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We consider trade policy for a private market good that is also valuable for the production of military force. In a two-country model with both contested and uncontested resources, we show necessary and sufficient conditions for the importing country to restrict trade with quota and subsidy combination in equilibrium. Equilibrium can involve subsidization by the exporting country with equilibrium total of the importing country increasing in this subsidy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In November 2022, the European Commission presented its Drone Strategy 2.0 with two main objectives: to build the European Union's (EU's) drone service market and to strengthen the Union's civil, security and defence industry capabilities and synergies. From the Commission's perspective, accelerating the integration of drones in Europe's airspace has the potential to enable progress on numerous policy objectives, such as the green transition, urban mobility, industrial renewal and cutting‐edge R&D in the civil–military domain. In this commentary, though, we argue that the Strategy is indicative of wider contemporary trends in EU policy‐making regarding cross‐cutting policy agendas, industry‐centred R&D ambitions and the identification and promotion of infrastructural goals enabling further civil–military co‐operation. These tendencies capture the growing importance of dual‐use technologies, both in society at large and in the security and military domains. This is particularly relevant in the current European context of growing military expenditure with the war in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, international actors have launched "brain projects" or "brain initiatives." One of the emerging technologies enabled by these publicly funded programs is brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), which are devices that allow communication between the brain and external devices like a prosthetic arm or a keyboard. BCIs are poised to have significant impacts on public health, society, and national security. This research presents the first analytical framework that attempts to predict the dissemination of neurotechnologies to both the commercial and military sectors in the United States and China. While China started its project later with less funding, we find that it has other advantages that make earlier adoption more likely. We also articulate national security risks implicit in later adoption, including the inability to set international ethical and legal norms for BCI use, especially in wartime operating environments, and data privacy risks for citizens who use technology developed by foreign actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 16 September 2021, the leaders of Australia, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US), announced the AUKUS arrangement, a security agreement which provides a framework for nuclear-powered submarine technology to be shared by the US and the UK with Australia, as well as other forms of new military technology. This article explores the legal im-plications of this alliance and the increase in technological sharing and maritime cooperation it promises. It first provides an overview of the AUKUS arrangement, situating it within the long history of cooperation be-tween these three countries. It then considers how international law regu-lates the sharing of maritime military technology, contrasting the significant constraints on sharing nuclear technology with the minimal restrictions on sharing non-nuclear technology. Lastly, the legal implications of States working closely together on the ocean are addressed. While there might be military and strategic advantages to this close collaboration, when and how States might be complicit in the international wrongs of partner States and the challenge that can be posed by legal interoperability are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the United States and China continue their strategic competition fornew and emerging technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) and othermachine learning concepts have emerged as key enablers for both commercialand defense applications. This research brief presents AI R&D as a case study to build an analytical framework and sixmodels for understanding interactions between key players in the China–US competition. The models demonstrate the broad range of activities thatChinese planners utilize to pursue strategic objectives in AI and other emergingtechnologies. From domestic R&D to formal espionage, the models contextualize the complex interactions within this competition, providing a framework to forecast and analyze the coming decades of cooperation and conflict.

Extended Abstract Abstract The aim of the current research is to present a model of dual-use technology policies in Iran. Thus the main problem to be stated and explained in this research is to identify the aforementioned policies and then to prioritize their implementation. In the present study, the relevant literature was explored using a mixed research design (qualitative-quantitative) through library studies, and the application of theoretical sampling method, related sources were identified and then Using the content analysis method, first resulted in 85 basic themes, then 58 organizing themes and finally 21 comprehensive themes in the form of dual-purpose technology deployment policies. In the second stage, using the method of performance importance analysis using the opinion of experts, the identified policies were prioritized. The statistical population includes experts in the field of military and civilian industries, from which 22 people were selected as experts in this field using the snowball method. To receive the opinions of experts, the extracted indicators in the form of performance importance questionnaire along with a summary of goals, questions and explanations were emailed to the experts and they were asked to express their opinions about the importance and performance of each indicator. And the average of experts' opinions was considered as the final coefficients. In the second step, the identified policies were prioritized by using the importance-performance analysis. The findings suggest that the policy "agilization of organizational structure and reduction of administrative bureaucracy of the military sector ranked as the first priority, and 'increasing the level of internal production of military equipment and reducing the dependence on abroad", despite having being the most important policy from the experts’ perspective, ranked as the last priority for concentration and improvement due to the good status of Iran in this field. Introduction Today's dynamic and changing world has required the change for the military industries. These changes have led to that opportunities and threats be emerged for defense industries. The challenges below reflect the situation face by the defense industries: The need to maintain the capacity of restructuring in case of occurrence of future threats; The need to be competitive in the commercial sector through development and introducing the product more rapidly; Increasing the global access to advance defense technologies. Given the above-mentioned challenges and the high costs of defense technologies and studies on the one hand and the budget cuts in the centralized economic systems on the other hand, defense industries require taking serious measures in order to deal with this problem. One of these measures is to transfer and share the defense expenditures with the common needs of society. Case study A case study is Sadra Marine Industries Company. Theoretical framework The dual-use policies help the defense contractors and commercial producers to control costs, improve technology and shorten the time it takes to develop new products. Considering the reduction in the defense budget, public policymakers are attempting to save industrial jobs, technology, and infrastructure in the defense industrial base by converting them into a flexible, commercial infrastructure capable of supporting both defense and non-defense needs Methodology In this research, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used. First, the required data were collected through a review of library resources. Then, the dual-use policies were identified by applying the thematic analysis method. During the thematic analysis process, firstly 85 basic themes, secondly 58 organizing themes and finally 21 global themes were identified. In the next stage, these policies were examined and evaluated by using an importance-performance analysis. Discussion and Results The first priority is to focus on the improvement of: Agilization of organizational structure and reduction of administrative bureaucracy of the military; Investment and facilitation of financial transactions and payments in the dual-use area (including: encouraging companies to invest in this area, establishing a fund for venture investment, and cooperation with the well-known institutions in order to set up investment funds for science and technology, etc; Enactment of incentive laws and providing various facilities for the civilian sector in order to engage in the dual-use area; Identification, recruitment and education of talents in the area of dual-use and innovation through connection with universities, providing grounds for temporary cooperation, partial-time projects, etc; Providing stimulus for the military sector’s personnel and managers to deploy dual-use policies; Instruction and communication in order to foster a recognition of the importance and awareness about the dual-use plans by senior military managers and personnel; Establishing well-defined centers, mechanisms and processes of technology transfer and innovation in the area of dual-use technologies. The second priority is: Supporting dual-use studies and investigations; Dual-using the equipment with high performance, high importance, surplus capacity, high added value, high technology, capital-intensive, having export market, lacking an alternative, and required for future of the military and civilian industries; Providing stability in managing the different military and civilian sectors; Increasing the level of internal production of military equipment and reducing the dependence on abroad. The third is: Cooperation and openness of the military sector with/to the civilian sectors; Establishing the Department of Codification of Laws and Regulations, standardization and coordination and laws binding and evaluating the military units and their collaborating civilian companies, intellectual property in the area of dual-use in military industries and legislative bodies; Increasing the the science and technology level, capability and risk coverage of civilian sector in order to allow for the satisfaction of the military sector’s needs with the priority of small and medium-sized companies; Developing a system for identification and screening of the end user (final consumer) and the consumption place; Extraction and announcement of the capabilities and needs of civilian and military sectors for dual-use; Promoting competition between the civilian and military companies and sectors in the dual-use area. The forth priority is: Establishing a strategic alliance and win-win relationships with friendly countries and the large companies involving in the maritime and military industries; Concentration on a group of similar and common technologies in the military and civilian sectors; Integration of the complex systems in the military sector for dual-use purposes; Privatization in the military sectors. Conclusion The current research attempted to extract a model of dual-use technology policies in Iran by using the expert opinion. The findings suggest that from among the 21 global policies, the policy "agilization of organizational structure and reduction of administrative bureaucracy of the military sector ranked as the first priority, and 'increasing the level of internal production of military equipment and reducing the dependence on abroad", despite having being the most important policy from the experts’ perspective, ranked as the last priority for concentration and improvement due to the good status of Iran in this field.

The smartphone is a must-have mobile device for the military forces to accomplish critical missions and protect critical infrastructures. This paper explores the applicability of a technology prediction methodology to manage technological obsolescence while pursuing the acquisition of advanced commercial technology for military use. It reviews the Technology Forecasting using Data Envelopment Analysis (TFDEA) methodology and applies an author-written Stata program for smartphone technology forecasting using TFDEA. We analyzed smartphone launch data from 2005 to 2020 to predict the adoption of smartphone technology and discuss the pace of technological change. The study identifies that the market is undergoing reorganization as new smartphone models expand the market and increase their technical performance. The average rate of technological change, the efficiency change, and the technology change were 1.079, 1.004, and 1.011 each, respectively, which means that the technology progressed over the period. When dividing before and after 2017, technological change and efficiency change generally regressed except for Huawei, Xiaomi, and Oppo. This means that Chinese smartphones are expanding the global market in all directions and the technology is reaching maturity and market competition is accelerating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although traditionally viewed as paragons of international cooperation, research institutions and universities are becoming venues for hostile foreign activity. Research security (RS) refers to the measures that protect the inputs, processes, and products that are part of scientific research, inquiry, and discovery. While RS traces its roots to the 1940s, global economic and research and development competition, the nexus between dual-use technology and military power, a cluster of newly emerging industries, scientific responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, and societal shifts towards digitization, combine to challenge RS in unique ways. With an eye on safeguarding traditional notions of open science, our article refurbishes Canadian RS within the context of emerging challenges and international responses. Detailing the legal, extralegal, illegal, and other ways in which RS is threatened, we use a comparative assessment of emerging responses in the US, Australia, Japan, and Israel to draw lessons for Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum technology is an emergent and potentially disruptive discipline, with the ability to affect many human activities. Quantum technologies are dual-use technologies, and as such are of interest to the defence and security industry and military and governmental actors. This report reviews and maps the possible quantum technology military applications, serving as an entry point for international peace and security assessment, ethics research, military and governmental policy, strategy and decision making. Quantum technologies for military applications introduce new capabilities, improving effectiveness and increasing precision, thus leading to 'quantum warfare', wherein new military strategies, doctrines, policies and ethics should be established. This report provides a basic overview of quantum technologies under development, also estimating the expected time scale of delivery or the utilisation impact. Particular military applications of quantum technology are described for various warfare domains (e.g. land, air, space, electronic, cyber and underwater warfare and ISTAR—intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance), and related issues and challenges are articulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The smartphone is a must-have mobile device for the military forces to accomplish critical missions and protect critical infrastructures. This paper explores the applicability of a technology prediction methodology to manage technological obsolescence while pursuing the acquisition of advanced commercial technology for military use. It reviews the Technology Forecasting using Data Envelopment Analysis (TFDEA) methodology and applies an author-written Stata program for smartphone technology forecasting using TFDEA. We analyzed smartphone launch data from 2005 to 2020 to predict the adoption of smartphone technology and discuss the pace of technological change. The study identifies that the market is undergoing reorganization as new smartphone models expand the market and increase their technical performance. The average rate of technological change, the efficiency change, and the technology change were 1.079, 1.004, and 1.011 each, respectively, which means that the technology progressed over the period. When dividing before and after 2017, technological change and efficiency change generally regressed except for Huawei, Xiaomi, and Oppo. This means that Chinese smartphones are expanding the global market in all directions and the technology is reaching maturity and market competition is accelerating.

The aim of this article is to give an overview of the state of artificial intelligence regarding malware attacks, its uses in the military and views regarding if it should be classified as a dual-use technology. As an emerging technology, with a wide variety of use and capabilities, more could be done to overview its uses, and some form of control over it. While the classical exports control might be counterproductive, a more closed approach towards critical information dissemination might be advisable until the full range of capabilities of artificial intelligence will be known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Nuclear Association estimates that by 2030, 600 nuclear reactors will be in operation around the world; 60 countries are considering nuclear power, out of which 10 to 25 are expected to bring nuclear power plants on line by 2030. This could lead to the construction of additional uranium enrichment plants, which, with adjustments, can produce material for nuclear weapons. Any of these states can work to be within reach of weapons capability while, until the last minute, remaining within their international nonproliferation obligations. In recent years, efforts have again intensified to limit the spread of nuclear enrichment by proposing various multinational approaches to reduce proliferation concerns. While there has been progress in the establishment of low-enriched uranium banks, several obstacles remain to be removed. A special consideration is given to the fuel-leasing option, which reduces distribution of additional enrichment capabilities, provides economic incentives, and addresses safety and security concerns of increasing spent fuel storages. However, in order to make such an approach attractive to industry, obstacles related to spent fuel take-back and waste disposal need to be resolved. Unless decisive actions are taken now, several states could be a political decision away from acquiring nuclear weapons capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the dynamics of an emerging multi-use paradigm for satellite remote sensing (RS). From the beginning of the space age, RS satellites have served as dual-use technologies. The advancements to RS technology since that time have largely been driven by the security and economic interests of States. While these interests are to some extent mutually supporting, they have also created a complex environment where non-governmental actors such as commercial satellite operators are increasingly involved in matters of national security and defence. Furthermore, the growing number of RS data providers globally, and more open and easily accessible data and analysis tools online, are creating a new use paradigm for RS in civil-military relations. These developments are extending the dual-use technology dilemma to one of multi-use, where non-governmental actors, including ordinary individuals, are becoming entangled in government affairs. This article traces the trajectory of these processes, and discusses potential implications for RS capable States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerns regarding the high level of research and development (R&D) expenditure on military technology have prompted many nations to pursue a dual-use regime in military R&D. However, the value of dual-use military technology has not yet been quantitatively investigated. We explore whether military technology with a higher level of duality has been more valuable than that with a lower level of duality. We assume that the patent of valuable military technology was renewed until its termination. We retrieve military patents from the United States Patent and Trademark Office during 1976-2014 based on their International Patent Classification (IPC) as F41 or F42. Then, we propose three indicators to assess the duality level of them. The first indicator is based on the determination of whether the patented technology is utilizable in both the military and the civilian sectors using its IPC. For the second indicator, we estimate the potential of convergence of a patented technology with various technological fields using the degree of centrality of the IPC's co-occurrence network. The third indicator is based on ratio of forward citation by the civilian sector over the total number of forward citations as a measurement of technology diffusion toward the civilian sector. Using logistic regression, we found that the first two indicators are positively associated with patent renewal decision, while the last indicator is nonsignificant. The effects of the two significant indicators suggests that military technologies are more valuable when the technology itself can be used in various sectors, including the civilian sector, and can be converged with technologies in different fields. However, the nonsignificant influence of the third variable suggests that the relation between patent value and diffusion effects toward following inventions is not confined to the civilian sector. Our findings provide evidence of the impact of dual-use policies in military R&D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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While Japanese business interests support the export of high-technology items and the transfer of technology from Japan to China, these economically motivated actions may have direct and indirect impacts on Japan's national security. First, the transfer of dual-use technology to China may directly help China's military buildup. Second, high-tech exports and technology transfers may have an indirect effect by eroding Japan's technological advantages vis-a-vis China. In this article I place these concerns into a historical context and analyze the current challenges to Japan's export control policies. I offer an overview of the Japan-China trade relationship, with a special focus on high-tech trade. I then discuss changes in Japan's export controls regarding China, based on heightened security concerns. Evidence indicates that the Japanese government is ill equipped to deal with "technology leakage," which is accelerating the erosion of Japan's technological supremacy and is not covered by its current export control regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has largely been cut off from direct transfers of military systems and technologies since the announcement of the EU arms embargo in 1989. Nevertheless, the EU and its member states remain a major source of high technologies for China, namely, by means of trade, investment, and scientific cooperation. This is mainly because the EU-China relationship continues to be dominated by the economic interests of individual member states, both in trade and increasingly in investments. Furthermore, due to a lack of direct security interests in the Asia-Pacific, Europeans do not generally see China as a security threat or a strategic competitor. Therefore, the EU has so far failed to develop a strategic approach toward the potential security implications of transfers of European militarily sensitive technologies that goes beyond the existing arms embargo and currently lacks effective mechanisms to control the flow of such technologies to China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature concerning ethical issues associated with nanotechnologies has become prolific. However, it has been claimed that ethical problems are only at stake with rather sophisticated nanotechnologies such as active nanostructures, integrated nanosystems and heterogeneous molecular nanosystems, whereas more basic nanotechnologies such as passive nanostructures mainly pose technical difficulties. In this paper I argue that fundamental ethical issues are already at stake with this more basic kind of nanotechnologies and that ethics impacts every kind of nanotechnologies, already from the simplest kind of engineered nanoproducts. These ethical issues are mainly associated with the social desirability of nanotechnologies, with the difficulties to define nanotechnologies properly, with the important uncertainties surrounding nanotechnologies, with the threat of 'nano-divide', and with nanotechnology as 'dual-use technology'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the development of optical design technology of Japanese photographic lenses by analyzing some historical documents of optical designs, patent specifications and the correspondence between Ryozo Furukawa (an engineer of Nippon Kogaku K. K.) and Tatsuhiko Arakawa (an employee of Nippon Kogaku K. K.). The first Japanese photographic lens "Hexar" was developed by Hiroo Mouri of Rokuoh-sha with the assistance of Kogoro Yamada (an engineering officer of the Imperial Japanese Navy) in 1931. It was manufactured making use of Seidel's formulae and ray-tracing. Kakuya Sunayama (a designing manager of Nippon Kogaku K. K.) directed photographic lens technology in Nippon Kogaku K. K. from 1928 to 1937. Photographic lens technology is dual-use technology. In both cases, the demand by the military that needed aerial cameras advanced photographic lens technology. Later this outcome was transferred to civilian use. The military demanded high quality photographic lenses which met the high cost. Up until about 1935, private companies had sophisticated optical design technology and mass production facilities for photographic lenses. They also owned the data of the photographic lens designs and the technological accumulation of optical designing. It has become clear that the Japanese "original optical designs of photographic lenses" were established around 1938. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the potential for the involvement of corporations in the manufacture of nuclear weapons has increased, particularly through dual-use technology, global regulation has failed to keep pace. Where regulation of private corporations does exist, in the form of treaties, UN resolutions, or more informal arrangements, the obligations fall only on states. This state of affairs is a result of international law's traditional deference to state sovereignty; yet, it has led to significant shortcomings in the global regulatory regime, where states are unwilling or unable to meet their obligations. While radical departures from the traditional model of international law might remove the regulatory gaps caused by noncompliant states, such changes are unrealistic in the current political climate. More realistic changes must be focused on, offering greater recognition of the role of private corporations in nuclear proliferation and increasing state compliance with existing regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam recently announced that they are launching nuclear energy programs, and Malaysia and the Philippines soon may follow suit. As a result, by 2020, at least three states in Southeast Asia could possess latent nuclear capabilities—the option to pursue military applications of dual-use nuclear technology. Analysis of the nuclear programs, domestic proliferation pressures, and the external threat environment in Southeast Asia leads the authors to conclude that the nuclear intentions of states in that region are entirely peaceful and the probability of future nuclear breakout there is low. However, this finding does not justify complacency. In the long term, the benign outlook for regional security may change, and in the near term weak regulatory regimes present serious challenges to nuclear safety and create opportunities that non-state actors may exploit. To minimize these risks, the authors recommend creating a “proliferation firewall” around the region, which would combine strong global support for Southeast Asian nuclear energy programs with innovative regional multilateral nuclear arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many technologies have both vital legitimate uses and potent military applications. An international regulatory regime has been devised for the purpose of monitoring the use of the most dangerous of these technologies, namely chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. Multiple examples of the use of chemical and biological weapons against members of the public, and evidence of prohibited state weapons development programs, demonstrate the vital need for a more effective enforcement regime. The authors discuss the concept and threat of dual-use technology, the existing regulatory regime and its shortcomings, and propose enhancing this regime with powerful international judicial authorities to enable the prosecution of any state, group or individual who attempts to misuse dual-use technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: By judiciously combining internal and external knowledge acquired since the early 1960s, India has been able to build one of the strongest national space programmes in the world. Space development policy and technology accumulation in India appear to have evolved in different phases. In the 1960s the space programme was mainly science-oriented; in the 1970s it progressed to technological experimentation and learning; in the 1980s the emphasis was on achieving ‘threshold’ capabilities in satellite and rocket technologies; and in the 1990s the focus shifted to commercialisation. This article traces India''s space programme, which began as a ‘science’ programme in the 1960s, and by the 1990s had evolved into a ‘commercial’ programme. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]