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The primary cause of noise from vehicular traffic while travelling at speeds over 30 km/h is tyre/road interaction. To reduce this noise source, tyre/road sound emissions research has been carried out using different approaches. Most of this research has been centred around track tests, leading to the development of various track and road-based methods for evaluating tyre/road noise emissions. The CPX (Close-Proximity), along with the CPB (Controlled Pass-By), the CB (Coast-By) and the SPB (Statistical Pass-By), methods are the most common ones. Nevertheless, since Reg. (EC) 1222/2009 came into force, only the CB method, defined in Reg. (EC) 117/2007, can be used to obtain tyre/road noise emission type approval values in Europe. However, current track test methods have important limitations, such as the variability of the results depending on the test track or the test vehicle, the repeatability, the influence of environmental variables or, the main aspect, the limitation of the registered magnitude in these tests, which is the sound pressure level. The Alternative Drum test method (A-DR) was developed in 2015 in order to avoid these disadvantages. However, it involves a complex and time-consuming microphone array for each test. With the purpose of improving the A-DR test method, a new methodology based on drum tests, the ISO 11819-2 and the ISO 3744 standards, was developed. This paper describes the new Alternative CPX Drum test method (A-CPX-DR) and validates it by testing several tyres according to the CB, the A-DR and the A-CPX-DR test methods and comparing their results. This research has demonstrated that all three methods have equivalent sound spectra and obtain close equivalent sound pressure levels for type approval of tyres in the EU, while drum tests have shown greater accuracy. For both reasons, the new A-CPX-DR methodology could be used for tyre/road noise emission type approval in a more precise and cheaper way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the implementation of the GOELRO plan in the late 1920s and early 1930s, efforts were made to extend the use of electricity to agricultural fieldwork through the development of specialized machines and mechanisms. Numerous inventors, engineers, and scientists focused on finding ways to electrify energy-intensive agricultural operations. As a result, various designs of electric plows and electric tractors emerged. (Research purpose) The paper aims to analyze the development of electric tractors in the USSR during the period from 1930 to 1956. (Materials and methods) The study employs a chronological research method, examining scientific and technical publications, along with other sources, that address the manufacturing and testing of electric tractors. Conclusions were drawn through the analysis and synthesis of the reviewed materials. (Results and discussion) The initial phase of electrifying soil cultivation operations was marked by the development of plows powered by electric winches. In the early 1930s, tractors emerged with electric motors replacing traditional heat (internal combustion) engines. Advancements in electric tractor design led to the creation of tracked models such as the HTZ-15 (Kharkov) and ET-5-ENIN-VIESh (Moscow), which underwent extensive economic testing. The results indicated that the use of electric tractors in fi eld crop farming was unsuitable due to both technical and economic factors. (Conclusions) Between 1930 and 1956, at least 15 types of wheeled and tracked electric tractors were developed in the Soviet Union. Testing these models revealed both the advantages and drawbacks of electrified traction equipment. Despite their eff orts, mid-twentieth-century engineers were unable to resolve the technical challenges associated with the implementation of electric tractors, leading to the termination of the project in 1956.

The primary cause of noise from vehicular traffic while travelling at speeds over 30 km/h is tyre/road interaction. To reduce this noise source, tyre/road sound emissions research has been carried out using different approaches. Most of this research has been centred around track tests, leading to the development of various track and road-based methods for evaluating tyre/road noise emissions. The CPX (Close-Proximity), along with the CPB (Controlled Pass-By), the CB (Coast-By) and the SPB (Statistical Pass-By), methods are the most common ones. Nevertheless, since Reg. (EC) 1222/2009 came into force, only the CB method, defined in Reg. (EC) 117/2007, can be used to obtain tyre/road noise emission type approval values in Europe. However, current track test methods have important limitations, such as the variability of the results depending on the test track or the test vehicle, the repeatability, the influence of environmental variables or, the main aspect, the limitation of the registered magnitude in these tests, which is the sound pressure level. The Alternative Drum test method (A-DR) was developed in 2015 in order to avoid these disadvantages. However, it involves a complex and time-consuming microphone array for each test. With the purpose of improving the A-DR test method, a new methodology based on drum tests, the ISO 11819-2 and the ISO 3744 standards, was developed. This paper describes the new Alternative CPX Drum test method (A-CPX-DR) and validates it by testing several tyres according to the CB, the A-DR and the A-CPX-DR test methods and comparing their results. This research has demonstrated that all three methods have equivalent sound spectra and obtain close equivalent sound pressure levels for type approval of tyres in the EU, while drum tests have shown greater accuracy. For both reasons, the new A-CPX-DR methodology could be used for tyre/road noise emission type approval in a more precise and cheaper way.

Objective. Currently, cement is crushed in mills to a specific surface area of 2500-3000 and 3500-4500 cm2/g or more. Further grinding of clinker sharply worsens the properties of the resulting product. The purpose of the study is to ensure maximum efficiency of the grinding process by determining the optimal combined influence of a different assortment of grinding media and surfactants.Method. When grinding the material, a surfactant (surfactant) is introduced. Triethalamine (TEA) was used as a surfactant – grinding intensifier. Triethalamine is added immediately before grinding into the mill, in an amount of 0.03% in terms of dry matter of the mass of clinker loaded into the mill.Result. By adding a surfactant when grinding clinker, you can obtain a finished product, while the grinding time is reduced by 1.5 times.Conclusion. The results of experimental studies indicate a significant influence of different compositions of grinding media on the resulting grain composition and properties of cement.

Abstract The cutting and crushing of coal and rock containing gangue is the result of the coupling effect of multiple factors. The geometric parameters of the working mechanism, the kinematic parameters of the shearer, and the physical and mechanical properties of the coal and rock to be cut all affect the cutting and crushing process of the shearer. To study the coal falling trajectory of cutting coal and rock using a spiral drum, optimal cutting parameters were obtained, efficient cutting using a spiral drum was achieved, and analysis of the coal falling trajectory and strength of the drum of a shearer based on bidirectional coupling technology was proposed based on particle discrete element contact theory and virtual prototype technology. The discrete element method multi-flexible body dynamics two-way coupling method was used to obtain cutting and interactive information about the spiral drum for a complex coal seam with gangue. The cutting conditions of the spiral drum under different cutting depths, rotational speeds, and traction speeds were determined. The movement status of coal and rock particles was monitored under different working conditions. Coal falling trajectory equations for the coal and rock particles were compiled under different working conditions, and the coal falling trajectory curve was drawn. The optimal coal loading rate was used as the measurement standard for the coal falling trajectory, and the optimal coal falling trajectory of the drum was obtained through full factor experiments. The load of the drum and pick was extracted, their stress and deformation were analyzed, and fatigue life analysis was performed on the pick with the highest stress. The results indicate that the maximum deformation occurs on the cutting teeth that are cutting hard gangue. The stress of the tooth seat is mainly concentrated at the root of the tooth seat, and its maximum equivalent stress is less than the yield limit value of the selected material. Therefore, the material selection and structural design of the drum are safe and reliable. By building a coal mining machine cutting coal and rock experimental platform and monitoring the working status of the designed spiral drum, it meets the usage requirements. Based on industrial experiments conducted underground, the measured average coal loading rate of the shearer drum was 46.31%, achieving stable operation and verifying that the designed drum of the shearer has an efficient cutting ability.

The cutting and crushing of coal and rock containing gangue is the result of the coupling effect of multiple factors. The geometric parameters of the working mechanism, the kinematic parameters of the shearer, and the physical and mechanical properties of the coal and rock to be cut all affect the cutting and crushing process of the shearer. To study the coal falling trajectory of cutting coal and rock using a spiral drum, optimal cutting parameters were obtained, efficient cutting using a spiral drum was achieved, and analysis of the coal falling trajectory and strength of the drum of a shearer based on bidirectional coupling technology was proposed based on particle discrete element contact theory and virtual prototype technology. The discrete element method multi-flexible body dynamics two-way coupling method was used to obtain cutting and interactive information about the spiral drum for a complex coal seam with gangue. The cutting conditions of the spiral drum under different cutting depths, rotational speeds, and traction speeds were determined. The movement status of coal and rock particles was monitored under different working conditions. Coal falling trajectory equations for the coal and rock particles were compiled under different working conditions, and the coal falling trajectory curve was drawn. The optimal coal loading rate was used as the measurement standard for the coal falling trajectory, and the optimal coal falling trajectory of the drum was obtained through full factor experiments. The load of the drum and pick was extracted, their stress and deformation were analyzed, and fatigue life analysis was performed on the pick with the highest stress. The results indicate that the maximum deformation occurs on the cutting teeth that are cutting hard gangue. The stress of the tooth seat is mainly concentrated at the root of the tooth seat, and its maximum equivalent stress is less than the yield limit value of the selected material. Therefore, the material selection and structural design of the drum are safe and reliable. By building a coal mining machine cutting coal and rock experimental platform and monitoring the working status of the designed spiral drum, it meets the usage requirements. Based on industrial experiments conducted underground, the measured average coal loading rate of the shearer drum was 46.31%, achieving stable operation and verifying that the designed drum of the shearer has an efficient cutting ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Intelligent Agriculture Mechanization is the property of Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Regional instruments, as reflections of culture, play a significant role in folk culture. With a rich history, these instruments vary across regions, contributing to the diversity of culture. Examples of folk instruments, considered cultural heritage, are preserved in personal archives or displayed in ethnography museums. The Ethnography Museum in Antalya showcases and preserves Turkish folk music instruments specific to the region. The museum features a variety of instruments, including woodwind and brass instruments like the wooden and brass flute, wooden reed, reed and bone whistle, and reed mouthpiece; string instruments like the gourd fiddle and wooden-skin fiddle; and percussion instruments like the drum, totaling eight instruments unique to the region. This research aims to uncover the characteristics of these exhibited instruments and their usage in the local context. The study is important because the instruments exhibited in the Antalya Ethnography Museum belong to this region. In this study, a cultural analysis pattern, examining physical (tangible, visual) artifacts, was employed as a qualitative research method. Physical artifacts represent tools, techniques, and methods used within a culture. The instruments used in Antalya reflect not only the region's musical culture but also its overall folk culture. The identified instruments in the research serve as cultural tools in rituals, folk dances, and other events for entertainment purposes, following specific techniques. Data were collected through document analysis and analyzed through descriptive analysis. Criterion sampling, one of the purposeful sampling methods, was used in the study. It was determined that the Antalya Ethnography Museum exhibits eight instruments, with Central Asian origins. The study revealed that these instruments are made using bone and various types of wood, and they are used in local events such as henna nights, bride fetching, weddings, military send-offs, festivals, and celebrations. In the light of the data obtained in the study, the idea of preparing brochures with detailed explanations about the instruments exhibited in the museum and presenting them to visitors emerged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In low-income nations with mineral-rich deposits, mainstream mining faces challenges due to high capital demands, leading to the prevalence of small-scale mining. Limited funds result in the use of locally crafted machinery, impacting efficiency. Improving the reliability and efficiency of these machines is essential. The ball mill, a crucial tool in mineral processing, comprises of various components, including the power source, support structure, drum, and liners, essential for reducing abrasive ore-induced wear. Excessive liner wear necessitates costly replacements, affecting efficiency. The choice between cylindrical and polygonal drum profiles is thought to influence small-scale mining productivity, prompting an investigation into their impact on liner wear. Using the discrete element method and laboratory-scale experiments, this study created particle and wear models to assess wear severity on the two drum profiles, favoring the hexagon as a polygon representative. Findings indicate that material slip significantly affects wear in cylindrical profiles, whereas the wear on polygonal profiles results from both material slip and concentrated compressive force at the vertices. Despite lifters reducing wear in all profiles, the impact of compressive force on the polygonal profile remains unresolved. On average, the polygon profile exhibits 17.9% less wear than the cylindrical profile. However, the cylindrical profile with lifters experiences a 32.2% reduction in wear compared to the polygon profile with lifters at all rotation speeds. This research underscores the importance of tailored solutions to enhance machine durability and operational efficiency in small-scale mining contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Turkish Music (TM) / Türk Müziği is the property of Young Wise Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The drum cable engines with DO/HBs (Draw off hold back gear) have been indispensable equipments to lay and recover the optical submarine cables and the optical submarine repeaters. When use them, the back tensions by the DO/HB have been set at relative high tensions because of the empirical knowledge to pass repeaters and cable couplings safely through the drum. However there had been no papers on the minimum back tensions for the DO/HB. If we could know them for the various kind of repeaters, the preparation and operations of the drum cable engines and DO/HBs would be improved and get security. Therefore the author solved forces and moments acting on the repeaters and the cable couplings on the rotated drum cable engines using the linear system of equations. And found that there were the negative longitudinal axial forces acting on the repeaters when the repeaters passed around 85 to 100 degrees from the top of the drum of the first turn in the lay, and around 80 to 110 degrees from the top of the drum of the last turn in the recovery if the back tensions by DO/HB were set below specific values. If there were the negative longitudinal forces, the repeaters would not face the drum and not be wound correctly on the drum. Then here the author clarified the minimum DO/HB back tensions for the drum cable engines based upon more than zero longitudinal axial forces acting on the optical submarine repeaters during lay and recover. These calculations can apply to almost all kind of repeaters if they are connected to the cable coupling with the gimbals joints.

This article brings together two giants of Southern African literature and criticism for the purposes of comparison, particularly of their experience of the Drum and Golden City Post era, and the immediate aftermath. Bessie Head and Lewis Nkosi, both journalists, first crossed paths in the Johannesburg of what Nkosi called ‘The Fabulous Decade’ of the 1950s; both, in the early 1960s, went into exile – Nkosi to America to take up a Nieman Fellowship at Harvard University; and Head to Serowe in Botswana to become a teacher. Both left, after having passports refused, on one-way exit permits which meant they couldn’t return, for the duration of apartheid rule at least. There were, of course, significant differences as well: though both had difficult childhoods, Head’s struggles as a disowned illegitimate foster child were harder than Nkosi’s who at least had some family to support him in his early years; Head’s battle with mental health was not shared by Nkosi, though her dependence on alcohol was. In terms of their long-term reputations, Head was the more acclaimed novelist, while Nkosi’s acclaim was for his critical writings. This article is a preliminary step towards comparatively discussing these two exiled writers whose paths crossed briefly in turbulent personal and political times in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of speed, number of baffles and baffle lengths of a developed tumble drum mixer as they relate to the degree of mixing of feed in the mixer were investigated. Results showed that the degree of mixing of the tumble drum mixer was influenced by the linear effects of the number of baffles, also the interactions of the number of baffles and baffle lengths of the mixer at 5% probability. These factors accounted for about 94.37% of the variations in the degree of mixing of the mixer. The highest degree of mixing of 79.21% was obtained when the number of baffles were 9 and baffle length was 20cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drumming practices have been documented across global cultures, often integrated into rituals surrounding major life transitions such as births, coming-of-age, marriages, and deaths. In many contemporary Western societies these drumming traditions have waned, becoming viewed as unconventional. Yet drumming has powerful neurophysiological effects demonstrated by research, which are well suited to supporting the birth journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teff (Eragrostistef (Zucc.) Trotter) is atypical crop growing in most areas of Ethiopia, with the first area coverage. Threshing of teff can be performed indifferent ways; by hand beating, animal trampling and use of stationary threshers. In all cases of teff threshing, separation and cleaning are the most tedious and time consuming activities. In this research, the design effect of a newly developed type threshing unit was compared against SG-2000 stationary thresher. The comparison was focused on two independent variables: feed rate and drum speed, with three levels 275, 325 and 400 kg hr-1; and 22.04, 24.49 and 29.39 m s-1, respectively. The results revealed that mean values of the threshing capacity, cleaning efficiency and separation efficiency are 42.30 and 45.81 kg hr-1; 24.85% and 35.92%; and 86.33% and 93.10% for SG-2000 and the newly developed threshing units, respectively. The newly developed threshing unit (closed type concave) showed significant difference in separation and cleaning efficiency of teff over SG-2000 (the open concave type). To perform closer to 100% cleaning efficiency, it is recommended to adopt other mechanism or use of additional sieves under the concave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hunter-gatherer rock art of South Africa is ubiquitous and has various themes including people, animals, therianthropes, and objects, such as musical instruments. Musical instruments or sound-producing instruments identified in South African rock art depictions so far include musical bows, flutes, rattles, and bullroarers. This article focuses on the possible depiction of a person playing a drum, from the farm Grootvlei 158 in the Cathcart district, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The depiction is not a new discovery, but little is known about the image. This article draws on a literature review and the SARADA repository, as well as other known drum depictions in rock art globally to consider whether this is a depiction of a drum. Ethnographic and historical sources have been consulted on the use of drums by southern African hunter-gatherers which suggest that drums were played for musical purposes, featured during rituals, and were used as a communication medium to relay messages or during ritual ceremonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In October 2006 a drum embarked on what is possibly the most extensive journey of any drum at any time. The journey’s ambitions were similarly grand: to serve as a wakeup call to the needs of Mother Earth by linking people, things, and places. What follows is my take on this project in the context of the reclaiming of drums in Sápmi and globalizing discourses on Indigenous religion(s), as well as a focus on object agency and the modes and codes of Indigeneity on the move. I propose ‘drift matter’ (borrowed from the archaeological perspectives of Þóra Pétursdóttir and Bjørnar Olsen) as a concept to consider this case and for the unruliness of afterlives.

BackgroundDespite the association between motor dysfunction and dementia, quantitative assessment of dementia-related specific motor dysfunction in patients with severe dementia is difficult. Thus, this study aimed to develop a new method to measure upper limb motor function in people with dementia.MethodsWe examined the relationship between dementia severity and dementia-related specific motor dysfunction using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), a dementia screening test. Participants comprised 16 nursing home residents with a mean age of 86 years and MMSE score of 14.56 (range, 1–23) Points. Participants were seated in a circle and instructed to play a drum that was placed in their lap using mallets (drumsticks) in their dominant hand. Acceleration and gyroscopic sensors were attached to their wrists to collect data on arm movements while drumming. Upper limb motor characteristics were confirmed by recording acceleration and arm movement during drumming and analyzing the correlation with handgrip strength.ResultsHandgrip strength was correlated with arm elevation angle during drumming. The arm elevation angle displayed a significant regression equation with the MMSE score and showed the best regression equation along with handgrip strength (adjusted R2 = 0.6035, p = 0.0009).ConclusionWe developed a new method using drums to measure upper limb motor function in people with dementia. We also verified that the average arm elevation angle during drumming could predict cognitive dysfunction. This system may be used to monitor people with dementia in a simple and safe way.

An important feature of the drums of mine shearers, is the material loading capacity onto the armored face conveyor. This characteristic is influenced by both the shape of the vane and the pitch of the helical vane. Thus, the pitch of the helical vane can be either constant or variable. This variable pitch can also have two variants. The first one is with an axial pitch when there is a progressive increase in the pitch of the helical vane towards the conveyor direction, thus resulting in a productivity increase of 15-20% compared to drums with a constant pitch. This constructive variant does not ensure the placement of the cutting picks to achieve a balanced working regime. The second constructive variant is with a radial pitch when the helical vane profile has a variable height along the generating curve. This constructive variant is considered more advantageous, ensuring a more rational placement of the cutting pitch by maintaining a constant axial pitch. In this paper a modeling is proposed for the drum of the CA-1 longwall shearer with variable axial-radial pitch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy & Power / Reneng Dongli Gongcheng is the property of Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy & Power and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The work is devoted to the study of the parameters of an installation for heating a coolant using liquid forcing through throttle openings. A scheme of a full-size experimental stand has been developed and the principles of operation are described in detail. For visual observation of the state of the liquid at different angular speeds of rotation of the rotor, a transparent drum model is made. The influence of the shape of the rotor skirt and the depth of its immersion in the liquid on the filling capacity of the rotor cavity at an angular velocity from 42 to 314 rad/s has been determined. The optimal parameters of the depth of immersion of the drum skirt with a diameter of 0.5 m in the liquid, at low rotor speeds of 16, 24, 32 rad/s, were obtained. The angle of inclination is calculated and it is experimentally proved that for a conical shape it is 5 degrees. It was found that at angular velocities of the rotor more than 100 rad/s, the shape and depth of immersion of the skirt in the liquid do not affect the filling of the rotor, since the feed is higher than its flow through the throttle openings. It is shown that the use of rotational forces to heat the liquid allows using an electric motor with less power, since it is spent only on unwinding the rotor with the liquid. The calculated dependence of the liquid pressure on the side walls of the rotor, the liquid heating temperature on the angular velocity of rotation of the rotor and on two values of the area of the throttle openings, at 31.4·10–6 m² and 64.34·10–6 m², is obtained. When the total area of the throttle openings is doubled, the temperature of the liquid heating at the same angular velocities increases from 35.6 °C to 82.5 °C. The above installation parameters allow you to get hot water when using small shell-and-tube heat exchangers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims to develop an integrated heat transfer and hydrodynamic model for the study of boiler dynamics in fluctuating load conditions. A transient heat transfer model has been developed to estimate water side heat transfer and it is directly integrated with the hydrodynamic model. Two independent natural circulation circuits for furnace water wall and convection tube bank have been considered due to differences in heat transfer, dryness fraction, and void fraction. The transient heat transfer model calculates the heat transfer and water wall temperature of the various sections to calculate total gas side heat transfer, gas temperature profile, and waterside heat transfer in the furnace water wall and convection tube bank. Mass momentum and energy conservation equations are generated for both natural circulation circuits using the estimated value of waterside heat transfer of the transient heat transfer model. These equations are integrated with mass and energy conservation equations for the drum below water level and drum above water level to generate a system of equations to estimate drum pressure and water level fluctuation. This model has been extended for boiler feedback control systems, including the load management and the water level control system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shearer drum undertakes the main function of coal falling and loading, and picks distributed on it have a great impact on the performance of the drum. However, few studies have optimized the pick and drum at the same time. In this paper, parameters of pick and drum are considered as design variables, and the response functions of design variables are established based on the central composite experiment method. The optimal structural and working parameters of the pick and the drum of MG500/1130-WD shearer are obtained by using the multi-objective bat algorithm and multi-objective bat algorithm with grid, respectively. Comparing results of the two algorithms, the multi-objective bat algorithm with grid is more effective in improving the comprehensive performance of the drum. According to the optimized design variables, a coal mining test is carried out to verify the optimization effect of the algorithm. The result provides some theoretical references for the design and production of the drum and has some engineering application value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epistemic question about what constitutes religious belief in non-Western contexts is addressed here through the ontology of sonic experience. I demonstrate that religious beliefs are habitually ingrained as long-sustaining visceral memories, when afforded by sensory—for instance, aural—affects. Bengal's peculiar devotional milieu constructs a prototype of oppositions. On one end is the urban, classical, martial goddess, Durga, with elite histories of acquiring a high Brahmanical form, and whose autumnal rituals are based on scriptural rules, caste hierarchies, and distance among the devotees and deity. On the other end is the rural, indigenous, non-classical, peasant god, Shiva, whose spring-time worship celebrating primordial death and regeneration is based on intensely embodied and communitarian principles of identity among the caste-equal bodies of devotee men, and even their god. Based on immersive ethnographic analyses, the paper argues that these dual psychological ends of the regional sacred cosmos are made vividly real through differential perceptive experiences of percussion sounds (ubiquitous in these festivities), their varied tempos, textures, volumes, and rhythm modulations. Through phenomenological deep listening, I describe stark styles of making and playing the sacred membranophone drum, dhak, which embodies distinct rhythm styles, relationships with rituals, and psychophysical effects on the devotional ensembles. I show how the bodies of devotees, dhak players (dhakis), deities, and even the dhak, become tied to the tonalities of the drum, which is taught through generations of deft learning among dhakis, to sound distinctly when echoed for Durga and Shiva. The paper's main argument is that these dhak sounds, which have remained a conceptual oversight in literature, not only aid in, but indeed, enable the experience of and belief in Bengal's divergent deities. It is through such empowering sensory sedimentations of the different sounds of the same percussion, that people recognize, remember, and maintain the region's devotional dialectic and complex religious lifeworld. In essence, the body's powerful experiences of drum sounds make religious belief palpable and possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the case of the seismic instrumentation of the church Nuestra Señora del Refugio, built in the eighteenth century and located in the city of Puebla, Mexico. The church has been damaged by the earthquakes of 1864, 1973, and 1999, so it has been structurally intervened. After the 1999 earthquake, an environmental vibration was recorded, and the acceleration records were processed with specialized software to calculate the Fourier spectra and the Transfer Function. Through the spectral ratios in the horizontal and horizontal over vertical directions, it was determined the frequencies and vibration periods of some structural elements. Subsequently, a range of vibrating periods estimated in colonial temples was proposed, with which it was observed that the percentage of periods of the entire structure, applying the Floor/Free field technique that are within that range. It is higher for the transversal component. X (flexible), that the percentage for the longitudinal component Y (rigid). The files corresponded to those used by another researcher in his doctoral thesis, which does not show the signal processing procedure and modeled the temple with finite elements to determinate its vibration models. The vibrating periods obtained with both methodologies were very close. The finite element method requires data on materials, geometry, dimensions, etc. The environmental vibration only records the internal motion of the structure; therefore, it is suitable for monitoring the seismic behavior of temples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a theoretical solution to the problem of finding the microgeometry of the friction surface, which ensures uniform wear of the friction pad of the brake mechanism and the immobility of the crack in the material. As is known, the friction pair of the brake mechanism wears unevenly, so it is advisable to reduce wear where its value is maximum. It is possible to achieve this goal by applying design and technological methods at the stages of designing and manufacturing a friction pair if the optimal microgeometry of the friction surface of the pair is known. The desired optimal microgeometry of the friction surface of the friction pair must also prevent the growth of possible cracks in the material. The stated optimization problem is solved using a model of a rough friction surface. Using the perturbation methods, the theory of analytic functions, and least squares, the problem is reduced to a problem for a conditional extremum of a function of many variables. A closed system of algebraic equations, which makes it possible to obtain a solution to the optimization problem for the friction "pad-brake drum" pair depending on the characteristics of its elements, was constructed. The resulting microgeometry of the friction surface provides an increase in the wear resistance and bearing capacity of the friction pad of the vehicle brake mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulation is an important step in the design of new road roller models. In the process of modeling, it is possible to exclude options that do not allow obtaining the optimal structure or parameters of the designed machine. To carry out this stage, it is necessary to have information about the range of values of the design parameters of the roller, the main of which is the operating weight. The mass per axle of a road roller depends on its operating mass and consists of the mass of the frame part and the mass of the drum, the value of which is required in the dynamic simulation of the vibrating drum-compacted material system. Manufacturers of road rollers do not give the drum weight in their technical documentation, so it is difficult to determine its value. In the proposed study, the analytical dependence of the drum mass on the technological parameters of the vibrating and oscillating roller was obtained, and the statistical analysis carried out showed that for calculations the drum mass can be taken equal to 20% of the operational roller mass. As a result of the analysis of the system of forces acting on the drum, it was found that with the same mass, the oscillating drum, in comparison with the vibration, develops a greater driving force. In addition, the impulse of the driving force of the oscillating drum is higher than the impulse of the vibratory drum. The research results can be used to simulate the interaction of a smooth drum of a road roller in the design of new machine models.

This study investigates the size-induced radial segregation of binary mixtures in different sized rotating drums. The results indicate that at a constant Froude number, the time to reach the stable segregation state increases with the drum size increasing, while the final particle segregation patterns remain similar. A correlation of the segregation rate as a function of scale-up ratio and Froude number is proposed, indicating that the segregation rate decreases with the drum size increasing. The similarity in particle velocity and particle-particle contact force is analyzed, showing that particle velocity distribution shows much difference in different sized drums at a low Froude number but less difference at a high Froude number. The average velocity increases with the drum size increasing. Contact force distribution shows significant difference at all Froude numbers, with the average force increasing with the drum size. Total power consumption per unit mass increases with the drum size increasing. [Display omitted] • Sized-induced segregation in different sized drums is compared. • Segregation rate decreases first then remains similar with the drum size increasing. • Drum size affects particle velocity distribution significantly at low Froude numbers. • Drum size affects force distribution significantly at all Froude numbers. • Power consumption per unit mass increases with the drum size increasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drum Set are representative instruments that use grips in modern popular music. Depending on how and how clearly you hold the basic grip, it also affects your performance ability. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of each grip, derive the resulting complex effects, and present practical application plans to the drummers. The research method is largely divided into traditional and matched grips, and in detail, German, American, French, and hybrid styles are included to analyze the performance method utilized. It also refers to the grip method of all drummers from the 1930s to the present, which was registered in Drummer World, an overseas drum site. This study proposed several application plans by classifying and analyzing the most basic grip methods in drum set in detail. I was able to see that the performance impact was different depending on the grip, and I think it will be more helpful for future performances if I understand both the positive and adverse functions of each grip and play it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant load fluctuations are encountered when cutting the coal rock using the shearer spiral drum, causing excessive drum wear. Thus, a coupling discrete element model of coal‐rock was developed, and the discrete element method and multi‐body dynamics were used to build a two‐way coupling simulation model of coal rock drum cutting. The drum wear was analyzed, along with the pick and spiral blade wear positions. The results have shown that the pick wear is primarily concentrated at the pick tip and the shaft shoulder, while the outer spiral blade edge blade is generally worn near the pick root. The maximum wear depth obtained in the simulation was 0.00316 mm. The tangential cumulative energy of the drum and the normal cumulative energy were 1.794e5 and 7.819e4 J, respectively. The friction wear of the drum was more prominent compared to the impact wear. By using a single factor method, the relationship between the drum rotational speed, traction speed, rock firmness coefficient, cutting depth, and spiral blade angle, and drum wear was obtained. Finally, it was concluded that the study at hand provides a quick and straightforward way to study drum wear law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fernando Picornell's artwork painted on drums of Hellin region from Spain. Based on knowledge acquired from studying of drums from Hellin region since the very beginning to nowadays in its different ways of representations, the artist developed this subject within an artwork which is also a reason for meditation upon visual arts and painting.

Based on experimental studies, the article presents the issues of improving the quality indicators of the drum feed mixer, describes its design and operating principle. The research was conducted in accordance with the current methodology and materials presented in the article. Based on the results of approximation of the initially calculated values of the quality-power indicator, a statistical model of this quality-power indicator (0.01% kW) is obtained. The value of errors in the calculated data is ana-lyzed for correspondence with the initial data. After processing the obtained experimental data, the description of dependence diagrams on the influence of the design parameters of the working body of the drum mixer on the quality and power indicator is shown. An increase in the height of the instal-lation of blades is undesirable over 0.16 m, and an increase in the number of blades over eight leads to a rapid deterioration in the quantity-power indicator. The relevant conclusions on the application of the studied design and operating parameters in the working of the drum mixer are presented.

The wear of the friction lining and break drum of a vehicle is uneven. It is, therefore, advisable to reduce wear where it matters most. Knowing the optimal microgeometry of the friction pair surface, this problem can be solved by design-technological methods at the design and manufacturing stages. This paper theoretically solves the problem of finding the friction surface microgeometry, which ensures the uniform wear of a friction lining. A model of a rough friction surface is adopted. To solve the optimization problem posed, the wear-contact problem of the indentation of the friction lining into the brake drum surface is first considered. Temperature functions, contact pressure, stresses, and displacements both in the friction lining and in the brake drum are sought in the form of expansions in a small parameter. For simplicity, the terms containing small parameter degrees that are higher than one are discarded. Each approximation satisfies the system of differential equations of plane thermoelasticity. The solution to the boundary-value problem of the theory of thermal conductivity in each approximation is found by the method of separation of variables. In each approximation, the thermoelastic displacement potential and the power series method are used to solve the thermoelasticity problem. Using the least-squares method, a closed system of algebraic equations is constructed, which allows one to obtain a solution to the problem of optimal design of the drum-lining friction pair, depending on the geometric and mechanical characteristics of both the brake drum and the friction lining. The found microgeometry of the friction surface provides an increase in the wear resistance of the friction lining.