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3. Book review

Author

Dong, Xiaoming, primary, Cong, Jiahong, additional, and Duan, Manjiang, additional

Published
2020
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5. Retail Development in Rural Counties: Evidence from the Upper Midwest

Author

Blair, John P., Traynor, Thomas, and Duan, Manjiang

Subjects
Community/Rural/Urban Development
Abstract

Concerns have been raised that potential retail activity is being lost in rural areas. This study examines the response of retail employment and the number of retail establishments to changes in local employment in isolated rural areas. Since many attempts to strengthen rural retail activity focused on increasing market size by attracting manufacturing activities, special a ttention is devoted to the empirical analysis of the manufacturing/retail relationship. Using data from the upper Midwest, a statistically significant association between changes in manufacturing employment and resulting changes in retail employment was found. The stimulative impact of manufacturing employment on retail activity was found to be more consistent than other types of job growth. Manufacturing activity also stimulated new retail establishments. Competition from nearby metropolitan areas contributed to the difficulty rural areas have in retail development and the difficulty may be increasing since the start of the analysis.

Published
2004
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8. The Dynamics of the Linguistic System: Usage, Conventionalization, and Entrenchment.

Author

Dong, Xiaoming, Cong, Jiahong, and Duan, Manjiang

Subjects
*LINGUISTIC usage, *PSYCHOLINGUISTICS, *SYSTEM dynamics, *AUTOMATICITY (Learning process), *PHILOSOPHY of language
Abstract

Hans-Jörg Schmid The Dynamics of the Linguistic System: Usage, Conventionalization, and Entrenchment2020 Oxford University Press Oxford397 pp., £85.00 (hardback), ISBN: 978-0-19-881477-1 (hardback) Formalists' view of the object of study of language as an abstract system is a premise for the classic dichotomy of langue and parole by Saussure and that of competence and performance by Chomsky. Part II (Chapters 7-10) takes a considerable step further to address conventionalization as a continual process of establishing and readapting regularities of communicative behavior among the members of a speech community. Chapter 12 opens a sequence of three chapters looking at the routinization of syntagmatic (Chapter 12), symbolic (Chapter 13), and pragmatic associations (Chapter 14). [Extracted from the article]

Published
2020
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