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Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is a Traditional Chinese Medicine used for the treatment of diseases related to the heart and liver. Owing to the abundance of salvianolic acids and tanshinones, S. miltiorrhiza exhibits various pharmacological activities, such as stimulating blood circulation, eliminating blood stasis, relieving menorrhea and pain, and improving polydipsia. Neocryptotanshinone (NCTS) is one of the tanshinones isolated from S. miltiorrhiza and exhibits anti‐inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and preventive effects against cardiovascular diseases; however, its pharmacokinetic properties have not been reported to date. Therefore, a simple and reliable LC–MS/MS method was developed to determine absorption, distribution, and excretion of NCTS in rat physiological samples. We demonstrated that NCTS had high oral absolute bioavailability of 85.96% ± 25.32%, and it was rapidly distributed in both the heart and brain, and the fecal excretion of NCTS was the highest. This study provides a theoretical basis for further development of NCTS as a potential clinical candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Choline, a precursor and metabolite of acetylcholine, is known to be a necessary substrate of membrane lipids. A growing body of evidence indicates that choline is not only a [...], It is well known that choline has protective effects on ischemic arrhythmias. We designed the present study to evaluate the antiarrhythmic effects of choline and to detect its related mechanisms in aconitine-induced rat and ouabaininduced guinea pig models of arrhythmia. Laser scanning confocal microscopy and patch-clamp technique were utilized to study the action of choline on intracellular calcium concentration and L-type calcium current ([I.sub.Ca-L]) of cardiac myocytes. [M.sub.3] receptor antagonist 4-DAMP (4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine-methiodide) was applied preliminarily to evaluate the role of the [M.sub.3] receptor. Choline significantly increased the survival time of arrhythmic rats and guinea pigs, delayed the onset of arrhythmias and ventricular tachycardia, and decreased the arrhythmia score. The overload of intracellular [Ca.sup.2=] induced by aconitine or ouabain was reduced in isolated myocytes pretreated with choline. Choline reduced the increased density of [I.sub.Ca-L] induced by aconitine or ouabain. Moreover, the beneficial effects of choline were reversed by 4-DAMP. Choline produced antiarrhythmic actions on arrhythmia models by stimulating the cardiac [M.sub.3] receptor. The mechanism may be related to the improvement of [Ca.sup.2+] handling. Key words: choline, 4-DAMP, M3 receptor, aconitine, ouabain, arrhythmias, [Ca.sup.2+]. Il est bien connu que la choline a des effets protecteurs sur les arythmies ischemiques. Pour examiner si l'effet antiarythmique de la choline sur le myocarde ischemique pourrait etre reproduits dans d'autres modeles animaux arythmogenes, nous avons concu la presente etude pour evaluer les effets antiarythmiques de la choline et identifier ses mecanismes. Nous avons observes les effets de la choline sur des modeles de rats presentant une arythmie induite par la choline et de cobayes presentant une arythmie induite par l'ouabaine. Nous avons utilise la microscopie confocale a balayage laser et la technique du patch clamp pour examiner l'action de la choline sur la concentration de calcium intracellulaire et le courant calcique de type L ([I.sub.Ca-L]) des myocytes cardiaques. Nous avons d'abord applique l'antagoniste du recepteur [M.sub.3], 4-DAMP (4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpyridine-methiodide), pour evaluer le role du recepteur [M.sub.3]. La choline a augmente significativement le temps de survie des rats et des cobayes presentant une arythmie, retarde le declenchement des arythmies et de la tachycardie ventriculaire, et diminue le score d'arythmie. La surcharge de [Ca.sup.2+] intracellulaire induite par l'aconitine on l'ouabaine a ete reduite dans les myocytes isoles pretraites a la choline. La choline a diminue l' augmentation de la densite de [I.sub.Ca-L] induite par l'aconitine on l'ouabaine. Le 4-DAMP a renverse les effets benefiques de la choline. La choline a eu des actions antiarythmiques sur les modeles d'arythmie en stimulant le recepteur [M.sub.3] cardiaque. Le mecanisme pourrait etre lie a l'amelioration du metabolisme du [Ca.sup.2+]. Mots-cles : choline, 4-DAMP, recepteur [M.sub.3], aconitine, ouabaine, arythmies, [Ca.sup.2+]. [Traduit par la Redaction]

Co-pyrolysis technology is an important direction for high quality conversion and high value utilization of biomass and plastics. Mastering the co-pyrolysis analysis technology and development trend of biomass and plastics is conducive to accelerating the treatment and utilization of biomass, waste plastics and other wastes. By introducing the latest research progress of co-pyrolysis technology of biomass and plastics, the kinetic model of co-pyrolysis process and the synergistic effect between components are summarized, and the characterization of co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics under different methods and reactors is discussed. Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics can reduce the activation energy required for thermal conversion, and the synergistic effect of co-pyrolysis can promote the formation of liquid and gaseous products. Pyrolysis temperature, heating rate and pyrolysis time are the main factors affecting the co-pyrolysis process and products. This paper provides a reference for the selection of biomass and plastic co-pyrolysis reactor types and related technical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]