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1. Edge AI: A Taxonomy, Systematic Review and Future Directions

Author

Gill, Sukhpal Singh, Golec, Muhammed, Hu, Jianmin, Xu, Minxian, Du, Junhui, Wu, Huaming, Walia, Guneet Kaur, Murugesan, Subramaniam Subramanian, Ali, Babar, Kumar, Mohit, Ye, Kejiang, Verma, Prabal, Kumar, Surendra, Cuadrado, Felix, and Uhlig, Steve

Subjects
Computer Science - Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing
Abstract

Edge Artificial Intelligence (AI) incorporates a network of interconnected systems and devices that receive, cache, process, and analyze data in close communication with the location where the data is captured with AI technology. Recent advancements in AI efficiency, the widespread use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and the emergence of edge computing have unlocked the enormous scope of Edge AI. Edge AI aims to optimize data processing efficiency and velocity while ensuring data confidentiality and integrity. Despite being a relatively new field of research from 2014 to the present, it has shown significant and rapid development over the last five years. This article presents a systematic literature review for Edge AI to discuss the existing research, recent advancements, and future research directions. We created a collaborative edge AI learning system for cloud and edge computing analysis, including an in-depth study of the architectures that facilitate this mechanism. The taxonomy for Edge AI facilitates the classification and configuration of Edge AI systems while examining its potential influence across many fields through compassing infrastructure, cloud computing, fog computing, services, use cases, ML and deep learning, and resource management. This study highlights the significance of Edge AI in processing real-time data at the edge of the network. Additionally, it emphasizes the research challenges encountered by Edge AI systems, including constraints on resources, vulnerabilities to security threats, and problems with scalability. Finally, this study highlights the potential future research directions that aim to address the current limitations of Edge AI by providing innovative solutions., Comment: Preprint Version Accepted for Publication in Springer Cluster Computing, 2024

Published
2024
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4. AI-based Fog and Edge Computing: A Systematic Review, Taxonomy and Future Directions

Author

Iftikhar, Sundas, Gill, Sukhpal Singh, Song, Chenghao, Xu, Minxian, Aslanpour, Mohammad Sadegh, Toosi, Adel N., Du, Junhui, Wu, Huaming, Ghosh, Shreya, Chowdhury, Deepraj, Golec, Muhammed, Kumar, Mohit, Abdelmoniem, Ahmed M., Cuadrado, Felix, Varghese, Blesson, Rana, Omer, Dustdar, Schahram, and Uhlig, Steve

Subjects
Computer Science - Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing
Abstract

Resource management in computing is a very challenging problem that involves making sequential decisions. Resource limitations, resource heterogeneity, dynamic and diverse nature of workload, and the unpredictability of fog/edge computing environments have made resource management even more challenging to be considered in the fog landscape. Recently Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) based solutions are adopted to solve this problem. AI/ML methods with the capability to make sequential decisions like reinforcement learning seem most promising for these type of problems. But these algorithms come with their own challenges such as high variance, explainability, and online training. The continuously changing fog/edge environment dynamics require solutions that learn online, adopting changing computing environment. In this paper, we used standard review methodology to conduct this Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to analyze the role of AI/ML algorithms and the challenges in the applicability of these algorithms for resource management in fog/edge computing environments. Further, various machine learning, deep learning and reinforcement learning techniques for edge AI management have been discussed. Furthermore, we have presented the background and current status of AI/ML-based Fog/Edge Computing. Moreover, a taxonomy of AI/ML-based resource management techniques for fog/edge computing has been proposed and compared the existing techniques based on the proposed taxonomy. Finally, open challenges and promising future research directions have been identified and discussed in the area of AI/ML-based fog/edge computing., Comment: 49 page, 15 figures, 10 tables

Published
2022
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14. Computation Energy Efficiency Maximization for NOMA-Based and Wireless-Powered Mobile Edge Computing With Backscatter Communication

Author

Du, Junhui, Wu, Huaming, Xu, Minxian, and Buyya, Rajkumar

Abstract

In the Internet of Things (IoT) environment, a wide variety of mobile devices (MDs) have become part of it, leading to a dramatic increase in the amount of task data. However, due to the limited battery capacity and computing resources of MDs, a lot of effort is required to be taken on how to process more data with less energy. In this paper, we take into account the low utilization of spectrum resources and the short battery life of the equipment, and a backscatter communication-mobile edge computing (BC-MEC) network system based on Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) communication mode is proposed. In order to maximize the computation energy efficiency (CEE) of the system, we jointly optimize the backscatter coefficient of each MD, the backscatter communication duration, the direct offloading duration, the MEC server processing time, the local processing time, the direct offloading power of each MD, the calculation frequency of the MEC server, and the local calculation frequency of each MD. We then formulate it as a joint fractional optimization problem, which is a non-convex optimization problem that is difficult to solve by heuristic algorithms with high computational complexity. To this end, we transform such a problem into a convex problem and apply the Lagrangian dual method to solve it efficiently. Furthermore, in order to meet different user requirements, two effective iterative Dinkelbach algorithms based on Backscatter Coefficient Updates (DBCU) are proposed to solve this problem. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the superiority of our proposed approach, which improves the system CEE by at least 10% compared to state-of-the-art methods.

Published
2024
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18. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4–expressing macrophages and keratinocytes contribute differentially to allergic and nonallergic chronic itch

Author

Luo, Jialie, Feng, Jing, Yu, Guang, Yang, Pu, Mack, Madison R., Du, Junhui, Yu, Weihua, Qian, Aihua, Zhang, Yujin, Liu, Shenbin, Yin, Shijin, Xu, Amy, Cheng, Jizhong, Liu, Qingyun, OʼNeil, Roger G., Xia, Yang, Ma, Liang, Carlton, Susan M., Kim, Brian S., Renner, Kenneth, Liu, Qin, and Hu, Hongzhen

Published
2018
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19. Effect of the SiO2Nanoparticle Size on Application of Enhanced Oil Recovery in Medium-Permeability Formations

Author

Zhou, Yanxia, Jiang, Zhiwei, Pu, Hui, Ding, Yahui, Du, Junhui, Wang, Yufeng, and Shan, Yunfei

Abstract

Nanoparticles (NPs) have been applied in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) successfully over the last couple of decades, due to their unique property inherited by the small size (most of the studies focused on sizes smaller than 50 nm) and abundant surface functional groups. The important mechanism of EOR using a NP-based nanofluid is the change of interfacial properties. However, the effect of the nanoparticle size on the same type of oil recovery has not been systematically studied, especially the larger size. Therefore, in this research, SiO2NPs of different sizes, namely, ∼60, ∼100, ∼200, and ∼300 nm, were synthesized using the Stőber method and the properties of the NP-based nanofluids were investigated, including interfacial tension (IFT), contact angle, viscosity, capillary pressure, and the ability to extract oil. The experimental results showed that as the SiO2NP size decreased, there was a little increase in the IFT, oil contact angle, viscosity, and capillary pressure. With a NP concentration of 0.3 wt % in 3 wt % NaCl brine, the ∼60 nm SiO2NP-based nanofluid was the most efficient oil-displacing agent to recover oil from the medium-permeability core sample of Daqing Oilfield. Therefore, according to the discussion of the selective preference for SiO2NP sizes, the developed nanofluid is a promising new material in medium-permeability reservoirs for enhanced oil recovery.

Published
2023
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22. Retinoids activate the irritant receptor TRPV1 and produce sensory hypersensitivity

Author

Yin, Shijin, Luo, Jialie, Qian, Aihua, Du, Junhui, Yang, Qing, Zhou, Shentai, Yu, Weihua, Du, Guangwei, Clark, Richard B., Walters, Edgar T., Carlton, Susan M., and Hu, Hongzhen

Subjects
Evoked potentials (Electrophysiology) -- Physiological aspects -- Research, Pain -- Research, Retinoids -- Complications and side effects -- Research, Health care industry
Abstract

Retinoids are structurally related derivatives of vitamin A and are required for normal vision as well as cell proliferation and differentiation. Clinically, retinoids are effective in treating many skin disorders and cancers. Application of retinoids evokes substantial irritating side effects, including pain and inflammation; however, the precise mechanisms accounting for the sensory hypersensitivity are not understood. Here we show that both naturally occurring and synthetic retinoids activate recombinant or native transient receptor potential channel vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1), an irritant receptor for capsaicin, the pungent ingredient of chili peppers. In vivo, retinoids produced pain-related behaviors that were either eliminated or significantly reduced by genetic or pharmacological inhibition of TRPV1 function. These findings identify TRPV1 as an ionotropic receptor for retinoids and provide cellular and molecular insights into retinoid-evoked hyper-sensitivity. These findings also suggest that selective TRPV1 antagonists are potential therapeutic drugs for treating retinoid-induced sensory hypersensitivity., Introduction Retinoids are the generic term for over 4,000 known natural and synthetic retinoid molecules structurally and/or function-ally related to vitamin A. Retinoids are extremely active biologically and exert a [...]

Published
2013

29. Integral imaging display for natural scene based on KinectFusion

Author

Qiping Zhang, Jianlei Zhang, Xiaorui Wang, Yiqun Liu, Yujiao Chen, and Du Junhui

Subjects
Surface (mathematics), Integral imaging, business.industry, Computer science, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Ray, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, 010309 optics, Optics, Voxel, 0103 physical sciences, Ray casting, Computer vision, Noise (video), Artificial intelligence, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 0210 nano-technology, business, computer, ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS
Abstract

In this paper, we propose an integral imaging display system based on KinectFusion, using only a moving low-cost depth camera as the pickup device. The multi-frame depth data of the observed scene streamed from a Kinect sensor is fused into a single global surface model represented by the volumetric truncated signed distance function. Thus, the inherent noise associated with single frame depth data can be eliminated. The elemental image array for display is obtained by ray casting the volumetric truncated signed distance function. To match the pickup part and the display part, the relationship between the pickup voxel and the display voxel is deduced using the ray optics theory. Experimental results show the validity of the proposed method.

Published
2016

36. TRPV4-expressing Macrophages and Keratinocytes Contribute Differentially to Allergic and Non-allergic Chronic Itch

Author

Luo, Jialie, Feng, Jing, Yu, Guang, Yang, Pu, Mack, Madison R., Du, Junhui, Yu, Weihua, Qian, Aihua, Zhang, Yujin, Liu, Shenbin, Yin, Shijin, Xu, Amy, Cheng, Jizhong, Liu, Qingyun, O’Neil, Roger G., Xia, Yang, Ma, Liang, Carlton, Susan M., Kim, Brian S., Renner, Kenneth, Liu, Qin, and Hu, Hongzhen

Subjects
Keratinocytes, Male, Mice, Knockout, Macrophages, Pruritus, TRPV Cation Channels, Dermis, Article, Mice, Gene Expression Regulation, Chronic Disease, Dermatitis, Allergic Contact, Animals, Humans, Female
Abstract

Chronic itch is a highly debilitating symptom that underlies many medical disorders with no universally effective treatments. Although unique neuronal signaling cascades in the sensory ganglia and spinal cord have been shown to critically promote the pathogenesis of chronic itch, the role of skin-associated cells remains poorly understood.We sought to examine the cutaneous mechanisms underlying transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4)-mediated allergic and nonallergic chronic itch.Expression of TRPV4 in chronic itch and healthy control skin preparations was examined by using real-time RT-PCR. Trpv4TRPV4 is selectively expressed by dermal macrophages and epidermal keratinocytes in mice. Lineage-specific deletion of TRPV4 in macrophages and keratinocytes reduces allergic and nonallergic chronic itch in mice, respectively. Importantly, TRPV4 expression is significantly increased in skin biopsy specimens from patients with chronic idiopathic pruritus in comparison with skin from healthy control subjects. Moreover, TRPV4-dependent chronic itch requires 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) signaling secondary to activation of distinct 5-HT receptors in mice with allergic and those with nonallergic chronic itch conditions.Our study reveals previously unrecognized mechanisms by which TRPV4-expressing epithelial and immune cells in the skin critically and dynamically mediate chronic itch and unravels novel targets for therapeutics in the setting of chronic itch.

Published
2017

41. Association between ICAM-1 level and diabetic retinopathy: a review and meta-analysis.

Author

Yang Yao, Junhui Du, Rong Li, Lei Zhao, Na Luo, Jing Ya Zhai, Lihui Long, Yao, Yang, Du, Junhui, Li, Rong, Zhao, Lei, Luo, Na, Zhai, Jing Ya, and Long, Lihui

Subjects
VASCULAR cell adhesion molecule-1, DIABETIC retinopathy, CELL adhesion molecules, TYPE 2 diabetes
Abstract

Elevated levels of proinflammatory markers are evident in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and are associated with disease progression and prognosis. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is involved in inflammation and acts as a local intensifying signal in the pathological processes associated with chronic eye inflammation. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the relationship between ICAM-1 level and DR. Online electronic databases were searched to retrieve all relevant articles published before December 2017. The standard mean difference (SMD) and their 95% CI were included and then pooled with a random effects model. Subgroup analysis and metaregression analysis were applied to explore the sources of heterogeneity, and publication bias was calculated to assess the quality of pooled studies. A total of 11 articles, containing 428 patients with DR and 789 healthy controls, were included in this meta-analysis. The results indicated a significant increase in ICAM-1 level in the DR group compared with the control group (SMD: 1.20, 95%CI 0.83 to 1.57, p<0.001). Subgroup analyses and metaregression analysis indicated that publication year, region, study method, diabetes mellitus type, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and sample size were not the potential sources of heterogeneity. The results of this current meta-analysis indicated that the increased level of ICAM-1 generally exists in the patients with DR and it may associated with the severity of DR. However, large-scale and high-quality studies are required to confirm this finding in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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49. Increased Serum Chemerin Levels in Diabetic Retinopathy of Type 2 Diabetic Patients.

Author

Du, Junhui, Li, Rong, Xu, Lin, Ma, Ranran, Liu, Jiali, Cheng, Jing, Zhang, Zhong, and Sun, Hongzhi

Subjects
*DIABETIC retinopathy, *CHEMERIN, *BLOOD serum analysis, *PEOPLE with diabetes, *EYE infections, *NEOVASCULARIZATION
Abstract

Purpose: To compare serum levels of chemerin in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with or without retinopathy, and to investigate the relationship between serum chemerin levels and diabetes retinopathy. Materials and methods: A total of 60 T2DM patients and 20 healthy subjects (control group) were enrolled in this study. Of the T2DM patients, 15 had proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR group), 20 had non-proliferative retinopathy (NPDR group) and 25 had no retinopathy (T2DM group). Their serum samples were collected for testing the levels of chemerin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), C-reactive protein (CRP) and so on. The values were analyzed to compare the differences among the groups. Simple linear regression analysis and multiple stepwise linear regression analysis were used to determine the correlations between variables and chemerin. Trend chi-square was used to determine the correlations between chemerin and the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Results: Chemerin levels in group PDR, NPDR and no DR were 147.56 ± 35.98 μg/l, 128.09 ± 16.33 μg/l and 113.19 ± 19.89 μg/l, with the significant difference across the three groups (p < 0.05). But there was no difference between control group (109.55 ± 20.98 μg/l) and T2DM group. Simple linear regression show that serum chemerin was correlated with duration of diabetes, body mass index (BMI), serum triglycerides, total-cholesterol, CRP and VEGF, and not correlated with age, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in T2DM patients. Stepwise regression analysis showed that BMI, CRP and VEGF were significantly associated with serum chemerin (p = 0.006,p = 0.011 andp = 0.036, respectively). In addition, the more severity of DR as the chemerin levels increased (χ2 = 16.07,p < 0.001). Conclusions: Serum levels of chemerin were significantly increased in the NPDR and PDR group. Elevated serum level of chemerin and its positive correlation with BMI, CRP and VEGF suggested that chemerin was associated with obesity, inflammation and neovascularization and might be involved in the development of DR. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2016
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