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In the current state of our knowledge, the Peyrugues shelter presents a stratified series of 11 gravettian levels under the Protomagdalenian. Most of them are known only in soundings. Only the five upper levels (20, 20a, 21b, 21d, 22) have been excavated. These are summer season occupations separated by a variable number of years and resulting in more or less thick sterile interfaces.Habitat 22 was installed at the bottom of the cavity, at the top of the slope deposit, on an irregular area of 21 m², levelled by the addition of limestone. The abundance of blocks available at the bottom enabled its occupants to close it off with a dry stone wall linking the two edges of the shelter. The remains of this wall show, on the west side, several foundations of a 2.5 m long straight wall, built on installation fill, reinforced by a system of buttresses. At the end of this wall, a 1.30 m long spilled monolith was found, as well as traces of its wedging in a vertical position. On the eastern side, another wall, subsequently dismantled by the occupants of level 21b, only delivered a few elements of its basal base, which were inserted into the reception floor. However, the alignment of these remains as well as the wall effect on the internal distribution of the furniture in the dwelling 22 mark the disappearance of a straight 2 m long wall.The interior space of the habitat, centred on a central hearth in a bowl containing numerous charred bone fragments, indicates an intense use of bone as fuel. Abundant archaeological furnishings and combustion products covered the floor of the dwelling, except for a 2 m² space on the south-east side, well delimited by a wall effect. This could correspond to a storage and/or resting place.At the time of its discovery in the sounding, level 22 seemed homogeneous. However, the excavation revealed the juxtaposition of levels 21d and 22 in the same space, without however being able to isolate them in the field. Only the subsequent realization of multiple distribution profiles of their furnishings showed that part of habitat 21d occupied a pit thus impacting level 22, right down to its basal sterile fill. Seasonality indicators provided by the fishery reveal a particularly early occupation during the summer, spread over 6 to 7 months. Such a long occupation challenges the social organization of the group. Ethnographic experience as well as recent studies revealing the participation of women and children in the ornamentation of the caves argue in favour of mixed nomadism., Architecture bâtie sous abri-Michel ALLARD-En hommage à mon épouse, Marie-Andrée, disparue trop tôt pour voir l'aboutissement de cette recherche qu'elle a constamment accompagnée et soutenue, et pour laquelle elle a assuré la plus grande partie de l'infographie des plans, dessins et photos dans la publication. RÉSUMÉ Dans l'état actuel de nos connaissances, l'abri des Peyrugues présente une série stratifiée de 11 niveaux gravettiens sous le Protomagdalénien. La plupart d'entre eux ne sont connus qu'en sondage. Seuls les cinq niveaux supérieurs (20, 20a, 21b, 21d, 22) ont été fouillés. Il s'agit d'occupations de saisons estivales séparées par un nombre variable d'années et se traduisant par des interfaces stériles plus ou moins épaisses. L'habitat 22 a été installé en fond de cavité, au sommet du dépôt de pente, sur un espace irrégulier de 21 m², nivelé par des apports de castine. L'abondance de blocs disponibles en contrebas a permis à ses occupants de le fermer par une paroi de pierre sèche reliant les deux bords de l'abri. Les vestiges de cette paroi montrent, du côté occidental, plusieurs assises d'un mur rectiligne long de 2,50 m, construit sur remblai d'installation, renforcé par un système de contrefort. A l'extrémité de celui-ci, on a trouvé un monolithe déversé, d'une longueur d'1,30 m ainsi que les traces de son calage en position verticale. Du côté oriental, un autre mur, démonté par la suite par les occupants du niveau 21b, n'a livré que quelques éléments de son assise basale, fichés dans le sol d'accueil. Pour autant, l'alignement de ces vestiges ainsi que l'effet de paroi sur la répartition interne du mobilier de l'habitat 22 marquent la disparition d'un mur rectiligne, long de 2 m. L'espace intérieur de l'habitat, centré sur un foyer central en cuvette contenant de très nombreux fragments osseux carbonisés, indique une intense utilisation de l'os comme combustible. Un abondant mobilier archéologique ainsi que des produits de combustion couvraient le sol de l'habitat, hormis un espace de 2 m² côté sud-est, bien délimité par un effet de paroi. Celui-ci pourrait correspondre à un lieu de stockage et/ou de repos. Lors de sa découverte dans le sondage, le niveau 22 semblait homogène. Cependant, la fouille a révélé la juxtaposition des niveaux 21d et 22 dans un même espace, sans toutefois pouvoir les isoler sur le terrain. Seule la réalisation ultérieure de multiples profils de répartition de leurs mobiliers montre qu'une partie de l'habitat 21d occupait une fosse impactant ainsi le niveau 22, jusque dans son remblai stérile basal. Les témoins de saisonnalité fournis par la pêche révèlent une occupation de belle saison, particulièrement précoce, étalée sur 6 à 7 mois. Une occupation aussi longue interpelle sur l'organisation sociale du groupe. L'expérience ethnographique ainsi que des études récentes révélant la participation de femmes et d'enfants dans l'ornementation des grottes, plaident en faveur d'un nomadisme mixte. MOTS-CLÉS Habitat sous abri, architecture bâtie, remblai, mur en pierre sèche.

Geografski položaj Konavala je pogodovao razvoju poljoprivrede duž čitavog područja; od obalnog pojasa, preko krškog polja, do plodnih vrtača u brdskom predjelu. Poljoprivreda je sa sobom vukla brojne oblike suhozidne gradnje, od kojih su zajzastupljenije suhozidne terase, unutar kojih se razlikuju brojni tipovi. Uslijed napuštanja poljoprivrede kao primarne djelatnosti u Konavlima i sve većeg zaraštanja poljoprivrednih krajobraza, suhozidne strukture ostaju skrivene pod gustim sklopom vegetacije. Stoga se javila potreba za inventarizacijom i registriranjem suhozidnih oblika u Konavlima, a kako bi isto bilo temelj za promišljanje novih modela planiranja i upravljanja. Terenskim radom su istražena sva konavoska sela, njih 32. Na temelju podjele prema adminstrativnim granicama sela, zabilježeni su reprezentativni suhozidni oblici. Sela su opisivana putem terenskih obrazaca, prema zadanim kriterijima koji se odnose na tipove naselja, poljoprivredne površine, suhozidne strukture i vizualnu procjenu karaktera krajobraza. Kroz intervjue sa lokalnim ispitanicima istražene su tehnike suhozidne gradnje. Istražene su inozemne metode upravljanja ruralnim krajobrazima, te analizirani sektorski pristupi upravljanja i zaštite krajobraza u Hrvatskoj. Utvrđena je nedefiniranost modela upravljanja ruralnim krajobrazima i suhozidima, pa su stoga predložene mjere upravljanja na državnoj i prijedlozi unapređenja suhozidne baštine na lokalnoj razini. The very geographical placement of the Konavle region has been extremely convenient for the agricultural growth alongside its whole territory; from the seaside and karst fields all the way to the fertile karst sinkholes on the hillside. Agriculture has incited the development of numerous dry stone forms.The most common form that can be found are the dry stone wall terraces which also develop many shapes of their own. Due to abandoning the agriculture as a core activity in Konavle and the ever increasing process of succession in the agricultural landscape, dry stone wall structures remain hidden under a vast cover of vegetation. As a result of all previous said, dry stone forms and structures of Konavle had been in dire need of making its own register and inventory that could serve as a base for creating and suggesting new planning and management models. All of 32 Konavle villages had been explored, by their administrative boundaries. The villages have been described using special field forms that were prepared by the set criteria that pertain to the types of the settlements, agricultural acreage, dry stone structures and visual evaluation of the landscape character. Different techniques of dry stone constructing have been observed and studied by interviewing the local masters. International methods of rural landscape managment have been examined and the analysis of the sectoral approaches in landscape management and conservation in Croatia has been made. It has been found that the rural landscape and dry stone wall managment methods are not sufficiently defined so new managment methods on state level and suggestions of enhancing dry stone heritage on local level have been proposed.

Due to a century-old agricultural practice, the coastal landscape of Cinque Terre (eastern Liguria, northwestern Italy) has been almost completely modified by slope terracing via reworking of millions of cubic metres of debris cover and the construction of thousands of kilometres of dry stone walls. Given their geomorphological-environmental value, as well as scenic and historical significance, the Cinque Terre represent one of the most outstanding examples of human integration with the natural landscape within the Mediterranean region, and have been recognised since 1997 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and included since 1999 within a National Park. Following the abandonment of farming over the last half a century, the terraced slopes have been progressively affected by crumbling of the dry stone walls and mass movements. As dramatically evidenced by the effects of the major rainstorm of October 2011, the Cinque Terre are currently at very high geomorphological risk and thus mitigation measures and conservation policies are urgently needed.

Function of Agricultural Terraces in Mediterranean Conditions - Selected Examples From the Island of Ikaria (The Southern Sporades, Greece) The aim of the research was to define the influence of agricultural terraces on slope erosion. There have been selected three plots located on the Greek island Ikaria. On the plots detailed geomorphological mapping was done, spatial relief models were created based on the measurements taken using GPS RTK, georadar profiles were made using RAMAC/GPR and the extent of destruction of terrace resistance walls was evaluated. In comparison with similar forms on other Aegean islands, Ikarian terraces are narrow and high. Their stability depends on: lihtology, slope gradient, height and spatial arrangement of particular terrace steps and the current way of their usage. It was acknowledged that the most stable are the forms created on crystalline schists and gneisses, whereas the slopes, which erode the easiest, are the terraced ones consisting of carbonate rocks. The obtained results indicate that on Ikaria similarly to numerous other regions the most significant factor facilitating erosion on the terraced slopes is the cessation of their agricultural usage.

The aim of this article is to briefly explore how quartz-rich sandstone might have been perceived by TRB societies. Using the senses as a point of departure, it discusses how sandstone was selected for grinding stones and for dry walling in megaliths, emphasizing the significance of the visual as well as the mechanical properties of the material. The article also acknowledges the complexity of the way in which the material was perceived. The significance of sandstone was shaped by context, implying that a changing context altered its significance. Ultimately, this study is a call for taking materials seriously by exploring them in a more nuanced way. Analogies, for example, can be very useful – not as proof, but as a way of raising questions and scenting the diversity of the Neolithic.

In 2004 a survey of a prehistoric hill-fort surrounded by a dry stone wall was carried out at the site Kornjet, in the village Podgorac, East Serbia. An amount of pottery from the Early Iron Age (phase Laniste I) and some twenty arrow-heads of thin sheet iron were found on that occasion. Three bronze objects were found earlier at the same site, while in private collections there are some 40 large iron axes as well as several hundred iron arrow-heads.

Les diferents tècniques de caça tradicional i l’ús de la pedra per a la construcció de barraques i l’abancalament han estat elements intrínsecs a la cultura i essència dels pobladors del Maestrat. A pesar d’això, el desconeixement social, la forçosa globalització cultural, econòmica i administrativa, possibilita que no es conserven bona part d’aquestos elements, especialment, la seua activitat i usos. A continuació, es descriuen els principals elements constructius, característiques i funcions relacionats amb la caça tradicional i l’ús de la pedra en el procés de realització de bancals i construcció de refugis, barraques, etc. Alhora, s’efectua una aproximació a paredadors, procediment de treball i vocabulari bàsic., The different techniques of traditional hunting, the use of stone to build small farmhouses and the division in terraces have been intrinsic elements in the culture and essence of inhabitants of the Maestrat region. In spite of this, the social ignorance and the unavoidable cultural, economic and administrative globalisation causes that a good part of these elements is not preserved especially its activity and uses. Moreover, the main constructive elements, the features and functions related to traditional hunting and the use of stone in the process of terraces and building of shelters, small farmhouses, etc., are described. At the same time, an approach to wallers, work process and basic vocabulary is done.

International audience; Dry stone constructions are a common occurrence in many Mediterranean landscapes. One of these structures, known as Paretone dei Greci (Taranto, Southern Italy), was subject to an archaeological investigation. Soil and sediment material within this wall, as well as those above and below it, were sampled and processed for archaeobotanical studies. In this manner it was possible to understand its building technique as well as to provide a chronological context for it. Through anthracological analysis it was possible to insert the Paretone within the surrounding agricultural landscape, thus better highlighting its function in relation to the history of the territory

International audience; Dry stone constructions are a common occurrence in many Mediterranean landscapes. One of these structures known as "Paretone dei Greci" (Taranto, Southern Italy), was subject to an archaeological investigation. Soil and sediment material within this wall, as well as those above and below it, were sampled and processed for archaeobotanical studies. In this manner it was possible to understand its building technique as well as giving it a chronological context. Through an anthracological analysis it was possible to insert the "Paretone" within the surrounding agricultural landscape, thus better highlighting its function in relation to the history of the territory

The purpose of the study reported here was to develop an evaluation and grading system for the main field boundaries in Ireland – hedgerows and dry stone walls. There is currently a lack of scientific information on Irish field boundaries and very little research has been carried out on what are among the most prominent landscape features on the island. Where Irish data are lacking, values were extrapolated from research in other countries. In addition, verbal consultation was carried out with prominent landscape ecologists, scientists and environmental consultants. This consultation led to the creation of a draft survey form modeled on an earlier Hedgerow Evaluation and Grading System (HEGS) (Clements and Tofts, 1992) in the UK. The draft Irish survey, described here, is entitled the Field Boundary Evaluation and Grading System or FBEGS for short. The FBEGS was field-tested in four locations in Ireland by a number of users to assess usefulness and accuracy. Feedback from volunteer surveyors led to an amended FBEGS survey form. This was then tested in ten locations nation-wide. Results are given and a grading system is proposed. It is shown that it may be possible to evaluate a field boundary using a simple grading system but the accuracy of such a survey cannot be confirmed due to the lack of baseline data for Ireland. However, preliminary trial surveys indicate that values assigned to a particular boundary approximate well to professional opinion. Discussion concludes with some recommendations for potential uses. Author has checked copyright