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Introduction The aims of this study were to examine the immunolocalization of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) in developing mouse pulp tissue and to explore the role of PP1 in odontoblastic differentiation and in vitro angiogenesis in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). Methods Immunolocalization of PP1 was assessed in developing mouse pulp tissue. Odontogenic differentiation was examined by alkaline phosphatase activity, alizarin red staining, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Angiogenesis was evaluated by endothelial cell migration and capillary tube formation. Signaling pathways were analyzed by Western blotting and confocal immunofluorescence. Results PP1 expression was detected in preodontoblasts, odontoblasts, dental pulp cells, and endothelial cells within pulp tissue during the crown formed, root formation, and root completion stages. PP1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels were up-regulated at the late mineralization stage during odontogenic differentiation of HDPCs. The PP1 activator C2 ceramide increased alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralized nodule formation, and mRNA expression of dentin matrix protein 1 and dentin sialophosphoprotein. In contrast, knockdown by PP1 small interfering RNA inhibited odontoblastic differentiation. Moreover, PP1 activator up-regulated mRNA expression of angiogenic genes in HDPCs and increased the migration and capillary tube formation of endothelial cells, whereas PP1 small interfering RNA showed opposite effects. C2 ceramide increased levels of bone morphogenetic protein 2, phosphorylation of Smad 1/5/8, and mRNA expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 and osterix. Conclusions This study provides the first evidence that PP1 might be a potent regulator of developing pulp tissue in vivo and odontoblastic differentiation and angiogenesis in HDPCs in vitro and may have clinical implications for pulp/dentin regeneration or reparative dentinogenesis.

Background/Aims: Delayed post-endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) bleeding (DPEB) is difficult to predict and there is controversy regarding the usefulness of prophylactic hemostasis during second-look endoscopy. This study evaluated the risk factors related to DPEB, the relationship between clinical outcomes and the Forrest classification, and the results of prophylactic hemostasis during second-look endoscopy. Methods: Second-look endoscopy was performed on the day after ESD to check for recent hemorrhage or potential bleeding and the presence of artificial ulcers in all patients. Results: DPEB occurred in 42 of 581 patients (7.2%). Multivariate analysis determined that a specimen size ≥40 mm (odds ratio [OR], 3.03; p=0.003), and a high-risk Forrest classification (Forrest Ib+IIa+IIb; OR, 6.88; p

This study, initiated with the concerns of Odlenburg's 'the third place', aims to increase the understandings about the characteristics and roles of it, while analysing empirical data. A field study, as a research method, was utilized at the cafe SE located in a small college town. Specifically, the field study was conducted while interviewing with staff, consulting online reviews, and using participatory observation. The cafe SE was visited for 46 days, and observed 123 times with observation time-frames of morning, afternoon, evening, and night. The observation results, including table share of SE and patterns of use-behavior, were recorded on the plan of cafe, previously drawn. The research found that the cafe SE, as a 'third place,' shows the mobility of territory share and mixed behavior patterns between 'work behavior' and 'non-work behavior,' depending on the day of week(on weekdays or on weekends) and observation time slots(morning, afternoon, evening, and night). The research results can be a reference point for creating cafe as 'the third place' as well as functional space.

Light-shelf is one of the most efficient natural lighting systems due to the improved function of the inflow level of the outdoor natural light. However, the existing research on the light shelf limits to the rectangular parallelepiped space, so do not provide sufficient data for various shapes of spaces. Thus, this study aims at deriving proper plan and relationshipof the light shelf through its performance assessment depending on the indoor space shapes and utilizing them as basic data of light shelf design. The conclusions are as follows ： 1) for 6m space depth, standard intensity of illumination satisfactiondepth has shown 8.3% ～ 26.3% improvement through the adjustment of the angle and width when installing light shelf comparedto no light shelf installation; 2) -30˚, -20˚ and -10˚ light shelves set by this study play only as a blind regardless of theshape of ceiling on the summer solstice, and it is unsuitable; and 3) this study has derived proper plan of light shelf uponspace shapes based on energy reduction and indoor evenness. The study results provide expanded data of the performanceassessment of the light shelves according to the different space shapes and light shelf factors, which serves as a basis of the light shelves designing.

The ‘one-day-shopping’ concept that we experience today in a modern mega mall changed the propensity to consume compared to the past. The idea of a mega mall originated in the U.S. and the first suburban shopping malls as we know them today were built in the 1950s. The convenience of these malls had a great impact not only on consumers but also on the retail industry in general and the new mega mall idea has since spread around the world, with the largest ones located in China and Southeast Asia. Meanwhile, Korea had the fastest-growing economy during the last three decades and with that boom the compositional structure of domestic retail facilities became extremely diverse. Today, there are 36 new mega mall development plans to be completed before 2016, which represent a rapid and dynamic change in consumerism lifestyle in Korea. In this regard, this study will re-evaluate the first mega mall in Korea, the COEX Mall, and identify initial errors regarding its circulation plan and provide an ideal design strategy for future commercial mega malls based on literature review and comparison analysis.

The incidence of iatrogenic colonic perforation has been gradually increasing. In particular, sigmoid colon perforations are difficult to handle because of excess mobility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the twin grasper-clips technique for large perforations of the sigmoid colon. This study was designed as a prospective, randomized, experimental study using ex vivo porcine colorectal specimens. Thirty standardized and variable artificial perforations were closed in the hemoclip group (hemoclips) and twin grasper group (hemoclips with a novel tissue grasper). We counted the number of hemoclips used per case to assess the cost and efficacy of the procedure. In the hemoclip group (n = 15), among the 20-, 25-, and 30-mm defects, the mean number of clips (4.8 ± 0.8, 6.0 ± 1.6, and 8.4 ± 2.1, respectively, p = 0.011) and closure time (7.6 ± 0.5, 9.9 ± 3.3, and 13.9 ± 4.1 min, respectively, p = 0.020) differed significantly. In the twin grasper group (n = 15), among the 20-, 25-, and 30-mm defects, the mean number of clips (4.0 ± 1.0, 5.0 ± 0.7, and 5.4 ± 1.1, respectively, p = 0.101) and closure time (7.7 ± 0.6, 8.3 ± 1.9, and 9.1 ± 2.7 min, respectively, p = 0.506) did not differ significantly. In 30-mm defects, the mean number of hemoclips used per case and total closure time were significantly lower in the twin grasper group than the hemoclip group. The twin grasper-clips technique seems to reduce the use of hemoclips and to result in more effective and rapid closure than does the conventional technique in large perforations of the ex vivo porcine sigmoid colon.

Automobile manufacturing consists of body-line, painting-line, and assembly-line. These production lines are disposed in series and go through a flow process, so according to the status of pre & post processing, a suspension happens in a line by a starvation(impossibility of production by insufficient supply) or blocking(impossibility of production by exceed capacity). Therefore, to prevent a loss of production coming from a starvation or blocking, a storage such as WBS or PBS is independently owned and operated. The paper suggests the simulation model of integrated storage which can operate it by integrating each storage performing a role as a buffer of line. Specifically, the paper found the answers about reasonable number of Stacker Crane and AGV(Automatic Guided Vehicle) and suggested a methodology of operation which is available to operate them. Also, it compared an efficiency between a model of current storage and integrated storage through simulation. As a result, it turned out that the model suggested in the paper was more efficient on suspension of painting-line stop than a current storage.

SnO2 is a widely used sensor material that exhibits high sensitivity. It is known for its complex sensing characteristics, and its microstructure is an important parameter related to electrical properties and mechanical rigidity. Understanding of its microstructural effects is therefore essential to examine sensing mechanisms that may apply to industrial devices. In this work, the effect of a sintering process on the electrical properties is investigated. The sintering temperature and the relative density were chosen as process variables. The grain size of the specimen increased as the sintering temperature increased, whereas the relative density did not change. The apparent activation energy for conduction varied as the compacting pressure and the sintering conditions changed. Samples with a high density and large particle size showed low activation energy for conduction and low sensitivity at 375 degrees C. In an attempt to improve the properties, the powder was heat-treated at 1000 degrees C for 10 hours before compacting and sintering. The samples with heat-treated powder showed a slight decrease in the activation energy depending on the density and comparable sensitivity compared to non-treated powder at a high density. Pre-treatment of powder can be a simple means of thermal stability under high operating temperatures.

The trapping effect of self-interstitial atom (SIA) clusters in neuron-irradiated Fe was analyzed in terms of generic traps. The effect of the cut-off size between sessile and glissile SIA clusters was investigated. The accumulation of SIA clusters decreased drastically as the cut-off size increased, which originated from the elimination of the SIA clusters at a grain boundary through its one-dimensional motion. When the immobile generic traps were introduced to the kinetic Monte Carlo simulation model, the effect of trap parameters was assessed. An increase in the binding energy between the trap and SIA-species resulted in a decrease in the number of mono-SIAs that were dissociated from the trap and a corresponding delay in visible SIA clusters. The size-dependent prefactor for the dissociation rate of trapped SIA clusters was necessary for a realistic accumulation behavior of SIA clusters. The trap density affects the density and size of the accumulated SIA cluster density during irradiation. This parameterization of generic traps provided insight into the mechanism of accumulation of SIA and SIA cluster.

The purpose of this project was to understand the nature of an architect's professional power. The central questions were: (1) What is the impact of specialized knowledge on the professional autonomy of architects in general? and (2) What are the relationships between task complexity, specialized knowledge, and the professional autonomy of healthcare architects in particular? To answer these questions, this research utilized interviews and focus groups. Focus groups provided in-depth knowledge on a sub-question: How do real-world situations restrict or reinforce the professional autonomy of healthcare architects? The interviews on this sub-question were project-specific to help gain an understanding of the impact that healthcare design complexity and research utilization have on practice and professional autonomy. Two main relationships were discovered from the interviews and focus groups. One was the relationship between the context of healthcare design complexity and the culture of healthcare design practice. The other was the relationship between changing professional attitudes and the consequences of changes in the profession.

Market demand for touch panel/lens has been exceptionally high for the recent years due to smartphones, tablet PCs, etc. Among the available technologies to envision touch functionality, capacitive touch screen has received the great attention due to the various superiorities over the competing ones. Capacitive touch screen features two transparent conductive electrodes, such as ITO (indium tin oxide). However, the difference in refractive indices of ITO, substrate, and air, ITO pattern is clearly visible if there is no proper countermeasure. Most of touch screen makers and ITO substrate supplier utilize “index-matching technology” to prevent this phenomenon.Even though of the attempts to minimize visible ITO pattern in final product, there are many technical and process challenges. In this study, the causes around visible ITO pattern were investigated to understand and provide the proper countermeasures.One of the possible causes for visible ITO pattern was improper annealing process in ITO especially for film substrate. According to XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy)/ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) and other analysis results, ITO, which is normally deposited through sputtering, is not fully transformed to oxidized state. After aligning and adjusting annealing condition, acknowledged visible ITO pattern was disappeared.Other causes for visible patterns were also discussed in detail, and the relevant countermeasures were provided.

Spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SPONK) usually involves a single condyle or plateau. The medial femoral condyle (MFC) is most often involved and spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial tibial plateau (MTP) is a rare condition, representing only 2% of all necroses reported in the knee. SPONK involving both the MFC and the MTP is extremely rare. SPONK occurring in either the MFC or the MTP individually might extend to the corresponding side of the knee in the advanced end-stage; however, in that situation, significant degenerative changes would exist and it might be difficult to differentiate end-stage SPONK form severe osteoarthritis. SPONK affecting both the MFC and the MTP without significant secondary osteoarthritic changes has not been reported, even though it is difficult to know which occurs first. We have cared for three patients with histologically proven osteonecrosis of the MFC and MTP and report their radiologic features.

Excitonic carrier dynamics taking place in In x Ga 1-x N/Gal4 multi-quantum-well systems have been studied by low temperature picosecond time resolved photoluminescence (LT-TRPL), HR-TEM, XPS, Dynamic TOF-SIMS, and quantum mechanical simulation methods. Both time-integrated and time-resolved photoluminescence spectra of In x Ga 1- x N/GaN multi-quantum-wells with different well thickness and Indium composition were measured at 10 K. We assigned the natural radiative lifetime of each sample from the time resolved PL. We observed that the natural radiative lifetime of In In x Ga 1-x N/GaN multi-quantum-wells depends strongly on the well thickness and Indium composition. To support the measured natural radiative lifetimes, excitonic oscillator strengths of the In x Ga 1-x N/GaN multi-quantum-wells were calculated by using a 2-D particle-in-a-box model as functions of well thickness and Indium composition. Values of the well thickness and Indium compositions from the HR-TEM and XPS compositional depth profiling were used to achieve more realistic computational results and to corroborate the measured natural radiative lifetimes of In x Ga 1-x N/GaN multi-quantum wells.

Pheochromocytoma not only decreases insulin secretion but also increases insulin resistance. One third of patients with pheochromocytoma have diabetes mellitus and their clinical prognosis showed improvement after surgery. Until now, those patients whose prognosis for diabetes mellitus improved after the operation of pheochromocytoma had typical characteristics such as hypertension, palpitation, headache and elevated hormones such as Vanillylmandelic acid, metanephrine, epinephrine and norepinephrine. We present the case of a 75-year-old woman with asymptomatic adrenal incidentaloma identified as pheochromocytoma which exhibited normal biochemical test results, and after removal of the abdominal mass, her severe hyperglycemia improved.