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BackgroundAs important enzymes regulating acetylation, histone deacetylases (HDACs) participate in a series of cell physiological process. However, the mechanisms responsible for individual HDAC family members in regulating innate immunity remained to be elucidated. Here we sought to reveal the mechanism of HDAC3 in regulating the inflammatory response of macrophages.MethodsRNAseq was done to detect the transcriptional influence of HDAC3 on macrophages. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes was used to reveal the change of signaling pathways after HDAC3 knockout. CHIPseq was done to detect the deacetylation modification of HDAC3 on chromosome. Western blot, immunofluorescence, and real-time quantitative PCR were used to measure the change of genes and proteins' levels. Mice were intratracheal instillation with lipopolysaccharide or Pseudomonas aeruginosa to determine the influence of HDAC3 on inflammatory response in vivo.ResultsHDAC3-deficient macrophages had increased expression of cathepsins resulting from elevated histone acetylation. Over-expressed cathepsins such as cathepsin B (CTSB) caused remarkable degradation of receptor (TNFRSF)-interacting serine-threonine kinase 1 (RIP1), which reduced TNFα mediated NF-κB activation and inflammatory response. Consistently, mice with macrophage specific knockout of HDAC3 were impaired in inflammatory response and thereby susceptible to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.ConclusionHDAC3 was required for protecting RIP1 from degrading by CTSB in macrophages. Decreased RIP1 in HDAC3 knockout macrophages impaired TNFα mediated NF-κB activation. Our studies uncovered important roles of HDAC3 in the regulation of cathepsin-mediated lysosomal degradation and RIP1-mediated inflammatory response in macrophages as well as in host defense against bacterial infection.

Currently, there are two bottleneck problems in the research of college students’ entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial behavior: lack of comprehensive and systematic theoretical framework and empirical analysis to reveal the role path that affects entrepreneurial intention, and most studies ignore the gap between entrepreneurial intention and behavior. Based on the literature review, this study adopted the Theory of Planned Behavior as the theoretical framework introduced entrepreneurial situational factors and entrepreneurial implementation intention, and constructed a two-step extended entrepreneurial intention–behavior model. The structural equation was constructed using AMOS24.0 to empirically analyze the antecedent variables of college students’ entrepreneurial intention and the factors influencing entrepreneurial behavior. The empirical results showed that expected material possessions, expected social reputation, expected self-evaluation, mission and responsibility, and career development are the antecedent variables of entrepreneurial attitude. Support from families and friends, college teachers’ views, and the role models are antecedent variables of entrepreneurial subjective norms. Professional ability, entrepreneurial ability, entrepreneurial experiences, and personality traits are the antecedent variables of entrepreneurial perceived behavior control. In the formation stage of college students’ entrepreneurial intention, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, and entrepreneurial situational factors have significant impacts on the formation of college students’ entrepreneurial intention, while entrepreneurial intention, perceived behavior control, and entrepreneurial situational factors have significant impacts on the transformation phase of entrepreneurial behavior. Entrepreneurial implementation intention plays an intervening role between entrepreneurial intention and behavior of college students.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) fumigation has been widely used to control pathogens and maintain the postharvest quality of table grapes. However, the effective dosage of SO2 treatment is close to causing bleaching damage on fruits. Further, the SO2 potential residue is a risk to human health. In this study, the dominant pathogens in "red globe" grapes during cold storage (0 and 10°C) were identified as Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata, and Penicillium expansum, while Aspergillus niger was dominant pathogen when the grapes were stored at room temperature (25°C). The isolated dominant pathogens were effectively suppressed by SO2 ranging from 500 μl L−1 to 800 μl L−1, but bleaching spots were observed in grapes when SO2 was applied at 800 μl L−1. To reduce the SO2 residue, the fungicides dimethomorph and thiophanate‐methyl were respectively sprayed to control the epiphytic pathogens during the development of grape berries. In addition, the reduced microbial population contributed by fungicide treatments remitted the original density of postharvest microbial growth. The postharvest automated intermittent SO2 fumigation at 500 μl L−1 was subsequently integrated to control the microbial activities. In addition, SO2 maintained the soluble solid content and titratable acid content, which were 22% and 75% higher than the control (p <.05) on 120 days of storage. The inhibition percentage against dominant fungal pathogens by preharvest fungicides spray was approximately 30%, while the postharvest intermittent SO2 fumigation contributed about 50%. We investigated the suppression role of preharvest and postharvest combined treatment for the grapes, which was concluded as a promising application to reduce decay and extend the shelf life of "red globe" grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]