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Mass balance equations can be used to quantify the level of fossil carbon dioxide (CO2)ff at a given site by using samples of tree leaves or tree rings. These sites are often densely populated and highly industrialized areas. In this case, in addition to the natural carbon dioxide level of the site, there are several other components that are added to it. The approaches we propose in this paper are based on the isotopic fractionation of carbon and the laws of matter conservation. Mathematical equations are derived from this and we propose approaches to establish them. Our method has allowed us to come to the conclusion of the relationship that is already found in literature. But we term this relationship in another way by introducing the fraction of carbon modern F and the proportion of CO2 derived from fossil fuels, which will be noted (S)ff for the following. As an indicator of the Suess Effect, we have calculated these values in our different sites. Wooded areas sites which are located in urban areas have higher value of proportion of fossil fuel (S)ff .

Data on influenza vaccine immunogenicity in children are limited from tropical developing countries. We recently reported significant, moderate effectiveness of a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in a controlled, cluster-randomized trial in children in rural Senegal during 2009, a year of H3N2 vaccine mismatch (NCT00893906). We report immunogenicity of IIV3 and inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) from that trial. We evaluated hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and polio antibody titers in response to vaccination of three age groups (6 through 35 months, 3 through 5 years, and 6 through 8 years). As all children were IIV naive, each received two vaccine doses, although titers were assessed after only the first dose for subjects aged 6 through 8 years. Seroconversion rates (4-fold titer rise or increase from

Les poils épidermiques et les types stomatiques chez les morphotypes de karité (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn subsp. paradoxa) ont été étudiés au Tchad en 2010, de Juillet à Septembre. L’objectif est la recherche des caractères micro morphologiques discriminants susceptibles d’améliorer l’identification des morphotypes de cette espèce. En fait, des morphotypes de karité ont été décrits et nommés par les ruraux dans la province du Mandoul au Tchad. Les amandes de karité sont transformées en beurre, ce qui lui confère une importance sur le plan socio-économique. Des fragments de bourgeon apical prélevés sur des jeunes plantes issues de la germination des graines des cinq (5) morphotypes ont permis d’observer les types de poils épidermiques. Aussi, des échantillons de feuilles prélevés distinctement de chaque morphotype ont été préparés selon la méthode de Barfod (1988). Cette méthode a été privilégiée car l’épiderme de la feuille de karité n’est pas facilement détachable. Elle consiste à bouillir les échantillons de feuilles dans de l’eau distillée pendant 10 minutes puis ils sont trempés dans l’acide nitrique à 40% pendant 16 à 20 heures. Cette opération a permis de ramollir le mésophyle et facilite la desquamation de la cuticule. La surface du fragment de la feuille ramollie placée sur une lame de microscope dans une goutte d'eau est grattée délicatement et progressivement à l’aide du bord de ciseaux jusqu'à ce qu'un fragment d'épiderme transparent apparaisse. Les épidermes foliaires ainsi obtenus sont placés dans du Lugol pendant 10 minutes puis montés après rinçage entre lame et lamelle dans la gélatine glycérinée et observés au microscope optique de type MOTIC. Au total 30 dénombrements ont été effectués sur les deux faces soit en moyenne 6 observations par morphotype. Ces dénombrements ont permis de calculer la densité stomatique et l’indice stomatique de chaque morphotype. La densité stomatique est la moyenne des 6 dénombrements par unité de surface (mm²). Les résultats ont montré 4 groupes de morphotypes : 1- des poils épidermiques simples longs observés chez le morphotype A, appelé localement « Bogrombaye » ; 2- des poils simples courts observés Djekota et al., 2020 Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences (J.Anim.Plant Sci. ISSN 2071-7024) Vol.45 (1): 7758-7770 https://doi.org/10.35759/JAnmPlSci.v45-1.1 7759 chez les morphotypes C, E et F « Komane, Mbabète, Ngoïtokoro » ; 3- des poils glanduleux longs observés chez le morphotype D « Meingré » et ; 4- des poils glanduleux courts observés chez le morphotype B « Kiankos ». De plus, des stomates de type anomocytique périgène à subsidiaire dicyclique sont observés chez tous les morphotypes étudiés. La densité stomatique évaluée est 362±5 st/mm² et l’indice stomatique varie de 45,1±0,7% chez les morphotypes de karité étudiés. Ces connaissances pourraient améliorer la systématique des morphotypes et fournir une base pour la sélection du matériel végétal approprié pour les programmes locaux de reboisement et/ou pour la production agronomique, car le beurre de cette espèce est de plus en plus sollicité. Epidermal hair, stomatal types and taxonomy in shea morphotypes (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn subsp. Paradoxa) ABSTRACT Epidermal hair and stomatal types in shea morphotypes (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn subsp. paradoxa) were studied in Chad in 2010, from July to September. The objective is the search for discriminating micro morphological characters likely to improve the identification of the morphotypes of this species. In fact, shea morphotypes have been described and named by rural people in the province of Mandoul in Chad. Shea kernels are transformed into butter, which gives it socio-economic importance. Fragments of the apical bud taken from young plants from the germination of the seeds of the five (5) morphotypes made it possible to observe the types of epidermal hair. Also, leaf samples taken separately from each morphotype were prepared according to the method of Barfod (1988). This method was preferred because the epidermis of the shea leaf is not easily detachable. It involves boiling the leaf samples in distilled water for 10 minutes and then soaking them in 40% nitric acid for 16-20 hours. This operation allowed to soften the mesophyle and facilitates the scaling of the cuticle. The surface of the fragment of the softened leaf placed on a microscope slide in a drop of water is gently and gradually scraped off using the edge of the scissors until a transparent epidermis fragment appears. The leaf epidermis thus obtained are placed in Lugol for 10 minutes and then mounted after rinsing between slide and coverslip in glycerol gelatin and observed under an optical microscope of the MOTIC type. A total of 30 counts were made on both sides, an average of 6 observations per morphotype. These counts made it possible to calculate the stomatal density and the stomatic index of each morphotype. The stomatal density is the average of the 6 counts per unit area (mm²). The results showed 4 groups of morphotypes: 1- long single epidermal hairs observed in morphotype A, locally called "Bogrombaye"; 2- short simple hairs observed in morphotypes C, E and F "Komane, Mbabète, Ngoïtokoro"; 3- long glandular hairs observed in the morphotype D "Meingré" and; 4- short glandular hairs observed in morphotype B "Kiankos". In addition, stomata of the perigenic anomocytic type with dicyclic subsidiary are observed in all the morphotypes studied. The stomatal density evaluated is 362 ± 5 st / mm² and the stomatic index varies from 45.1 ± 0.7% in the shea morphotypes studied. This knowledge could improve the system of morphotypes and provide a basis for the selection of appropriate plant material for local reforestation programs and / or for agronomic production, as butter from this species is in increasing demand.

In Senegal, Mosses constitute a large and diverse systematic group. This work is a contribution to the knowledge of Bryophyta in the herbaria of Senegal. It specifically proposes to determine the structure of the Bryophyta on the prospected sites in order to provide basic knowledge for a better sustainable management. This study is carried out in the first place in the herbaria of the University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar/Senegal: the herbarium of the Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire Cheikh Anta Diop (IFAN) and the herbarium DAKAR of the Department of Plant Biology of the Faculty of Sciences and Techniques. Secondly, a consultation of different checklists and databases was conducted to collect more information. This research work on the flora of the mosses allowed us to identify a total of 70 species divided into 44 genera, 24 families and 12 orders. The orders Hypnales, Dicranales and Hookeriales are the most represented. Bryaceae are dominant followed by Pottiaceae, Calymperaceae, Dicranaceae and Hypnaceae. The genera Fissidens, Calymperes, Bryum, Gemmabruym and Leucoloma are more diversified. These results are important for the conservation of the environment and the enhancement of plant biodiversity in Senegal.

The aim of this work is to contribute to a better knowledge of liverworts in the herbaria of Senegal in order to provide basic knowledge for a better sustainable management. This study is carried out in the firstly in the herbaria of the University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar/Senegal: the herbarium of the Herbarium of the Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire (IFAN UCAD) and the herbarium DAKAR of the Department of Plant Biology of the Faculty of Sciences and Techniques. Secondly, a consultation of different checklists and databases was conducted to collect more information. This research work on the flora of liverworts is rich with nearly 39 species divided into 24 genera and 13 families. The orderJungermannialesis dominant in terms of families and thePorellalesJubulineaein terms of genera and species. The familyLejeuneaceaeis in the majority in this flora before the familiesRicciaceae,PlagiochilaceaeandMetzgeriaceae. These results are important for the conservation of the environment and the development of the plant biodiversity of Senegal.

Le genre Solanum est l'un des plus importants de la flore du Senegal tant par sa richesse specifique que par sa valeur socio-economique. Cependant, si les especes cultivees font l’objet d’etude sous diverses formes, les sauvages sont frequemment eliminees. L’etude vise a renseigner sur la chorologie, l’ecologie et les usages des especes sauvages apparentees de legumes feuilles cultivees. Des enquetes ont ete menees aupres des populations et les resultats obtenus ont ete completes par la recherche bibliographique et les informations mentionnees dans les parts d’herbier. L’etude revele que ces especes occupent des milieux divers. Au Senegal, elles sont presentes dans toutes les zones agroecologiques avec une grande diversite dans la zone des Niayes. Elles se rencontrent aussi bien en milieux arides ou la vegetation est de type steppe qu’en milieux humides composees principalement de savanes et affectionnent mieux les sols ferrugineux tropicaux. L’etude ethnobotanique realisee a revele cinq types d’utilisation : medicinale (47,87%), alimentaire (27,66 %), culturelle (14,89%), fourragere 8,51% et artisanale 1,06%. Les organes affectes a ces utilisations sont la feuille (43,36%) suivie de la racine (30,97%), du fruit (24,78%) et de la tige (0,88%). La connaissance des especes favorise une meilleure valorisation de celles qui vivent dans des ecosystemes en proie a une forte urbanisation. The genus Solanum is one of the most important of the flora of Senegal both for its specific richness and its socio-economic value. However, while cultivated species are studied in various forms, wild species are frequently eliminated. The study aims to provide information on the chorology, ecology and uses of wild relatives of cultivated leafy vegetables. Population surveys were conducted and the results obtained were supplemented by literature search and information mentioned in the herbarium parts. The study revealed that these species occupy diverse environments. In Senegal, they are present in all agro-ecological zones with a great diversity in the Niayes zone. They are found in arid environments where the vegetation is steppe type as well as in humid environments composed mainly of savannah and are more fond of tropical ferruginous soils. The ethnobotanical study carried out revealed five types of use: medicinal (47.87%), food (27.66%), cultural (14.89%), fodder (8.51%) and artisanal (1.06%). The organs assigned to these uses are the leaf (43.36%) followed by the root (30.97%), the fruit (24.78%) and the stem (0.88%). The knowledge of the species favors a better valorization of those living in ecosystems in prey to a strong urbanization.

The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic and the dynamics of its spread is unprecedented. Therefore, the need for a vaccine against the virus is huge. Researchers worldwide are working around the clock to find a vaccine. Experts estimate that a fast-tracked vaccine development process could speed a successful candidate to market in approximately 12-18 months. The objective of this review was to describe the coronavirus vaccines candidates in development and the important considerations. The review was conducted through a thematic analysis of the literature on COVID-19 vaccines in development. It only included data until the end of June 2020, 6 months after the emergence of the COVID-19. Different approaches are currently used to develop COVID-19 vaccines from traditional live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit vaccines, to more novel technologies such as DNA or mRNA vaccines. The race is on to find both medicines and vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic. As with drugs, vaccine candidates go through pre-clinical testing first before they go through the three phases of clinical trials in humans. Of the over 130 vaccine candidates, 17 are in clinical trials while others are expected to move to clinical testing after the animal studies.

The bryophyte flora of the Sahelian region of sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by a low species richness, but is also extremely poorly documented. We present here the results of a floristic surv...

Les produits naturels végétaux connaissent un regain d’intérêt depuis des décennies. Toutefois, les changements climatiques et l’action humaine entrainent une dégradation des écosystèmes naturels et la disparition de certaines plantes. Cette étude contribue à une meilleure connaissance des systèmes de classification populaire des végétaux spontanés. Des enquêtes ethnobotaniques basées sur un guide d’entretien ouvert semi-structuré, des échanges oraux et des observations directes faites sur le terrain ont été menées. Elles se sont déroulées dans 33 villages du département d’Oussouye, fief des Diola. Elles ont mobilisé 82 informateurs dont 30 groupes et 52 individus avec une prédominance masculine de 80,77 % contre 19,23 % pour les femmes. Nos résultats ont montré que parmi les 62 espèces végétales, seules 4 sont domestiquées. Ces espèces sont en majorité des arbres et des arbustes et sont plus présentes dans les milieux potagers. Les familles dominantes sont les Annonaceae et Apocynaceae et les valeurs d’usage les plus importantes sont notées chez les Arecaceae avec 10,52 et les Anacardiaceae avec 8 ; la diversité générique est plus marquée chez les Anacardiaceae. La population utilise 17 classificateurs pour nommer les plantes. Le classificateur bu est majoritairement employé dans les localités An Alufay, Esulalu, Ejamat, Her et ceux de ni, nu dans Dyiwat. De plus 7 référentiels mentionnés et par ordre d’importance sont : usage, animal, propriété, morphologie, écologie, onomatopée et métaphore. Les résultats font ressortir différentes espèces fruitières comestibles, la tranche d’âge qui maitrise mieux les savoirs liés à ces plantes et les différents modes de classification populaire., Natural products of plant meet a renewed interest for a decade. However, climate change and human action have led to a degradation of the natural ecosystems and extinction for certain plant. This study contributes to a better knowledge of popular classification systems of spontaneous plants. Ethnobotanics survey based on an open semi structured interview, exchanges oral and direct observations were made in the field. They took place in 33 villages of Oussouye department which is the Diola’s bastion. They mobilized 82 informants including 30 groups and 52 individuals with male predominance. In fact, we had 80.77 % men against 19.23 % women. Our results showed that among 62 wild botanical species, only 4 were domesticated. They are for the greater part tree and bush, and are more present in the vegetable circles. The dominant families are Annonaceae and Apocynaceae and the most important use values are noted in Arecaceae with 10.52 and Anacardiaceae with 8; the generic diversity is mostly marked by Anacardiaceae. The population uses 17 classifications systems of nomination of plants. The classification “bu” is mostly used on localities such as: Huluf, Esulalu, Ejamat, Her and those of “ni”, “nu” in Dyiwat. In addition 7 tables reference are mentioned and order of importance are: use, animal, morphology, ecology onomatopoeia and metaphor. The results bring out different edible fruit species, the age group of people which master better the knowledge related to these plants and methods of popular classification.

Forests are an immense reservoir of biological resources and provide the local population with subsistence needs, especially for edible fruits. This study contributes to a better knowledge of the use modes of non-cultivate edible plant species in the area of Kasa, traditional name for the department of Oussouye. Ethnobotanical surveys, based on an interview guide, oral discussions and direct observations were conducted among 178 people from the department of Oussouye, stronghold of the Diola ethnic group. A factorial correspondence analysis highlighted the relationship between species and categories of use. The frequency of citation, informant consensus factor and use value showed the socio-cultural importance of the species. The data collected identified 62 edible species divided into 31 families and 54 genera. The fruit species inventoried are used for different purposes. They are a food source with 62% of citations, energetic 19%, technological 14%, medicinal 13%, cultural 6% and agronomic 2% for the populations. Two species stand out for their high use value factor (UVt). These were Elaeis guineensis (12.24) and Borassus aethiopum (7.56). In addition to their use value, species such as Mangifera indica, Neocarya macrophylla, Parkia biglobosa, Anacardium occidentale, Ceiba pentandra, Parinari excelsa, stood out for their categories and organs used. These results inform us about the level of use of fruit species for different needs and open up avenues for research in sustainable management of this resource with the aim of reducing poverty.

Background The population effects of influenza vaccination in children have not been extensively studied, especially in tropical, developing countries. In rural Senegal, we assessed the total (primary objective) and indirect effectiveness of a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3). Methods In this double-blind, cluster-randomized trial, villages were randomly allocated (1:1) for the high-coverage vaccination of children aged 6 months through 10 years with either the 2008–09 northern hemisphere IIV3 or an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Vaccinees were monitored for serious adverse events. All village residents, vaccinated and unvaccinated, were monitored for signs and symptoms of influenza illness using weekly home visits and surveillance in designated clinics. The primary outcome was all laboratory-confirmed symptomatic influenza. Results Between 23 May and 11 July 2009, 20 villages were randomized, and 66.5% of age-eligible children were enrolled (3918 in IIV3 villages and 3848 in IPV villages). Follow-up continued until 28 May 2010. There were 4 unrelated serious adverse events identified. Among vaccinees, the total effectiveness against illness caused by the seasonal influenza virus (presumed to all be drifted A/H3N2, based on antigenic characterization data) circulating at high rates among children was 43.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 18.6–60.9%). The indirect effectiveness against seasonal A/H3N2 was 15.4% (95% CI -22.0 to 41.3%). The total effectiveness against illness caused by the pandemic influenza virus (A/H1N1pdm09) was -52.1% (95% CI -177.2 to 16.6%). Conclusions IIV3 provided statistically significant, moderate protection to children in Senegal against circulating, pre-2010 seasonal influenza strains, but not against A/H1N1pdm09, which was not included in the vaccine. No indirect effects were measured. Further study in low-resource populations is warranted. Clinical Trials Registration NCT00893906.

Wild fruit species provide local people with subsistence products and cash income. In addition to their food value, different used organs can, eventually, compromise the availability of these resources. This study aims to identify edible woody species in Kasa Zone and to analyze their socioeconomic importance. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted with 82 informants. Data collected were analyzed using Epi Info software and uses of species were classified into six categories. A Factorial Correspondence Analysis (FCA) highlighted species-organ relationships. Frequency of citations, fidelity index, selling price were used to show the socio-economic importance of the species. Results identified 62 edible species belonging to 31 families and 54 genera. These species were dominated by Annonaceae, Apocynaceae and generic diversity was more pronounced among Anacardiaceae. Identified species were mainly used for food (53%), energy (16%), technology (12%) and medicinal purposes (12%). The FCA showed three organ-use groups with a strong correlation between fruit and root on the one hand and leaf, bark and wood on the other. The study also identified 16 commercialized species. The fruit was the main organ consumed and marketed. The highest number of organs commercialized were recorded for Elaeis guineensis (4 organs) and Borassus aethiopium (3). These products, often collected and sold by women and children, came from villages and transited to markets through the "bana bana". Their prices depended on the locality isolation and the production period. These results open up perspectives for better management of the supply and commercialization of these forest resources.

International audience; This study contributes to the literature about the effects of space and place on health by introducing a socio-territorial approach to urban health disparities in West Africa. It explores how urban spaces, specifically neighbourhoods, are shaped by social and economic relations and strategies of territorial control. We examine the potential influence of socio-territorial processes on vulnerability to disease, access to medical care, healthscapes, and illness experiences. Our research was conducted in Senegal and relied on a mixed methods design. We identified four neighbourhoods that represent the socio-spatial heterogeneity of the city of Saint-Louis and utilized the following methods: geographic and anthropological field research, household surveys, health knowledge and behaviour surveys, clinical exams, and illness interviews. Our results highlight the socio-territorial processes at work in each neighbourhood, clinical findings on three health measures (overweight, high blood pressure, and hyperglycaemia) and health experiences of individuals with hypertension or type II diabetes. We found significant differences in the prevalence of the three health measures in the study sites, while experiences managing hypertension and diabetes were similar. We conclude that a socio-territorial approach offers insight into the complex constellation of forces that produce health disparities in urban settings.

Radiocarbon (14C) in atmospheric CO2for the Dakar (Senegal) urban area was measured using tree leaves collected by botanists from 1900 to 2003. The aim of our study was to compare the local Suess effect in Dakar to the global one during the 20th century. The ∆14C of atmospheric CO2in this region decreased from 1900 to 1958 during the pre-bomb era (–2±5‰ to –22±4‰). From 1958 to 1964, nuclear bomb tests injected a large amount of artificial14C into the atmosphere, reflected in the rise of ∆14C values. In the Dakar region, the atmospheric ∆14C reached 773±8‰ in 1964, but subsequently decreased to 80±5‰ by 2003, which is consistent with the global exponential decreasing trend. The ∆14C record presented here remains slightly lower than the global record. This result is attributed to the input of anthropogenic fossil carbon into the atmosphere. The amount of carbon input can be evaluated by comparing urban areas to those of clean air sites. The calculation of anthropogenic fossil carbon is deduced from a simple mathematical model.

La vaccination est incontestablement l’une des interventions de santé publique les plus efficaces et les plus rentables qui soient. Les vaccins continuent de révolutionner notre capacité à prévenir les maladies et à améliorer la santé. Avec toutes les avancées technologiques, nous sommes en mesure d’étendre les avantages des vaccins à plus de gens et de fournir une meilleure protection contre les maladies infectieuses mortelles. Toutefois, avec le développement incessant de nouvelles souches microbiennes à travers le monde, la recherche en vaccinologie se doit d’innover continuellement. D’énormes progrès ont été réalisés pour améliorer la couverture vaccinale et introduire de nouveaux vaccins en Afrique. De nouveaux types de vaccins associés à des outils de vectorisation, d’administration et de délivrance spécifiques mais aussi des adjuvants susceptibles de moduler finement la réponse immunitaire sont attendus dans le futur. En Afrique, il est nécessaire de développer une approche régionale afin de répondre efficacement aux nombreux défis. Une meilleure information, la formation des personnels de santé en vaccinologie et des recherches bien ciblées sont les clés des futurs accomplissements dans le domaine.

Le Laboratoire de Botanique et Biodiversite du Departement de Biologie Vegetale de l’Universite Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar s’est lance dans une programme de connaissance des unites taxonomiques a diversite elevee ou peu connue de la flore du Senegal. Le genre Indigofera L. Fabaceae Lindl. (Leguminosae Juss.) est le genre le plus diversifie de la classe des Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae) des plantes a fleur de la flore du Senegal avec 44 especes. Cette etude est une contribution a la systematique des especes du genre Indigofera au Senegal. Des missions de prospection ont permis la collecte d’une espece qui se revele differente des autres especes repertoriees jusqu’ici au Senegal. La comparaison des caracteres macro et micromorphologiques de cette espece avec ceux des echantillons deposes dans les collections des herbiers DAKAR et IFAN de l’Universite Cheikh Anta Diop n’ont pas permis de l’identifier avec precision. Des echantillons doubles de cette espece envoyes a l’herbier de Kew Botanic Gardens semblent le rapprocher de Indigofera brevifilamenta Gillet. La presence de poils simples glanduleux et de poils naviculaires indique que cette nouvelle espece du genre Indigofera appartient a la section des Viscosae. Une etude comparative de caracteres descriptifs de Indigofera brevifilamenta Gillet par rapport aux deux especes de la section des Viscosae de la flore du Senegal que sont Indigofera colutea (Burm.) Merril et I. secundiflora Poir. montre que Indigofera brevifilamenta se distingue principalement des autres par sa taille relativement plus petite, ses folioles a poils naviculaires sans poils glanduleux et son inflorescence lâche. Mots cles : Indigofera L., Fabaceae Lindley Faboideae , cle de determination, flore du Senegal English Title : A new species of genus Indigofera (Fabaceae Faboideae) from Senega l The Laboratory of Botany and Biodiversity of the Department of Plant Biology of the Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar launched out in a program for better understanding of the taxonomic groups with higher diversity or not well studied. In Senegal; the genus Indigofera L. Fabaceae Lindl. (Leguminosae Juss.) is the most diversified genus of dicotyledons class with almost 44 species. This study is a contribution to the systematic of the genus Indigofera. Therefore, prospection missions allowed the collection of a species which appears different from the other species recorded in Senegalese flora until now. The comparison of this species with allied species deposited in the collections of DAKAR herbarium and IFAN herbarium of Cheikh Anta Diop University did not allow to identify the species with certainty. Therefore, some samples of this species sent to the herbarium of Kew Botanical Gardens who have identified the species as the Indigofera brevifilamenta Gillet. The presence of glandular hairs and biramous hairs indicates that this new species of the genus Indigofera belongs to the section of Viscosae. Description and illustrations of this new species are provided with notes on its differentiation from allied species of the section Viscosae which are Indigofera colutea (Burm.) Merril and Indigofera secundiflora Poir. This study shows that Indigofera brevifilamenta is distinguished mainly from the others by its relatively smaller size, its leaflets with biramous hairs, a lack of glandular hairs and a loose inflorescence. Keywords : Indigofera L. Fabaceae Lindley (Leguminosae Juss.) Faboideae, key of determination, flora of Senegal.

Le genre Ficus L. ( Moraceae ) constitue le groupe ligneux le plus diversifie de la Flore du Senegal ; il compte plus de 30 especes. Les etudes anterieures ont ameliore la caracterisation de nombreuses especes mais elles n’ont pas permis de resoudre toutes les difficultes taxonomiques rencontrees chez le genre Ficus . Cette etude porte sur les caracteres morphologiques des especes du genre, des feuilles et des figues en particulier, afin d’identifier les caracteres pertinents qui permettent d’ameliorer leur determination, pour in fine proposer une cle d’identification. Elle porte sur 24 taxa de la Flore du Senegal. Des methodes d’etudes qualitatives et quantitatives ont ete appliquees aux ports, aux modes de developpement, aux racines adventives, aux feuilles et figues. Les resultats de cette etude ont permis de preciser l’importance taxonomique des caracteres tels que : la presence ou l’absence des racines aeriennes, des eperons, des calyptres et la disposition des figues et de ses organes reproducteurs. En outre, cette etude a permis la discrimination de deux varietes de F. glumosa et des deux especes F. iteophylla et F. thonningii souvent considerees comme des synonymes. Enfin, une nouvelle cle, commode et precise pour determination des 24 taxa etudies, a ete proposee. © 2018 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots cles: Moraceae, Ficus , morphologie, figue, taxonomie English Title: Taxonomy of the genus Ficus in Senegal: contribution of morphological characters English Abstract The genus Ficus is the most diversified ligneous group of the Senegalese flora, with more than 30 species. Previous studies have improved the characterization of many species but could not resolve all the taxonomical issues raised by the genus Ficus . This study relates to the morphological characteristics of the genus species of the sheets and figs in particular and aims at identifying the discriminants allowing to improve their determination so as to provide identification keys. It relates to 24 taxa of the Flora in Senegal. Methods of qualitative and quantitative studies have been applied to the port, to modes of development, to adventitious roots, to sheets and figs. The results of this study allowed to specify the taxonomical importance of characters such as: the presence or absence of aerial roots, spurs and calyptrates, and the set up of figs on the plant and of its reproductive organs. Moreover, it allowed to specify the discriminating characteristics of the varieties of F. glumosa , and to differentiate the species F. iteophylla and F. thonningii , commonly considered as synonymous. Lastly, this study enables to offer a new key which is more precise and convenient to determine the 24 studied taxa. © 2018 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Moraceae, Ficus , fig, morphology, taxonomy

Trends of biomass production and land processes in the Sahel have been widely studied since the droughts of 1970s. Satellite data have been an important source of information because of limited in situ data. Previous studies relied on the assumed existence of a relationship between vegetation productivity and the NDVI, in particular the annually integrated NDVI (iNDVI). This study examines this assumption and its limitations, based on in situ time series measurements of biomass, species composition, NDVI and soil moisture at the Dahra test site in northern Senegal. It is shown that, there are large differences between the NDVI – vegetation productivity relationships, and these differences can be linked to species composition. There is moderate correlation between NDVI and above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) at the peak season (r2 = 0.39). In particular, the species Zornia glochidiata is characterized by high peak NDVI and low ANPP, compared to other common species such as Cenchrus biflorus and Aristida adscensionis. It is concluded that spatial and temporal variations in species dominance is likely to add noise to the relationship between NDVI and biomass. However, the seasonal cyclic fraction of the NDVI – “small seasonal integral” – reduces such noise.

Invasive species are considered as one of the most environmental challenges of the 21st century. They constitute the second cause of biodiversity loss and lead to high economic disruption and public health. Despite significant, financial and human investments made by countries and world conservation of biodiversity agencies, there are not strategies that lead to appropriate measures for sustainable management and control. The objective of this study is to assess the state of knowledge on invasive plants in West Africa and to promote knowledge and exchange information. It contributes also to establish in Western African region, a coordinated early warning system through a network of intervention. The paper discusses concepts and bio-ecology of invasive plants, gives precise indications on their diversity and distribution. To achieve the objectives, a literature review was carried out to collect data on invasive species from Western African countries. Therefore, different information sources included floras, database and collection were consulted. The results how that in West Africa, the information collected on invasive plants indicate that 113 invasive species are reported, distributed in 94 genera and 43 families. The most represented families are Poaceae (17 species) and Leguminosae (16 species). They are followed by Cyperaceae (9 species) and Asteraceae (6 species). Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae and Nympheaceae have 4 species each one. The most common invasive species in West African countries are present in, at least, eight countries. They are: Chromolaena odorata, Eichhornia crassipes, Salvinia molesta, Typha domingensis and Pistia stratiotes. Depending on data availability, the presence and importance of invasive plants vary from one country to another. It must be noticed that there are few data related to Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau and Nigeria. Recommendations were formulated to improve knowledge and sustainable management of invasive plants in West Africa. The expected results of this work should improve the understanding of issues related to invasive species at national and regional levels

Influenza is one of the major infectious disease threats to the world New Global Burden of Disease estimates attribute nearly of all cause mortality during the first five years of life to influenza In tropical developing countries the pattern of influenza circulation may differ markedly from those in temperate developed settings Of influenza deaths are estimated to occur in low and middle income countries Studies on seasonal influenza occurrence morbidity and mortality in sub Saharan Africa published from January st to December st were reviewed in order to assess the burden of seasonal influenza in the Region The starting date of January st has been selected because of the increasing number and quality of studies in later years Relevant studies were identified using combinations of Medical Subject Headings MeSH and text terms as follows ldquo influenza rdquo AND ldquo Africa rdquo OR ldquo Africa rdquo AND ldquo pneumonia rdquo OR ldquo acute respiratory infection rdquo OR ldquo influenza rdquo AND each individual sub Saharan African country The study seems to show that seasonal influenza could have a greater toll on morbidity and mortality in Africa compared with more developed continents considering the frequency of predisposing factors such as HIV and TB and the absence of influenza vaccination programs in most of the African countries Available data suggest both the respiratory disease and influenza associated mortality may be increased in low income settings such as sub Saharan Africa

Background Group A meningococci are the source of major epidemics of meningitis in Africa. An affordable, highly immunogenic meningococcal A conjugate vaccine is needed. Methods We conducted two studies in Africa to evaluate a new MenA conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT). In study A, 601 children, 12 to 23 months of age, were randomly assigned to receive PsA-TT, a quadrivalent polysaccharide reference vaccine (PsACWY), or a control vaccine (Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine [Hib-TT]). Ten months later, these children underwent another round of randomization within each group to receive a full dose of PsA-TT, a one-fifth dose of PsACWY, or a full dose of Hib-TT, with 589 of the original participants receiving a booster dose. In study B, 900 subjects between 2 and 29 years of age were randomly assigned to receive PsA-TT or PsACWY. Safety and reactogenicity were evaluated, and immunogenicity was assessed by measuring the activity of group A serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) with rabbit complement and performing an IgG group A-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results In study A, 96.0% of the subjects in the PsA-TT group and 63.7% of those in the PsACWY group had SBA titers that were at least four times as high as those at baseline; in study B, 78.2% of the subjects in the PsA-TT group and 46.2% of those in the PsACWY group had SBA titers that were at least four times as high as those at baseline. The geometric mean SBA titers in the PsA-TT groups in studies A and B were greater by factors of 16 and 3, respectively, than they were in the PsACWY groups (P

Resume Le genre Ficus L. (Moraceae) est un des plus importants de la flore tropicale par le nombre d'especes. Chez les ligneux, il constitue le genre le plus diversifie de la flore du Senegal ou il compte plus de 30 especes. Les etudes anterieures ont montre l'importance des caracteres des feuilles et des figues dans la caracterisation des differentes especes. Toutefois ces etudes n'ont pas permis de lever les confusions dans l'identification de certaines especes. Cette etude a ete entreprise pour rechercher dans l'etude des caracteres micro-morphologiques, des caracteres discriminants nouveaux permettant d'ameliorer l'identification des differentes especes. Elle porte sur 23 taxons dont un nouveau pour la Flore du Senegal: F. conraui Warburg. L'etude micro-morphologique a permis d'observer de nouveaux caracteres discriminants tels que: —le niveau des stomates par rapport aux cellules epidermiques et leurs dispositions sur la surface du limbe; —les types et la structure des poils epidermiques; —la densite...

New Global Burden of Disease estimates attribute nearly 2% of all-cause mortality during the first five years of life to influenza. Of influenza deaths, 99% are estimated to occur in low and middle income countries. Effective influenza vaccines have been available for decades, but their use in sub-Saharan Africa has been limited. Lack of data on seasonal influenza in the region has left questions regarding risk groups and disease burden largely unanswered. Sub-Saharan African countries have limited expertise with data on influenza epidemiology and with influenza vaccines. Such regional capacity must be strengthened if countries are to make the best evidencebased decisions about influenza vaccine use and to maintain a sense of program ownership. A regionalization of efforts would be the most realistic and feasible approach for future influenza vaccine policy consideration as it would leverage individual country strengths and capacities. The pathway for influenza vaccine introduction in sub-Saharan Africa could be as follows: (i) strengthening laboratory capacity and influenza surveillance; (ii) conduct of research studies, such as burden studies, in a few key countries; (iii) improved communication of data; (iv) development of policy strategies; (v) building vaccine production capacity; (vi) identification of financing and development of political will; (vii) and reliance on well-informed technical advisory committees. Additional concerns regarding influenza vaccine implementation include capacity to administer vaccine outside of existing routine immunization systems, program sustainability, and the importance of local and regional program control. Successful introduction of sustained influenza vaccination programs into the sub-Saharan African region will require adherence to a clear plan that includes strong evidence-based decision-making processes, evidence of operational feasibility, and assurances of sustainability.

Background: Zika is a mosquito-borne viral disease that produces an illness clinically similar to dengue fever and many other tropical infectious diseases. Currently, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for Zika virus infection. This study aimed to review the epidemiology of Zika virus infection and to describe the recent epidemics. Methods: We did a review of articles published up to December 2015 on Zika virus diseases epidemics. Results and discussion: Outbreaks of Zika have occurred not only in Africa, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands but also in South and Central America. Several travel-related Zika virus infections have been reported in countries in Europe and North America. With the increased reporting of Zika virus transmission in the Americas, countries should create and maintain the capacity to identify and confirm cases of Zika virus infection and effective strategies to reduce the mosquitoes that transmit the disease should be established. In a globalized world, infectious diseases can move faster and easier when vectors such as Aedes Egypti mosquito has become naturalized in several parts of the world. Although the natural transmission cycle of zika virus involves mosquitoes, especially Aedes spp, perinatal transmission, potential risk for transfusion-transmitted and sexually transmitted zika virus infections has also been demonstrated. Conclusion: Zika virus infection has probably been underdiagnosed and underreported in disease-endemic settings. Laboratory capacity to confirm suspected zika virus infections should be strengthened to differentiate it from other arboviral dengue-like infections. There is also a need for a vaccine and antiviral therapy to fight this disease.

Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne disease caused by an alphavirus from the Togaviridae family. The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is transmitted by the Aedes mosquitoes. The usual clinical signs of chikungunya are non-specific flu-like symptoms, a distinctive rash and severe joint pains. The disease shares some clinical signs with dengue and can be misdiagnosed in areas where dengue is endemic. There is no vaccine nor a specific antiviral treatment for CHIKV. CHIKV was initially seen in the early 1950s at the boundary of Tanzania and Mozambique. For the past 5 decades, CHIKV was limited to sub-Saharan Africa in addition to Southeast Asia. The situation worsened when CHIKV re-emerged in Kenya in 2004 and reached several other countries in and around the Indian Ocean. The epidemic swiftly reached regions like India and Southeast Asia and transmission of CHIKV was reported for the first time in Europe in 2007 in Italy. The purpose of this review is to summarize CHIKV outbreaks that have been reported in the 15-year period from 2000 to 2015 to show that periodic outbreaks have occurred not only in Asia and Africa, but in Europe and the Americas. It is evident that CHIKV is not restricted to a single region but has become a global public health challenge. As many citizens from non-endemic countries visit areas endemic for CHIKV fever, medical professionals must learn to recognize such cases among travelers returning from such areas with non-specific symptoms such as fever, arthralgia and skin eruptions. In endemic areas for mosquito-borne diseases, clinicians must be educated about the recognition, diagnosis and timely reporting of chikungunya virus disease cases.

This study contributes to the literature about the effects of space and place on health by introducing a socio-territorial approach to urban health disparities in West Africa. It explores how urban spaces, specifically neighbourhoods, are shaped by social and economic relations and strategies of territorial control. We examine the potential influence of socio-territorial processes on vulnerability to disease, access to medical care, healthscapes, and illness experiences. Our research was conducted in Senegal and relied on a mixed methods design. We identified four neighbourhoods that represent the socio-spatial heterogeneity of the city of Saint-Louis and utilized the following methods: geographic and anthropological field research, household surveys, health knowledge and behaviour surveys, clinical exams, and illness interviews. Our results highlight the socio-territorial processes at work in each neighbourhood, clinical findings on three health measures (overweight, high blood pressure, and hyperglycaemia) and health experiences of individuals with hypertension or type II diabetes. We found significant differences in the prevalence of the three health measures in the study sites, while experiences managing hypertension and diabetes were similar. We conclude that a socio-territorial approach offers insight into the complex constellation of forces that produce health disparities in urban settings.

Background In this study, we suggested characterizing the vasodilator effects and the phytochemical characteristics of a plant with food usage also used in traditional treatment of arterial high blood pressure in Senegal. Methods Vascular effects of crude extract of dried and powdered calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa were evaluated on isolated thoracic aorta of male Wistar rats on organ chambers. The crude extract was also enriched by liquid-liquid extraction. The various cyclohexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol extracts obtained as well as the residual marc were subjected to Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The different methanolic eluate fractions were then analyzed by Thin Layer (TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and their vascular effects also evaluated. Results The H. Sabdariffa crude extract induced mainly endothelium-dependent relaxant effects. The endothelium-dependent relaxations result from NOS activation and those who not dependent to endothelium from activation of smooth muscle potassium channels. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic acids in the ethyl acetate extract and anthocyans in the butanolic extract. The biological efficiency of the various studied extracts, in term of vasorelaxant capacity, showed that: Butanol extract > Crude extract > Residual marc > Ethyl acetate extract. These results suggest that the strong activity of the butanolic extract is essentially due to the presence of anthocyans found in its fractions 43-67. Conclusion These results demonstrate the vasodilator potential of hibiscus sabdariffa and contribute to his valuation as therapeutic alternative.

Objectifs : Au Senegal, la production de mil est faible a cause de plusieurs facteurs parmi lesquels la pauvrete des sols, la pression des adventices. Ce present travail envisage l’utilisation des cultures associees (mil et niebe) pour lutter contre les adventices et ameliorer a la fois la qualite des sols et la production agricole. Il est mene dans la station experimentale de l'ISRA de Nioro du Rip situe dans le sud du Bassin arachidier (Senegal). Il a comme objectifs de determiner 1- l’effet de l’association mil/niebe et de la fertilisation azotee sur les adventices et sur les parametres de croissance et de rendement du mil et 2- la date et la densite optimales de semis du niebe. Methodologie et resultats : Dans ce travail, le mil est soumis a differentes dates et densites de semis du niebe pour mettre en evidence leurs incidences sur la croissance le rendement du mil. L’effet de la densite de semis sur la production de thalles, de biomasse, d’epis et de mil est negligeable ; toutefois, le semis en une ligne favorise cette production. Le decalage du semis du niebe permet une meilleure production de thalles de biomasse, d’epis et de mil quelque soient les conditions de fertilisation et la densite de semis. L’effet de la fertilisation est positif sur la production de thalles, de biomasse et d’epis contrairement a la production en grains pour laquelle les differences entre les conditions de fertilisation ne sont pas significatives. Conclusion et application : A la lumiere de ces resultats, le semis du niebe en une ligne intercalaire decale de 10 a 15 jours par rapport au mil est propose pour l’association mil/niebe dans le sud du bassin arachidier du Senegal en conditions fertilisees ou non. Ce resultat devrait permettre une utilisation optimale de l’association mil/niebe au Senegal. Mots cles : Date et Densite de semis, fertilisation, Pennisetum glaucum, Vigna unguiculata