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The selection of the most appropriate underground mining technology is not a simple process because it involves handling of a large amount of information about several potential methods. Multicriteria optimization approaches are proven useful tools for ranking alternatives, especially in cases where multiple complex criteria have to be considered simultaneously. An ore deposit is a complex system because of its geology, physical and mechanical properties, and hydrogeological conditions. As such, problem solving requires a heuristic approach and includes tasks involving expert judgement, intuition, estimation, and experience. Using a heuristic strategy to state a problem means that the analyst is placed in a position to apply past experience to a future situation and existing knowledge to new circumstances, as well as discover new avenues to creative problem solving. A complex algorithm was developed to pave the way to quality management of mining, by using the VIKOR method to rank various mining technologies relative to a set of criteria and select the optimum mining method that will primarily ensure profitable and safe mining.

Protection of open cast mines from groundwater is a complex problem in hydrogeology. Characteristic of these mines is the constant expansion, viewed in plan and in depth, from the very beginning of ore exploitation until the end of ore exploitation. Due to such circumstances, the whole process requires constant adaptation to new conditions during lignite exploitation, which also requires constant upgrading of hydrodynamic models, which represent the basic methodology for creating a successful drainage plan and protection of the ore deposit from groundwater. The paper presents the recalibration of the basic model of the Drmno open cast mine. In this research area, the creation of hydrodynamic models, i.e. their upgrading, has been carried out for almost a quarter of a century.

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The entire world is struggling with the COVID-19 pandemic. It is a major challenge because the SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads quickly. The pandemic has led to lockdowns and human activity has been reduced in an attempt to minimize transmission. Compared to other pandemics, COVID-19 is probably the worst in modern history because of the number of deaths, hindrance of human activity and adverse effect on the global economy. The paper discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on water resources. It presents possible scenarios of groundwater contamination with wastewater that carries the SARS-CoV-2 virus and addresses the effect of lockdowns on the water sector. 44 35 M10 М14

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13 1993 14 M20 М22 The paper describes the establishment and testing of an algorithm for developing sustainable management plans associated with groundwater source protection against potential pollutants and discusses the effectiveness of individual systems. The applied methodology pertains to groundwater resource management, particularly those cases that involve riverbank filtration. Namely, groundwater (numerical) modeling is employed to examine the groundwater regime and balance, as well as to create protection systems and illustrate their effectiveness. Particle tracking analysis is used to study pollutants’ travel and residence time. On the other hand, PEST with regularization is employed to estimate the numerical model parameters. The proposed method is used in a real case study, which examines the application of the developed algorithm to the protection of a drinking water supply source from an industrial zone, which is a potential source of pollution. The research presented in the paper opens new avenues for future studies involving mathematical multicriteria optimization and decision making about optimal groundwater source protection management plans.

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Prikaz aktuelne problematike vezane za vodosnabdevanje u Srbiji i održivo upravljanje resursima podzemnih voda 110 69 без категорије Без категорије

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1 65 56 74 M50 М52 Hidrodinamička analiza, kao metodološki postupak, korišćena je za simulaciju režima i kvantifikaciju bilansa podzemnih voda na širem području Površinskog kopa „Jakovačka Kumša“. Istražni prostor obuhvata i deo beogradskog izvorišta podzemnih voda koje se nalazi u neposrednoj blizini površinskog kopa, u priobalju reke Save. Na površinskom kopu se vrši eksploatacija peska, koji se koristi kao građevinski materijal. Analizom i sintezom podataka koji se odnose na geološke i hidrogeološke ka-rakteristike područja, u radu je prikazan trodimenzionalni hidrogeološki model istražnog područja. Prevođenje hidrogeološkog modela u hidrodinamčki izvršeno je primenom numeričke metode konačnih razlika i softverskog koda Modflow, zatim diskretizacije oblasti obuhvaćene modelom i vremenskog intervala, „uvozom“ hidrogeoloških parametara porozne sredine i postavljanjem graničnih i početnih uslova na modelu. U radu su prikazani rezultati hidrodinamičkog modela režima izdani istražnog područja u vidu karata rasporeda pijezometarskog nivoa, kao i bilansa podzemnih voda. Ovako postavljen trodimenzionalni hidrodinamički model predstavlja bazu za dalje prognozne hidrodinamičke proračune, kao i procenu uticaja eksploatacije peskova na kvalitet podzemnih voda tog dela beogradskog izvorišta.

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4 536 527 74 M50 М52 Sistemi za odbranu od podzemnih voda se koriste za zaštitu hidrotehničkih objekata, priobalja, meliorativnih područja, naselja, rudnika, industrijskih područja, predstavljajući značajne segmente bez kojih bi funkcionalnost ovih objekata i područja bila dovedena u pitanje. Posebno složeni sistemi odbrane od podzemnih voda se karakterišu kod ležišta mineralnih sirovina, imajući u vidu njihovu dinamičnost, koja se ogleda u stalnom širenju ležišta, kao i činjenicu da ova ležišta prodiru duboko u stensku masu različitog strukturnog tipa poroznosti, a time i u podzemne vode, različite po hidrodinamičkim osobinama. Upravo ovakav sistem zahteva stalno prilagođavanje novonastalim uslovima, što uslovljava uspostavljanje i razvoj metodskih postupaka za uspešnu odbranu od podzemnih voda u uslovima kontinuiranih promena. Parcijalni pristup rešavanja ove problematike najčešće ne dovodi do efikasnog, odnosno, do optimalnog rešenja sistema odbrane od podzemnih voda. Integracijom različitih faktora koji podrazumevaju tehničke karakteristike sistema odbrane od podzemnih voda, uticaje na životnu sredinu, ekonomske kriterijume i njihove podkriterijume, moguće je sveobuhvatnije sagledati predmetnu problematiku. U cilju rešavanja ovog zadatka primenjeni su različiti postupci: metoda hidrodinamičkog modeliranja režima podzemnih voda i kombinacija teorije fuzzy logike i višekriterijumske optimizacije. Za projektovanje i izbor karakteristika sistema odbrane od podzemnih voda primenjena je metoda hidrodinamičkog modeliranja režima podzemnih voda. Tako su definisani elementi sistema za odbranu od podzemnih voda, njihove karakteristike (npr. kapaciteti bunara), njihov raspored u planu i profilu, redosled izvođenja drenažnih objekata, a sve to je povezano sa šemom i dinamikom izvođenja pripremnih i eksploatacionih radova na površinskom kopu. Rezultat primene metode hidrodinamičkog modeliranja režima podzemnih voda predstavlja dobijajnje više varijantnih rešenja, tj. „scenarija“/„alternativa“ sistema odbrane od podzemnih voda, te je tako omogućeno sagledanje efekata rada različitih sistema odbrane. U dosadašnjoj praksi rešavanja problematike dreniranja površinskih kopova prilikom izbora optimalnog rešenja najčešće se rukovodilo ekonomskim kriterijumima. U ovom radu je primenjena savremena metoda odlučivanja u cilju izbora optimalnog sistema odbrane od podzemnih voda, te su „težine“ svih rešenja utvrđivane primenom metode fuzzyoptimizacije, tj. fuzzy analitičko hijerarhijskog procesa (FAHP), baziranog na trougaonim fuzzybrojevima. Primenom navedene metode analizirani su različiti kriterijumi i njihovi podkriterijumi, koji utiču na donošenje optimalnog rešenja. Shodno navedenom, omogućena je održiva odluka o izboru sistema odbrane od podzemnih voda dobijena prethodnom hidrodinamičkom analizom.

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741 731 М30 М33 Reka Jerma izvire na Vlasinskoj visoravni u zoni Vlasinskog jezera, teče prema severozapadu padinama planine Gramade kroz selo Klisuru. Kod sela Strazimirovci prelazi u susednu državu Bugarsku, prolazi kroz Trnovsko ždrelo i zatim se ponovo vraća u Srbiju nedaleko od sela Petačinci. Uliva se kod sela Gradište u Nišavu. Ukupna dužina ove reke je 72.1 km od toga je 45.1 km formirala na teritoriji Srbije a preostali deo pripada Bugarskoj. Posmatrajući površine sliva nešto manje od 50 % pripada Srbiji. Režim ove reke je izuzetno neujednačen, prolećni meseci donose poplavne talase i izlivanje ove reke a letnji i jesenji meseci veliki deficit voda. Shodno novonastalim klimatskim promenama očekuje se da će ove vrste katastrofalnih događaja biti učestalije i intenzivnije. Kako elementarne nepogode ne poznaju administrativne granice, potrebno je na nivou celog sliva reke Jerme uspostaviti monitoring sa ciljem blagovremenih upozoravanja i najava očekivanih poplavnih talasa. The River Jerma originates on the Vlasina highlands, in the area of the lake Vlasinsko Jezero, and it flows toward the northwest along the slopes of Gramada Mt. through village Klisura. Near village Strazimirovci it flows to the neighboring Bulgaria, runs through Trnovsko ždrelo and flows back to Serbia in the vicinity of village Petačinci. It joins the river Nišava near village Gradište. The overall length of the river is 72.1 km, 45.1 km on the territory of Serbia and the rest belongs to Bulgaria. Somewhat less than 50 % of the square area of the Jerma river basin belongs to Serbia. The river regime is extremely unbalanced. Flash floods are quite common in springtime, while water deficit is characteristic for summer and autumn months. According to recent climate change, such disasters are expected to be more frequent and more intense. Since natural disasters do not respect administrative borders, it would be necessary to establish monitoring in the whole Jerma River basin, in order to enable flash flood warnings in a timely manner.

286 280 М30 М33 Najčešće se kalibracija hidrodinamičkih modela vršila manuelno - „probanjem“ sa različitim vrednostima hidrauličkih parametara i hidrauličkih karakteristika graničnih uslova. Ovakav način rada zahteva veliko znanje i iskustvo eksperta, pri čemu ostaje otvoreno pitanje da li dobijeno rešenje ima optimalan skup parametara. Primenom optimizacione metode, koja se zasniva na Gauss-Marquardt-Levenberg-ovom algoritmu, i PEST softvera, uvodi se automatska kalibracija modela sa regularizacijom, kojom se znatno smanjuje subjektivni uticaj eksperta na rezultat. Primenom pomenute metodologije, određene su prostorne distribucije horizontalne (Kx=Ky) i vertikalne (Kz) komponente koeficijenata filtracije na površinskom kopu „Radljevo“. Hydrodynamic models have usually been calibrated manually, by trial-and-error, with different values of hydraulic parameters and hydraulic characteristics of boundary conditions. This method of calibration and estimation of hydraulic parameters requires extensive knowledge and experience of experts, but whether the resulting solution includes an optimal set of parameters still remains an open question. An optimization method founded upon the Gauss-Marquardt-Levenberg algorithm along with PEST software introduces automation of model calibration with regularization, which substantially reduces the effect of expert judgment on the result. Applying the proposed method, the spatial distributions of the horizontal (Kx=Ky) and vertical (Kz) components of hydraulic conductivity are determined in the open-cast mine “Radljevo”.

279 273 М30 М33 Hidrodinamičkim proračunima transporta „idealne“ čestice prikazan je uticaj eksploatacije peskova sa površinskog kopa „Jakovačka Kumša“ na beogradsko izvorište podzemnih voda. Potencijalnu opasnost od zagađenja podzemnih voda izvorišta za vodosnabdevanje čini skup različitih procesa koji se odvijaju na površinskom kopu. U radu je prikazano poređenje dva modela transporta idealne čestice. Prvi model se odnosi na analizu putanje i vremena putovanja idealne čestice od površinskog kopa do izvorišta za stanje pre otvaranja kopa, dok se drugi model odnosi na stanje kada se na površinskom kopu vrši eksploatacija. Hydrodynamic and particle tracking model show the influence of the exploitation of the sand from the open-cast mine "Jakovačka Kumša" on the Belgrade`s groundwater source. The potential risk of contamination of groundwater is a set of different processes that take place in the open-cast mine. The paper presents a comparison of two particle tracking models. The first model refers to the analysis of the pathways and travel time of contaminants from the open-cast mine to the groundwater source for the state prior to the exploitation, while the second model refers to the state when the exploitation is carried out on an open-cast mine.

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124463 582 M20 М21а The origin and effect of hydraulic resistances on the rate of ageing of radial collector wells are identified through numerical hydrodynamic analysis. The research includes hydrodynamic modeling of one such well with new laterals at Belgrade well field. The performance of the laterals is aggravated by rapid ageing. The change in the hydraulic parameters of the laterals during the first decade of operation is analyzed through simulations of the groundwater regime with realistically specified geometries and hydraulics of the laterals. Contrary to previous investigations, two genetically different types of clogging were identified. The initial hydraulic resistances are a result of colmation due to the gravel pack grain-sizes and screen slot sizes being mismatched with the sand and gravel sediments of the aquifer deposited at the depth of the laterals. Colmation affects the hydraulic performance of the laterals. Well ageing is aggravated by incrustation, caused by high iron concentrations in the captured groundwater. The research highlights a strong correlation between increasing resistances at the laterals, on account of iron precipitation, and groundwater entrance velocities at the laterals. It is possible to differentiate between colmation and incrustation and accurately define the increase in resistances at the laterals by specifying known thicknesses of the near-lateral screen zones and quantifying hydraulic conductivities of those zones. MODFLOW–USG code and Connected Linear Network Process package are recommended for simulating laterals and defining real rather than hydraulically equivalent characteristics of the laterals, as an approach to hydrodynamic investigations relating to radial collector wells.

Heavy rainfall and slow movement of the cyclone Tamara caused record floods in May 2014 across Serbia. As a result, levees were breached, a large portion of the open-pit lignite mine Tamnava–West Field was flooded and a flood lake was created. Due to an active hydraulic link with aquifers, the water table rose and the amount of stored groundwater increased dramatically. Based on in situ surveys and hydrodynamic modeling, three distinct periods of the groundwater regime are identified and the flood impact on the groundwater regime in the study area quantified. The paper describes correlations between flood lake water levels and the water table, and shows calculated groundwater volumes as a result of flooding and those of residual groundwater after dewatering of the open-pit mine. This extreme historical flood in Serbia had disastrous economic and social consequences, given that the studied open-pit mine supports more than 25% of Serbia’s electric power output. The assessment of the flood wave and its impact on the groundwater regime is an important example of the groundwater system response to an extreme rainfall and flood event. The paper presents the operating algorithm which leads to the approach of assessing the impact of floods on increasing the volume of accumulated groundwater. The paper presents a developed methodology for groundwater level status exploration in the wider area of open-pit mine Tamnava-West Field during the flooding that occurred in this mine. The developed method encompasses the creation and calibration of a groundwater model and fate and transport model for groundwater state prior to the flooding, a verification model for groundwater level during the extreme floods and a control verification model which corresponds to the period after the passing of the flood wave. The applied operational algorithm offers reliable bases for adopting a strategy for groundwater management during floods.

Heavy rainfall and slow movement of the cyclone Tamara caused record floods in May 2014 across Serbia. As a result, levees were breached, a large portion of the open-pit lignite mine Tamnava–West Field was flooded and a flood lake was created. Due to an active hydraulic link with aquifers, the water table rose and the amount of stored groundwater increased dramatically. Based on in situ surveys and hydrodynamic modeling, three distinct periods of the groundwater regime are identified and the flood impact on the groundwater regime in the study area quantified. The paper describes correlations between flood lake water levels and the water table, and shows calculated groundwater volumes as a result of flooding and those of residual groundwater after dewatering of the open-pit mine. This extreme historical flood in Serbia had disastrous economic and social consequences, given that the studied open-pit mine supports more than 25% of Serbia’s electric power output. The assessment of the flood wave and its impact on the groundwater regime is an important example of the groundwater system response to an extreme rainfall and flood event. The paper presents the operating algorithm which leads to the approach of assessing the impact of floods on increasing the volume of accumulated groundwater. The paper presents a developed methodology for groundwater level status exploration in the wider area of open-pit mine Tamnava-West Field during the flooding that occurred in this mine. The developed method encompasses the creation and calibration of a groundwater model and fate and transport model for groundwater state prior to the flooding, a verification model for groundwater level during the extreme floods and a control verification model which corresponds to the period after the passing of the flood wave. The applied operational algorithm offers reliable bases for adopting a strategy for groundwater management during floods.

Belgrade's water supply source is faced with the complex issue of halting a continuing decline in radial well capacity. It is possible to counteract the problem by replacing worn-out laterals. Past research has provided a basis for undertaking radial well revitalization activities. One of the questions that remained unanswered was how to overcome structural limitations - shallow emplacement of laterals. In Budapest, an innovative revitalization procedure, applying a modified Ranney method, has been used effectively for about 15 years. The laterals are installed below the bottom of the original well shaft and the screen pipes have bridge-like slots. The possibility of applying this method at Belgrade's water supply source is substantial.

The paper examines the possibility of hydraulic characterization of radial well laterals in a manner that does not require prior hydrodynamic analysis by simulating groundwater extraction conditions on a numerical model. The first step of the proposed approach is to assess the groundwater level regime formed in the capture zone when the well is operating, which is indicative of the functional condition of the laterals and the aquifer potential in terms of groundwater availability. Then the efficiency of the laterals is examined through the hydraulic function of the skin zone, depending on its filtration properties. An expression for groundwater flow from the aquifer to the laterals (commonly used to simulate laterals on a hydrodynamic model) is employed to define representative values of the conductance coefficient of the skin zone (as an indicator of colmation), and then applied to several wells at Belgrade Groundwater Source. The present research shows that a conductance coefficient of [Ks/ds]=1.0×10-4 s-1 can be considered as the threshold value in relation to which the effects of colmation of well laterals are exhibited, which is consistent with the results reported by researchers who studied the effect of skin zone conductance on the occurrence and nature of the so-called early drawdown at radial collector wells. In addition to gaining insight into the present condition of the laterals, the proposed approach can be used to study the progress of colmation at different points in time and to quantify the effectiveness of regeneration of laterals. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. OI176022, br. TR33039 i br. III43004]

510 505 М60 М64 Специфични геолошки и хидрогеолошки услови у области слива реке Височице, а пре свега широко распрострањење карбонатног средње тријаског комплекса стена, као и доњо тријаске шарене серије (алевролити, пешчари, конгломерати) имали су за последицу формирање специфичног типа дренажне мреже као и специфичног режима отицаја реке Височице и њених значајнијих притока. У конкретном случају, у горњим деловима слива ове реке као и њених главних притока, у оквиру доњо тријаских седимената развијен је дендритичан тип хидрографске мреже, док преласком на средње тријаске кречњаке, формирани речни токови губе воду концентрично или сукцесивно дуж понорских зона. У овом делу речна корита немају притока и углавном остају без воде током летњих дужих сушних периода. Specific geological and hydrogeological conditions in the Visočica River catchment, and particularly a widespread Middle Triassic carbonate rock complex and an Early Triassic so‐called Colorful Series 509 (siltstones, sandstones, conglomerates), have resulted in the creation of a specific drainage network and a special runoff regime of the Visočica River and its major tributaries. Namely, in the upper catchment of this river and its main tributaries there is a dendritic river network in the Early Triassic sediments, whereas in the Middle Triassic limestones the streams lose water concentrically or consecutively along ponor zones. There the river channels have no tributaries and generally dry out during extended periods of summer drought.

136 135 М30 М34 Water resources in karst are extremely important sources of drinking water supply. The quality of groundwater formed in karst aquifers is generally high and in most cases only chlorination is required. However, from a hydrogeological perspective, these water resources are the least studied. Often only basic information is available on catchment size, groundwater reserves (dynamic and static, if any) and groundwater balance. Detailed hydrogeological investigations and long-term monitoring of karst spring discharges are needed to acquire such information. In Serbia, only one spring (the source of the Mlava River) is being continuously monitored. Other karst springs are either not monitored at all or observed for short periods of time, usually to address a specific problem. In 1995, the National Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia established gauging stations at another 5 karst springs, including Andrića Vrelo (Andrića Spring) in Western Serbia, Zlatibor District. Monitoring of the 5 springs was discontinued between 2004 and 2006.

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73 68 М30 М33 Analiza vremena putovanja potencijalnog zagađivača do bunara izvorišta podzemnih voda predstavlja veoma bitan segment kod upravljanja i zaštite podzemnih voda. Ova metodologija se zasniva na simulaciji kretanja nereagujuće čestice sa podzemnim vodama i poroznom sredinom (“idealna” čestica). Rezultati hidrodinamičkog modela, kojim se vrši simulacija režima podzemnih voda, predstavljaju osnovu za model praćenja “idealne” čestice. Postoje različiti softveri koji se koriste u hidrogeološkoj praksi za analizu problema zagađivača. U ovom radu korišćen je numerički kod Modpath, dok je za simulaciju režima podzemnih voda korišćen numerički kod Modflow. Primena navedene metodologije prikazana je na primeru iz prakse. Rezultati modelskih istraživanja predstavljani su u vidu karata rasporeda pijezometarskih nivoa podzemnih voda i karata putanje „idealnih“ čestica u prostoru i vremenu. The timeseries analysis of potential contaminations of groundwater sources represents a important section in groundwater management and groundwater protection. This methodology is based on the simulation of movement a particle that doesn't react with groundwater and porous media ("ideal" particles). The results of the hydrodynamic model which simulates the groundwater regime are the basis for the particle-tracking model: a particle-tracking model is designed to work with groundwater flow model output. There are different softwares used in hydrogeological research for groundwater contamination analysis. In this paper, it was used modpath code, while, on the other hand, modflow code was used for simulation of groundwater regime. The application of the abovemented methodologies was presented on a real case study. The outputs from model are presented in the form of water-table maps and distribution of the pathlines around the wells at groundwater source.

3-4 38 29 M20 М24 Hydrodynamic models have usually been calibrated manually, by trial-and-error, with different values of hydraulic parameters and hydraulic characteristics of boundary conditions. This method of calibration and estimation of hydraulic parameters requires an extensive knowledge and experience of experts, but whether the resulting solution includes an optimal set of parameters still remains an open question. An optimization method founded upon the Gauss-Marquardt-Levenberg algorithm, along with PEST software based on that algorithm, introduces automation of model calibration with regularization, which substantially reduces the effect of expert judgment on the result. The method also introduces the so-called “pilot points”, which transcend the concept of homogeneous zones with the values of hydraulic parameters of a hydrogeological system or zones with the specified boundary conditions. Mineral ore deposits are the most complex in geological and hydrogeological terms, so the lignite coal mine “Tamnava - West Field” was selected as a good area to test the approach. Applying the proposed method, the spatial distributions of the horizontal (Kx=Ky) and vertical (Kz) components of hydraulic conductivity are determined in the study area.

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