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This paper introduces the vehicle fuel cell system and EMC test methods, and systematically analyses the research progress of EMC test standards for the automotive industry and fuel cell system. Taking the air compressor controller of the fuel cell system as an example, this study puts forward a method for formulating the electromagnetic compatibility test standard of the vehicle fuel cell system, and gives suggestions for formulating the relevant series of standards.

Green hydrogen generated via water electrolysis has become an essential energy carrier for achieving carbon neutrality globally because of its versatility in renewable energy consumption and decarbonization applications in hard-to-abate sectors; however, there is a lack of systematic analyses of its abatement potential and economics as an alternative to traditional technological decarbonization pathways. Based on bibliometric analysis and systematic evaluation methods, this study characterizes and analyzes the literature on the Web of Science from 1996 to 2023, identifying research hotspots, methodological models, and research trends in green hydrogen for mitigating climate change across total value chain systems. Our review shows that this research theme has entered a rapid development phase since 2016, with developed countries possessing more scientific results and closer partnerships. Difficult-to-abate sectoral applications and cleaner production are the most famous value chain links, and research hotspots focus on three major influencing factors: the environment; techno-economics; and energy. Green hydrogen applications, which include carbon avoidance and embedding to realize carbon recycling, have considerable carbon reduction potential; however, uncertainty limits the influence of carbon reduction cost assessment indicators based on financial analysis methods for policy guidance. The abatement costs in the decarbonization sector vary widely across value chains, electricity sources, baseline scenarios, technology mixes, and time scenarios. This review shows that thematic research trends are focused on improving and optimizing solutions to uncertainties, as well as studying multisectoral synergies and the application of abatement assessment metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To determine the upregulation of IL-21-inducible genes in minor salivary glands (MSGs) in 28 primary SS (pSS) patients and 12 non-pSS subjects and correlate it with disease characteristics. Methods RNA sequencing was utilized to compare IL-21-inducible genes expression in the MSGs between pSS and non-pSS subjects. The subgroups were characterized according to the IL-21 score calculated by seven IL-21-inducible genes. Furthermore, the disease characteristics and transcripts implicated in hypoxia and interferon signalling were assessed in two pSS subgroups. Results We observed that the expression of the IL-21-inducible genes (IL-21 , IL-21R , JAK3 , STAT1 , HLA-B , CCR7 and CXCL10), the so-called IL-21 signature genes, was significantly increased in pSS patients. The upregulation of JAK3 expression may be induced by hypomethylation of the JAK3 promoter in pSS patients and putatively associated with POU2F2. The patients with increased IL-21 signature gene expression showed an increased EULAR Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index score and increased enrichment of B cells, memory B cells, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, the IL-21 scores in the anti-SSA+, SSB+, ANA+ and high IgG samples were higher than those in the respective antibody-negative samples and normal IgG. In addition, we found both hypoxia and IFN-relevant genes showed strong correlation with IL-21 signature gene expression, indicating their interaction in pSS. Conclusion IL-21 signature gene was associated with typical disease characteristics in pSS, which provides insight into the contribution of the IL-21 signalling pathway to the pathogenesis of the disease and might provide a novel treatment strategy for this subtype of pSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the optical damage resistance ability of SiO2and ZnS, the processes of electrons reproduction of the two materials have been studied. The relationship of multiphoton ionization rate, avalanche ionization rate and the multiphoton parameter with the intensity of the incident laser is calculated. The damage thresholds induced by the laser with different pulse widths are calculated too. In addition, the respectable role of the recombination and diffusion for an electron in the electronic proliferation processes is examined. Calculation results show that SiO2has a higher damage threshold while???1?ns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the worldwide health threat posed by antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play a critical role in favoring the dissemination of resistance genes. Among them, the genomic island GI sul2 and the IS CR -related element CR2 -sul2 unit are believed to participate in this dissemination. However, the mobility of the two elements has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we found that the GI sul2 and CR2 -sul2 units can excise from the host chromosomal attachment site ( attB ) in Shigella flexneri . Through establishing a two-plasmid mobilization system composed of a donor plasmid bearing the GI sul2 and a trap plasmid harboring the attB in recA -deficient Escherichia coli , we reveal that the integrase of GI sul2 can perform the excision and integration of GI sul2 and CR2 -sul2 unit by site-specific recombination between att core sites. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the integrase and the att sites are required for mobility through knockout experiments. Our findings provide the first experimental characterization of the mobility of GI sul2 and CR2 -sul2 units mediated by integrase. They also suggest a potential and unappreciated role of the GI sul2 integrase family in the dissemination of CR2 -sul2 units carrying various resistance determinants in between., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Zhang, Cui, Li, Guo, Leclercq, Du, Tang, Song, Wang, Zhao and Feng.)