in the Pampa biome is more susceptible to exposure to T. cruzi than A. g. clamitans in the Atlantic Forest biome, but none of the landscape metrics, sex, or age were significantly related to exposure. No samples were positive for L. infantum. This may suggest that the conditions of the Pampa biome, where A. caraya occurs, are more conducive to the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi vectors, exposing the howler monkeys to infection. However, further serological tests are needed confirm our results. We hope our findings encourage future studies focused on identifying and isolating T. cruzi in primates and understanding the eco-epidemiological role that wildlife plays in transmitting and maintaining protozoa in the wild environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of genetic diversity and karyotypes can help to identify new species and taxonomic units and contribute to species conservation. Ecological niche modeling can be used to predict species distribution and to estimate the impact of climate changes on its survival. The Alouatta guariba group is one of the most threatened primates in the Americas, with two endemic Atlantic Forest subspecies: A. g. guariba and A. g. clamitans, referred to as Northern and Southern populations, respectively. Although extensively studied, the distribution and the genetic diversity of these subspecies remains unclear. We assessed species relationships and genetic diversity in the A. guariba group and evaluated the potential future distribution of populations. We sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of 14 captive and 108 free-living individuals to generate a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree and median-joining haplotype network and to estimate the nucleotide diversity between the taxa. We conducted neutrality tests to test for population expansion. We also linked ten new karyotypes, obtained from cell cultures from blood samples of captive individuals, with the positions of the clades in the gene tree. Finally, we used ecological niche modeling to predict the potential distribution of the Northern and Southern populations. We found three lineages within the A. guariba group: North A and North B associated with A. g. guariba, and South C associated with A. g. clamitans. The results showed that A. guariba group is a species complex, with reduced haplotype and nucleotide diversity within each lineage, compared with other Alouatta species. The neutrality tests and median-joining analysis suggest a recent diversification and expansion of each lineage, and the geographical data, based on the localities of the individuals that we analyzed genetically, increase the geographic distribution of A. g. guariba, expanding the distribution farther south in southeastern Brazil than previously described. Our findings show the distribution of the A. guariba group and genetic diversity of recently expanding populations, contributing to the assessment of this Critically Endangered species. We also suggest that environmental losses and climate change are major factors in the drastic population decline of the A. guariba group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environments in which neotropical primates live have been undergoing an intense fragmentation process, constituting a major threat to the species' survival and causing resource scarcity, social isolation, and difficulty in dispersal, leaving populations increasingly vulnerable. Moreover, the proximity of wild environments to anthropized landscapes can change the dynamics of pathogens and the parasite‐host‐environment relationship, creating conditions that favor exposure to different pathogens. To investigate the previous exposure of free‐living primates in Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), southern Brazil, to the bacterial agents Leptospira spp. and Brucella abortus, we investigated agglutinating antibodies against 23 serovars of Leptospira spp. using the microscopic agglutination test and B. abortus acidified antigen test in primate serum samples; 101 samples from primates captured between 2002 and 2016 in different forest fragments were used: 63 Alouatta caraya, 36 Alouatta guariba clamitans, and 02 Sapajus nigritus cucullatus. In addition, the forest remnants where the primates were sampled were characterized in a multiscale approach in radii ranging from 200 to 1400 m to investigate the potential relationship of previous exposure to the agent with the elements that make up the landscape structure. The serological investigation indicated the presence of antibodies for at least one of the 23 serovars of Leptospira spp. in 36.6% (37/101) of the samples analyzed, with titers ranging from 100 to 1600. The most observed serovars were Panama (17.8%), Ballum (5.9%), Butembo (5.9%), Canicola (5.9%), Hardjo (4.9%), and Tarassovi (3.9%); no samples were seropositive for Brucella abortus. Decreased forest cover and edge density were the landscape factors that had a significant relationship with Leptospira spp. exposure, indicating that habitat fragmentation may influence contact with the pathogen. The data generated in this study demonstrate the importance of understanding how changes in landscape structure affect exposure to pathogenic microorganisms of zoonotic relevance. Hence, improving epidemiological research and understanding primates' ecological role in these settings can help improve environmental surveillance and conservation strategies for primate populations in different landscapes. Highlights: Free‐living primates in Rio Grande do Sul showed agglutinating antibodies to different Leptospira spp. serovars in the microscopic agglutination testDecreased forest cover in the landscape within a 200 m radius of the forest fragment was associated with primate exposure to Leptospira spp.Increased edge density in the landscape within a 1400 m radius of the forest fragment was associated with lower primate exposure to Leptospira spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the peak of COVID-19 restrictions on April 8, 2020, up to 1.5 billion students across 188 countries were affected by the suspension of physical attendance in schools. Schools were among the first services to reopen as vaccination campaigns advanced. With the emergence of new variants and infection waves, the question now is to find safe protocols for the continuation of school activities. We need to understand how reliable these protocols are under different levels of vaccination coverage, as many countries have a meager fraction of their population vaccinated, including Uganda where the coverage is about 8%. We investigate the impact of face-to-face classes under different protocols and quantify the surplus number of infected individuals in a city. Using the infection transmission when schools were closed as a baseline, we assess the impact of physical school attendance in classrooms with poor air circulation. We find that (i) resuming school activities with people only wearing low-quality masks leads to a near fivefold city-wide increase in the number of cases even if all staff is vaccinated, (ii) resuming activities with students wearing good-quality masks and staff wearing N95s leads to about a threefold increase, (iii) combining high-quality masks and active monitoring, activities may be carried out safely even with low vaccination coverage. These results highlight the effectiveness of good mask-wearing. Compared to ICU costs, high-quality masks are inexpensive and can help curb the spreading. Classes can be carried out safely, provided the correct set of measures are implemented. Author summary: The World Bank-UNESCO-UNICEF report [1] estimates that learning losses from the COVID-19 pandemic could cost this generation $17 trillion dollars in lifetime earnings. Despite the surging pressure to keep schools open, many countries lack guidelines for safe school activities. Using the empirical transmission level for closed schools as a baseline, we quantify the impact of distinct non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on infection rates and different values of vaccine coverage. Strikingly, we show that classes can be kept safe, provided the correct wearing of good quality masks together with to the proper combination of other NPIs. In such scenarios, the increase in infections can be kept below 20% compared to suspending classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil has the 10th largest shale gas reservoir, and the Paraná sedimentary basin has a potential area for shale gas production in the western portion of the São Paulo state. Despite that, the knowledge about the impacts of fracking on the local water resources is still limited. This study presents a novel reproducible method to compute the risk of water scarcity in areas with restricted or no shale gas development. Using geospatial numerical simulations under five scenarios from 500 to 2500 wells, we find that the fracking-related risk of water scarcity in the São Paulo state is low. For the 2013–2019 period, the long-term average seasonal water availability is between 0.05 and 1 Gm³ per water resources management unit, whereas fracking water demand would hardly overcome 6 Mm³ y−1. For instance, with 2500 wells, the fracking demand in Pontal do Paranapanema, the most prospective region for shale gas, would not overcome 3% of the yearly local water demand. The riskier areas are in Aguapeí and Baixo do Tietê water resources management units, during winter and autumn, and the most water-stressed area is São José dos Dourados. In regions and periods of low water availability, fracking operators can use adaptative strategies for shale gas production. In the context of imminent droughts, this research debates national energy security and casts doubt on the water efficiency and sustainability of the state's energy generation. At last, this research provides early insights to support shale gas and water policy, and future studies to further investigate relevant aspects to the Brazilian Water-Energy nexus. - The fracking impacts to the Water-Energy nexus are regionally explored in Brazil. - A new geospatial method to assess the fracking-related water scarcity risk is shown. - The fracking-related water scarcity risk is low in the São Paulo state, Brazil. - The water availability in the region contributes to the feasibility of shale gas. - Adaptative strategies for water stressed periods and regions are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, epizootics among New World monkey species may indicate circulation of yellow fever (YF) virus and provide early warning of risk to humans. Between 1999 and 2001, the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul initiated surveillance for epizootics of YF in non-human primates to inform vaccination of human populations. Following a YF outbreak, we analyzed epizootic surveillance data and assessed YF vaccine coverage, timeliness of implementation of vaccination in unvaccinated human populations. From October 2008 through June 2009, circulation of YF virus was confirmed in 67 municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul State; vaccination was recommended in 23 (34%) prior to the outbreak and in 16 (24%) within two weeks of first epizootic report. In 28 (42%) municipalities, vaccination began more than two weeks after first epizootic report. Eleven (52%) of 21 laboratory-confirmed human YF cases occurred in two municipalities with delayed vaccination. By 2010, municipalities with confirmed YF epizootics reported higher vaccine coverage than other municipalities that began vaccination. In unvaccinated human populations timely response to epizootic events is critical to prevent human yellow fever cases. Author Summary: Yellow fever (YF) is a viral hemorrhagic disease that affects humans as well as several species of non-human primates, especially New World monkeys found in South America. Yellow fever virus (YFV) is maintained in a natural cycle involving tree-hole breeding mosquitoes and non-human primates hosts. Because YF is often fatal in susceptible New World monkey populations, sudden die-offs of New World monkeys or epizootics can signal YFV circulation in an environment where humans may be exposed. Surveillance for such events is an important tool to prevent human disease. The state of Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil was one of the first states to conduct passive and active surveillance for yellow fever virus circulation in non-human primates. During a rapidly-spreading YF outbreak in 2008–2009, surveillance for epizootics involving non-human primates informed vaccination of human populations in areas previously free of YF. In this study, we analyzed surveillance data to evaluate vaccine coverage, timeliness of notification, investigation and confirmation of epizootic events in relation to occurrence of human cases of YF. Epizootic surveillance is useful for directing the efforts of vaccine distribution. Prevention of YF in susceptible human populations requires immediate risk communication and implementation of vaccine recommendations after the first reports of epizootic activity when YF is suspected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, epizootics among New World monkey species may indicate circulation of yellow fever (YF) virus and provide early warning of risk to humans. Between 1999 and 2001, the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul initiated surveillance for epizootics of YF in non-human primates to inform vaccination of human populations. Following a YF outbreak, we analyzed epizootic surveillance data and assessed YF vaccine coverage, timeliness of implementation of vaccination in unvaccinated human populations. From October 2008 through June 2009, circulation of YF virus was confirmed in 67 municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul State; vaccination was recommended in 23 (34%) prior to the outbreak and in 16 (24%) within two weeks of first epizootic report. In 28 (42%) municipalities, vaccination began more than two weeks after first epizootic report. Eleven (52%) of 21 laboratory-confirmed human YF cases occurred in two municipalities with delayed vaccination. By 2010, municipalities with confirmed YF epizootics reported higher vaccine coverage than other municipalities that began vaccination. In unvaccinated human populations timely response to epizootic events is critical to prevent human yellow fever cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper provides an overview analysis of fuelwood utilization in the commercial cooking sector. Cultural, market and logistic factors that may weaken the explanatory power of the energy ladder hypothesis are highlighted. Additionally, gender issues and health and environmental aspects related to fuelwood use in cities are explored. The analysis is developed as from the viewpoint of the use of different fuels for cooking in urban areas, focusing on commercial establishments. Evidences were observed in the pizza market in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, demonstrating that consumer expectations, expressed by means of classical market pressure mechanisms, can markedly influence this commercial cooking niche and consist in an important driving force for its energy choice. The city has the second largest pizza market in the world, characterized by the commercialization of 40 million units of the product per month in over 5000 commercial establishments. Interviews conducted in 270 of these establishments reveal that 88% use fuelwood ovens despite its lower practicality and wide availability of modern energy options such as electricity and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The work validates the fuel stacking model, according to which energy diversification – and not substitution –, results from economic development, urbanization and/or a population income growth. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Restraint and threat of predation are possibly the most stressful events in wild animals' lives. Management techniques should, therefore, be improved to avoid or minimize suffering in such situations. Body mass and variation in behavior influence the techniques used during containment. Automatic traps are mostly used for small primates living in the lower canopy, while remotely delivered chemical immobilization is the recommended technique for larger primates, which live in the upper canopy. For both methods, careful physical restraint after the capture of the animal is essential. The use of equipment and materials that ensure biosecurity is imperative, as is choosing the most appropriate location for the collection of biological samples. Storage and transport must also be carried out in an adequate manner so as not to impair the samples. Here, therefore, we seek to describe capture, containment, and biological sample collection techniques with the intention of minimizing risks and increase success in the capture of Neotropical primates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow fever virus (YFV) was isolated from Haemagogus leucocelaenus mosquitoes during an epizootic in 2001 in the Rio Grande do Sul State in southern Brazil. In October 2008, a yellow fever outbreak was reported there with nonhuman primate deaths and human cases. This latter outbreak led to intensification of surveillance measures for early detection of YFV and support for vaccination programs. We report entomologic surveillance in 2 municipalities that recorded nonhuman primate deaths. Mosquitoes were collected at ground level, identified, and processed for virus isolation and molecular analyses. Eight YFV strains were isolated (7 from pools of Hg. leucocelaenus mosquitoes and another from Aedes serratus mosquitoes); 6 were sequenced, and they grouped in the YFV South American genotype I. The results confirmed the role of Hg. leucocelaenus mosquitoes as the main YFV vector in southern Brazil and suggest that Ae. serratus mosquitoes may have a potential role as a secondary vector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Melanoma is a malignant cancer that affects melanocytes and is considered the most aggressive skin-type cancer. The prevalence for melanoma cancer for the last five year is about one million cases. The impact caused of this and other types of cancer, revel the importance of research into potential active compounds. The natural products are an important source of compounds with biological activity and research with natural products may enable the discovery of compounds with potential activity in tumor cells. Methods: The Sulforhodamine B was used to determine cell density after treatment with lawsone derivatives. Apoptosis and necrosis were analyzed by flow cytometer. Morphological changes were observed by fluorescence using the Phalloidin/FITC and DAPI stains. The clonogenic and wound healing assays were used to analyze reduction of colonies formation and migratory capacity of melanoma cells, respectability. Results: In pharmacological screening, seven compounds derived from lawsone were considered to have high cytotoxic activity (GI > 75%). Three compounds were selected to assess the inhibitory concentration for 50% of cells (IC50), and the compound 9, that has IC50 5.3 μM in melanoma cells, was selected for further analyses in this cell line. The clonogenic assay showed that the compound is capable of reducing the formation of melanoma colonies at 10.6 μM concentration. The compound induced apoptotic morphological changes in melanoma cells and increased by 50% the cells dying from apoptosis. Also, this compound reduced the migratory capacity of melanoma cells. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the evaluated lawsone derivatives have potential activity on tumor cells. The compound 9 is capable of inducing cell death by apoptosis in melanoma cells (B16F10). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Melanoma is a malignant cancer that affects melanocytes and is considered the most aggressive skin-type cancer. The prevalence for melanoma cancer for the last five year is about one million cases. The impact caused of this and other types of cancer, revel the importance of research into potential active compounds. The natural products are an important source of compounds with biological activity and research with natural products may enable the discovery of compounds with potential activity in tumor cells.Methods: The Sulforhodamine B was used to determine cell density after treatment with lawsone derivatives. Apoptosis and necrosis were analyzed by flow cytometer. Morphological changes were observed by fluorescence using the Phalloidin/FITC and DAPI stains. The clonogenic and wound healing assays were used to analyze reduction of colonies formation and migratory capacity of melanoma cells, respectability.Results: In pharmacological screening, seven compounds derived from lawsone were considered to have high cytotoxic activity (GI > 75%). Three compounds were selected to assess the inhibitory concentration for 50% of cells (IC50), and the compound 9, that has IC50 5.3 μM in melanoma cells, was selected for further analyses in this cell line. The clonogenic assay showed that the compound is capable of reducing the formation of melanoma colonies at 10.6 μM concentration. The compound induced apoptotic morphological changes in melanoma cells and increased by 50% the cells dying from apoptosis. Also, this compound reduced the migratory capacity of melanoma cells.Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the evaluated lawsone derivatives have potential activity on tumor cells. The compound 9 is capable of inducing cell death by apoptosis in melanoma cells (B16F10). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annona muricata L. is used in folk medicine for treatment of diseases related to inflammatory and oxidative processes. This study investigated the effect of the aqueous extract of A. muricata leaves (AEAM) on TPA-induced ear inflammation and antioxidant capacity, both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of AEAM was measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) and lipoperoxidation assays. Cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) release were evaluated in the L929 fibroblasts. Swiss mice were submitted to TPA application and were topically treated with AEAM (0.3, 1 or 3 mg/ear). After 6 h, inflammatory and oxidative parameters were evaluated. Quercetin 3-glucoside, rutin, chlorogenic acid, catechin and gallic acid were identified in AEAM. It also presented antioxidant activity in all in vitro assays used. Incubation with AEAM did not cause cell cytotoxicity but reduced ROS release from fibroblasts. Compared with the control group, treatment with AEAM significantly reduced ear oedema and mieloperoxidase activity in inflamed ears, as well as histological parameters of inflammation. These results were associated with the reduction of total hydroperoxides and modulation of catalase, but not superoxide dismutase activity. These findings show the anti-inflammatory effect of AEAM is associated with antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine which public policies and financing strategies can stimulate the mitigation of GHG emissions through CCS and to reflect on the use of this technology in Brazil. Methodology: The research approach was qualitative, exploratory and descriptive, based on documental and bibliographic analysis on the subject. Relevance: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is an emerging technology to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere and thus mitigate climate change. There is a need for government planning to meet Brazil's commitments under the Paris Agreement, in which context the use of CCS can be assessed as a strategy for the country. Results: The results have shown that the viability of CCS projects is often linked to a strong public policy to support the technology and that it will possibly be dependent on the political will of the government to implement them on a large scale. Contributions: Analysis of possible approaches to CCS funding in Brazil, also examining possible associations between this technology and some Brazilian sectors, such as oil and gas, bioenergy and cement. Conclusion: In Brazil, although currently CCS is exclusively associated with the oil and gas sector, this technology can be considered for other sectors as a form of compliance of Brazilian NDCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Technical, economic, social and environmental conditions are turning natural gas into a feasible solution for sustainable transportation systems in the State of São Paulo (Brazil). Blue Corridors are routes that aim to enable the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) for heavy vehicles as a substitute to Diesel oil. Therefore, this work proposes four scenarios for a Blue Corridor in the State of São Paulo and analyzes its environmental and economic impacts. The results are presented in cartographical figures and show that LNG costs up to 40% less than diesel, while reducing CO 2 equivalent emissions by up to 5.2%. Particulate matter (PM) emissions are reduced by 88%, nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 75% and hydrocarbon emissions are eliminated. However, despite the economic and environmental advantages presented in the results of this study, LNG still faces regulatory barriers that must be addressed in order to allow its widespread use in the transportation sector. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • We study how natural gas can replace diesel oil to fuel trucks in Brazil. • Blue Corridor routes are proposed for the State of São Paulo. • Results show that liquefied natural gas is 60% cheaper than diesel in São Paulo. • LNG also emits smaller amounts of greenhouse gases and pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • IKKβ promotes KRAS-induced proangiogenic IL-8 and VEGF expression and secretion. • IKKβ promotes KRAS-induced endothelial cell migration, invasion and tube formation. • IKKβ targeting reduces KRAS-mutant lung tumor growth and angiogenesis. • IKKβ targeting reduces pathological angiogenesis in a cancer-independent model. Abstract Objectives The ability of tumor cells to drive angiogenesis is an important cancer hallmark that positively correlates with metastatic potential and poor prognosis. Therefore, targeting angiogenesis is a rational therapeutic approach and dissecting proangiogenic pathways is important, particularly for malignancies driven by oncogenic KRAS, which are widespread and lack effective targeted therapies. Based on published studies showing that oncogenic RAS promotes angiogenesis by upregulating the proangiogenic NF-κB target genes IL-8 and VEGF, that NF-κB activation by KRAS requires the IKKβ kinase, and that targeting IKKβ reduces KRAS-induced lung tumor growth in vivo , but has limited effects on cell growth in vitro , we hypothesized that IKKβ targeting would reduce lung tumor growth by inhibiting KRAS-induced angiogenesis. Materials and methods To test this hypothesis, we targeted IKKβ in KRAS-mutant lung cancer cell lines either by siRNA-mediated transfection or by treatment with Compound A (CmpdA), a highly specific IKKβ inhibitor, and used in vitro and in vivo assays to evaluate angiogenesis. Results and conclusions Both pharmacological and siRNA-mediated IKKβ targeting in lung cells reduced expression and secretion of NF-κB-regulated proangiogenic factors IL-8 and VEGF. Moreover, conditioned media from IKKβ-targeted lung cells reduced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration, invasion and tube formation in vitro. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated IKKβ inhibition reduced xenograft tumor growth and vascularity in vivo. Finally, IKKβ inhibition also affects endothelial cell function in a cancer-independent manner, as IKKβ inhibition reduced pathological retinal angiogenesis in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Taken together, these results provide a novel mechanistic understanding of how the IKKβ pathway affects human lung tumorigenesis, indicating that IKKβ promotes KRAS-induced angiogenesis both by cancer cell-intrinsic and cancer cell-independent mechanisms, which strongly suggests IKKβ inhibition as a promising antiangiogenic approach to be explored for KRAS-induced lung cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The levels of ten elements, including essential (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn) and potentially toxic trace elements (Al, B, and Ni) in coconut water were determined by microwave induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES). The samples included natural green, mature, and industrially processed coconut water, which were all treated by acid decomposition assisted by microwave radiation. The concentrations were in the range (mg kg−1) of < 0.02–0.5 for Al, < 0.3–2.5 for B, 52.1–3853 for Ca, 0.02–0.8 for Cu, 0.1–0.508 for Fe, 13–296 for Mg, 0.03–33 for Mn, < 0.005–3.5 for Ni, 24–349 for P, and < 0.046–0.8 for Zn. Processed coconut water presented lower concentrations of essential elements than the natural drink, whereas higher Al concentrations were found in the industrially processed samples. Natural green and processed coconut water showed to be an excellent source of Mn for humans, as the ingestion of one cup of natural coconut water per day can contribute to more than 100% of the recommended daily ingestion of this element. The consumption of natural mature coconut water is not recommended, considering the high Ni levels determined in these beverages. [Display omitted] • Essential and potentially toxic trace elements were determined in coconut water. • Determinations were made by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry. • Processed coconut water presented lower levels of nutrients than the natural drink. • Green coconut water showed to be an excellent Mn source in the diet. • The consumption of natural mature coconut water is not recommended due to Ni levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide environmental policies demand each time more biofuel consumption and less emission. In this context, this work presents a 2G ethanol study as a mean to increase bioethanol production and availability. Currently, technologies use sugarcane bagasse for lignocellulosic ethanol production, which may unbalance the ethanol and sugar mill energy matrix, since bagasse and straw are the main fuel for power and steam generation. A possible solution is using biogas produced from vinasse biodigestion as a fuel instead of using biomass, enabling to shift a fraction of the sugarcane bagasse to 2G ethanol production and, at the same time, keeping power and steam production constant. This paper assesses that energy shift by analyzing ten different scenarios for power generation, comparing the amount of bagasse shifted, the increase in straw consumption, the increase in ethanol production and the reduction of environmental emissions in each scenario. The results show that, at least from the technical and environmental perspective, a combined cycle operating at a high pressure is the best alternative. It is possible to shift from 56.5% to 100% of the available bagasse using the combined cycle technology, which is also followed by an increase in straw consumption. In addition to that, the ethanol availability increase ranges from 28.5 to 50.4%. Moreover, the organic load disposal to the ground also decreases more than 90% compared to the conventional process due to the introduction of vinasse biodigestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellow fever virus (YFV) was isolated from Haemagogus leucocelaenus mosquitoes during an epizootic in 2001 in the Rio Grande do Sul State in southern Brazil. In October 2008, a yellow fever outbreak was reported there, with nonhuman primate deaths and human cases. This latter outbreak led to intensification of surveillance measures for early detection of YFV and support for vaccination programs. We report entomologic surveillance in 2 municipalities that recorded nonhuman primate deaths. Mosquitoes were collected at ground level, identified, and processed for virus isolation and molecular analyses. Eight YFV strains were isolated (7 from pools of Hg. leucocelaenus mosquitoes and another from Aedes serratus mosquitoes); 6 were sequenced, and they grouped in the YFV South American genotype I. The results confirmed the role of Hg. leucocelaenus mosquitoes as the main YFV vector in southern Brazil and suggest that Ae. serratus mosquitoes may have a potential role as a secondary vector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2021 re-emergence of yellow fever in non-human primates in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), southernmost Brazil, resulted in the death of many howler monkeys (genus Alouatta) and led the state to declare a Public Health Emergency of State Importance, despite no human cases reported. In this study, near-complete genomes of yellow fever virus (YFV) recovered from the outbreak were sequenced and examined aiming at a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships and the spatio-temporal dynamics of the virus distribution. Our results suggest that the most likely sequence of events involved the reintroduction of YFV from the state of São Paulo to RS through the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, by the end of 2020. These findings reinforce the role of genomic surveillance in determining the pathways of distribution of the virus and in providing references for the implementation of preventive measures for populations in high risk areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ethanolic and hexanic extracts of the pulp and peel of pitomba were analyzed by ESI(−)-FTMS. • The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was evaluate by six different methods. • The ethanolic extract of the pitomba peel exhibited the higher antioxidant activity and more bioactive compounds. • Pitomba ethanolic and hexanic extracts did not presented cytotoxic activity in the concentrations analyzed. • 19 bioactive compounds were identified in the pitomba peel and pulp extracts. The fruit of the Talisia esculenta tree, is largely consumed and appreciated for its bittersweet taste; however, detailed information on its constituent bioactive compounds is still scarce. Therefore, this study aims to screen the antioxidant activity by six methods and determine the chemical profile of the pitomba fruit peel and pulp by electrospray ionization–Fourier transform–mass spectrometry. This is the first study attempting to identify the bioactive compounds in the pitomba fruit peel. Consequently, 19 and 14 compounds were identified in the ethanolic and hexanic peel extracts, while 7 and 10 compounds were detected in the ethanolic and hexanic pulp extracts, respectively. The common compounds across the board were citric acid, ascorbic acid, and shikimic acid. In addition, the ethanolic peel extract exhibited a high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (54.21–81.41%). The obtained results highlight the importance the pitomba fruit as a promising source of natural compounds with high antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sales of vehicle technologies present different elasticities to fuel price. • When gasoline and ethanol compete with each other, elasticity is high. • Efficiency improvement significantly contributed to flex-fuel vehicles diffusion. • Flex-fuel cars are hedged against price fluctuations, due to inelastic values. The Brazilian Alcohol Program promotes ethanol as an alternative fuel to gasoline. Policymakers want to know the effect of relative fuel prices on demand for gasoline-fuelled and alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs). Considering vehicle engines dedicated to gasoline, ethanol or flex in the Brazilian market, we use market share models to estimate fuel price market share elasticities, both own and cross effects for each technology. In the first phase, when gasoline and ethanol are the only competing technologies, we find that variations in price profoundly impact the market share of new vehicles. The second phase shows how the efficiency of flex engines, reflected by the car cost per kilometre, significantly contributes to the widespread acceptance of this technology. The near-zero elasticities indicate that the market share of flex vehicles is hedged against price fluctuation. The study provides useful suggestions to help policymakers accelerate the socio-technological transition towards renewable and cleaner energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, Flaviviruses such as yellow fever (YFV) and Zika (ZIKV) have expanded their transmission areas. These viruses originated in Africa, where they exhibit both sylvatic and interhuman transmission cycles. In Brazil, the risk of YFV urbanization has grown, with the sylvatic transmission approaching the most densely populated metropolis, while concern about ZIKV spillback to a sylvatic cycle has risen. To investigate these health threats, we carried out extensive collections and arbovirus screening of 144 free-living, non-human primates (NHPs) and 5219 mosquitoes before, during, and after ZIKV and YFV outbreaks (2015–2018) in southeast Brazil. ZIKV infection was not detected in any NHP collected at any time. In contrast, current and previous YFV infections were detected in NHPs sampled between 2017 and 2018, but not before the onset of the YFV outbreak. Mosquito pools screened by high-throughput PCR were positive for YFV when captured in the wild and during the YFV outbreak, but were negative for 94 other arboviruses, including ZIKV, regardless of the time of collection. In conclusion, there was no evidence of YFV transmission in coastal southeast Brazil before the current outbreak, nor the spread or establishment of an independent sylvatic cycle of ZIKV or urban Aedes aegypti transmission of YFV in the region. In view of the region's receptivity and vulnerability to arbovirus transmission, surveillance of NHPs and mosquitoes should be strengthened and continuous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following publication of the original article [1], it was flagged that one of the authors (Anielle de Pina Costa) is missing an affiliation in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Zoonotic infections with epidemic potential, as non-human primate malaria and yellow fever (YF), can overlap geographically. Optimizing a small blood sample for diagnosis and surveillance is of great importance. Blood are routinely collected for YF diagnosis and blood clots usually discarded after serum obtention. Aiming to take sample advantage, the sensitivity of a PCR using extracted DNA from long-term frozen clots from human and non-human primates for detection of Plasmodium spp. in low parasitaemia conditions was assayed. Results: Malaria diagnosis with DNA extracted from blood clots generated results in agreement with samples obtained with whole blood, including mixed Plasmodium vivax/simium and Plasmodium malariae/brasilianum infections. Conclusion: Blood clots from human and non-human primates may be an important and low cost source of DNA for malaria surveillance in the Atlantic Forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]