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It has been estimated that the human gut contains about 1,000 species of bacteria and 100 times more genes than are found in the human genome. Over 2 Kg - as weight. It is the human microbiom that form a true “forgotten organ” of our body. Due to the abuse of antibiotics, the Clostridium difficile infection became one of the top nosocomial infections due to complications and financial pressure on the medical system. We conducted a prospective study of the characteristics of risk factors and epidemiological aspects in patients with Clostridium difficile infection admitted to the Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases from Constanta for a period of 3 years. Demographics (age), risk factors (surgery, history of antibiotics or proton pump inhibitors, comorbidities) were noted. The classes of antibiotics used, other than the basic treatment of the condition were analyzed. Also the source of the infection including the ward were the patient was previously hospitalized. 47% (104) of the patients were in the 60-80 interval of age. Nearly half of the patients had a history of surgery. Only 52 patients out of a total of 221 had no history of antibiotic therapy. More than half had PPI therapy prior to the onset of CD infection. In terms of comorbidities, they are multiple, at different systems, the most common being cardiovascular, nutritional and renal diseases. The source of infection was found as nosocomial in 65% of patients. Regarding the origin of the hospital wards, the surgical departments were the main ones in which CD infections appeared: General Surgery (46), Orthopedics (33) and Urology (13). Our study results confirm that reported risk factors are advanced age, antibiotics use, proton pump inhibitors administration, comorbidities and exposure to health care sistem.

In order to control and end the AIDS epidemic, we all need to hit the 0-0-0 target. That means 0 HIV infections, 0 mortality caused by AIDS and 0 discrimination. We performed a retrospective observational analytical study on 166 HIV positive patients with a neurological complication, diagnosed between June 2012 and June 2020, in Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital of Constanta. We collected data from the observational charts that revealed if the patient was known with HIV infection at the time of the neurological complication diagnosis, information about the treatment (how many treatment regimens, classes of antiretroviral drugs, CNS Penetration-Effectiveness Rank), treatment compliance. The patients were divided into two groups: first group “opportunistic infections (OI)” and second group “other neurological conditions (ONC)”. 16 patients (9,6%) have the neurological condition as first manifestation of HIV infection. Opportunistic infections, correlated with a poor immunological status continue to have a high percentage (46,98%) of neurological complications, being associated with a poor treatment compliance (p

Under conditions of increased consumption of antibiotics, pseudomembranous colitis has become a common condition in Romanian hospitals. Severe forms of the disease are becoming more common, recurrences are numerous, and metronidazole and vancomycin therapy has failed to prevent these recurrences. The study aims to identify the characteristics of patients who require a fecal transplant, the time for its performance and what are the short-term and possibly long-term consequences of this method. We analyzed 26 patients who had a fecal transplant with a favorable evolution in 96%. We consider that FMT is an effective method for preventing recurrent CDI but also for those with resistance to the usual antibiotics.

Abstract: This paper shows the results of a retrospective observational analytical study that has enrolled 166 HIV positive patients diagnosed with a neurological complication between June 2012 and June 2020, in Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital of Constanta. 119 patients (71,69%) were diagnosed with one of the three neurological complications: HIV associated dementia (HAD), Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) and CNS Toxoplasmosis (CT). We have noted CD4 levels, viral loads, and the presence/absence of other infections like: HBV, HCV, Treponema pallidum, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. The results show that PML and CT, in this order, are the main opportunistic infections with important neurological impact. Both, PML and CT are in direct correlation with the immune status, but also with other infections like the infection with HCV or with M. Tuberculosis. CD4 nadir

Additional file 1. Questionnaire.

Background: In this cross-sectional, international study, we aimed to analyze vector-borne and zoonotic infections (VBZI), which are significant global threats. Method: VBZIs’ data between May 20–28, 2018 was collected. The 24 Participatingcountries were classified as lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income. Results: 382 patients were included. 175(45.8%) were hospitalized, most commonly in Croatia, Egypt, and Romania(P = 0.001). There was a significant difference between distributions of VBZIs according to geographical regions(P < 0.001). Amebiasis, Ancylostomiasis, Blastocystosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Giardiasis, Toxoplasmosis were significantly more common in the Middle-East while Bartonellosis, Borreliosis, Cat Scratch Disease, Hantavirus syndrome, Rickettsiosis, Campylobacteriosis, Salmonellosis in Central/East/South-East Europe; Brucellosis and Echinococcosis in Central/West Asia; Campylobacteriosis, Chikungunya, Tick-borne encephalitis, Visceral Leishmaniasis, Salmonellosis, Toxoplasmosis in the North-Mediterranean; CCHF, Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Dengue, Malaria, Taeniasis, Salmonellosis in Indian Subcontinent; Lassa Fever in West Africa. There were significant regional differences for viral hemorrhagic fevers(P < 0.001) and tick-borne infections(P < 0.001), and according to economic status for VBZIs(P < 0.001). The prevalences of VBZIs were significantly higher in lower-middle income countries(P = 0.001). The most similar regions were the Indian Subcontinent and the Middle-East, the Indian Subcontinent and the North-Mediterranean, and the Middle-East and North-Mediterranean regions. Conclusions: Regional and socioeconomic heterogeneity still exists for VBZIs. Control and eradication of VBZIs require evidence-based surveillance data, and multidisciplinary efforts.

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in Galati county is an very important public health problem, the number of cases per 100 outpatients being in the first 5, nationally. The percentage of community-associated infection in this county is higher than the national and european ones. We performed a prospective observational study on 720 patients admitted between 1.01.2017-31.12.2018 in the Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases „St. Cuv. Parascheva“ Galati and we analyzed comparative demographic data, risk factors, disease evolution and prognosis of a batch of 565 (78.47%) patients with healthcare facility associated infection, with a batch of 144 patients (20%) with community-associated infection. The identified type of Clostridium difficile was ribotype 027 in 93.61% of the toxigenic strains studied. The study showed that CDI predominantly affects women in urban areas. Patients with community source are younger, with less comorbidities, have episodes of illness with lower severity and better prognosis both in terms of CDI recurrence and post-CDI death. Patients with a nosocomial source are older, with multiple comorbidities, with greater exposure to antibiotic, proton pump inhibitor and recent abdominal surgery, have severe episodes of the disease and have a poorer prognosis than those with a community source.

Bacterial infections present a polymorphic aspect, both from the point of view of the pathogens and the pathological mechanisms involved in the infectious process. Documented data reminds of a prevalence of bacterial infections in oncological children. Analyzing information from medical literature, we are putting forward a systematic presentation of the main oncological conditions, with the type of immunodeficiency specific to each one and the most frequent pathogens encountered in every type in particular. Thus, for example, in acute leukemia and acute lymphoma, in neutropenia, the most frequent infections are caused by gram-positive and gram-negative germs, but when the immunodeficiency is cell-mediated, infections with L. Monocytogenes and Salmonella occur, and the presentation continues in detail for every individual class of oncological conditions (acute leukemia and acute lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, hairy cell leukemia and solid tumors). In the end, we are bringing the current tendency in the emergence of bacterial infections in little oncological patients to your attention. We focused on viridans streptococci and gram-negative pathogens, such as Streptococcus maltophilia, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Achromobacter species, Alcaligenes and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, discussing their infections at large. The analysis in question has also taken into consideration two bacterial syndromes: the infection with virulent strains of Clostridium difficile, which has emerged in the recent years, with lethal potential upon oncological patients, and pyomyositis caused by Escherichia Coli, described most often in patients with hematologic malignancies.

Medical treatment in cystic echinococcosis is limited; albendazole remains the gold treatment for patients with low hydatid cysts or those with inoperable echinococcosis. Due to uncommon side effects, administration may be continuous (cycles of 28 days with a break of 14 days between courses) as well as discontinuous over long periods of time. In recent years, there have been many concerns for the testing of various substances and drugs against Echinococcus granulosus, both in vitro and in vivo, on the animal model, but the results have not been satisfactory. New clinical trials are required, as well as the development of an effective vaccine to limit the spread of echinococcosis in endemic areas.

Vaccination against COVID-19 was one of the most important discoveries in the fight against the pandemic and saved millions of lives. As with any vaccine, side effects have been reported, but the benefit of vaccination is much more important and should be considered. The most common side effects are mild to moderate, especially at the injection site, as well as self-limiting; non–life-threatening systemic reactions and severe reactions after vaccination are rare. In this chapter, the author will describe all types of side effects related to COVID-19 vaccines, information obtained from Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Centre for Disease Control Prevention (CDC), cdc.gov database, and Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS).

In the last two decades there have been dramatic changes in the epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), with increases in incidence and severity of disease in many countries worldwide. The incidence of CDI has also increased in surgical patients. Optimization of management of C difficile, has therefore become increasingly urgent. An international multidisciplinary panel of experts prepared evidenced-based World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) guidelines for management of CDI in surgical patients.