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Globally, major efforts are being made to restore peatlands to maximise their resilience to anthropogenic climate change, which puts continuous pressure on peatland ecosystems and modifies the geography of the environmental envelope that underpins peatland functioning. A probable effect of climate change is reduction in the waterlogged conditions that are key to peatland formation and continued accumulation of carbon (C) in peat. C sequestration in peatlands arises from a delicate imbalance between primary production and decomposition, and microbial processes are potentially pivotal in regulating feedbacks between environmental change and the peatland C cycle. Increased soil temperature, caused by climate warming or disturbance of the natural vegetation cover and drainage, may result in reductions of long-term C storage via changes in microbial community composition and metabolic rates. Moreover, changes in water table depth alter the redox state and hence have broad consequences for microbial functions, including effects on fungal and bacterial communities especially methanogens and methanotrophs. This article is a perspective review of the effects of climate change and ecosystem restoration on peatland microbial communities and the implications for C sequestration and climate regulation. It is authored by peatland scientists, microbial ecologists, land managers and non-governmental organisations who were attendees at a series of three workshops held at The University of Manchester (UK) in 2019–2020. Our review suggests that the increase in methane flux sometimes observed when water tables are restored is predicated on the availability of labile carbon from vegetation and the absence of alternative terminal electron acceptors. Peatland microbial communities respond relatively rapidly to shifts in vegetation induced by climate change and subsequent changes in the quantity and quality of below-ground C substrate inputs. Other consequences of climate change that affect peatland microbial communities and C cycling include alterations in snow cover and permafrost thaw. In the face of rapid climate change, restoration of a resilient microbiome is essential to sustaining the climate regulation functions of peatland systems. Technological developments enabling faster characterisation of microbial communities and functions support progress towards this goal, which will require a strongly interdisciplinary approach.

Additional file 2: Fig. S2. NMDS analysis showing the relationship among the growing A) archaeal, B) bacterial, C) overall communities in each treatment (Light / Dark / Light + 5 μM 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) / Dark + 5 μM DCMU) and binned fraction (L, comprising individual fractions with buoyant densities in the range 1.690–1.729 g/ml; MH, consisting of fractions with buoyant densities in the range 1.730–1.749 g/ml and H, encompassing fractions with buoyant densities in the range 1.750–1.780 g/ml). Differences are based on Bray Curtis dissimilarity calculated at the ASV level. Colors and shapes indicate different treatments and binned fractions.

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Barplot of A archaeal and B bacterial phyla represented by more of 1 % of the reads in composite fractions L (comprising individual fractions with buoyant densities in the range 1.690–1.729 g/ml), MH (individual fractions with buoyant densities in the range 1.730–1.749 g/ml), and H (1.750–1.780 g/ml) of each control and treatment, which comprised the following conditions: 2 g of sample + 30 µl of H218O + (i) Light / (ii) Dark /(iii) Light + 5 µM 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) / (iv) Dark + 5 µM DCMU.

Dans le domaine de l'aménagement urbain et régional, la France et l'Allemagne ont montré plusieurs analogies depuis le début de l'ère moderne. Toutefois, il existe toujours une différence entre des processus de gouvernance plus centralisés (France) et une position plus forte des municipalités (Allemagne). Mais les stratégies de planification de la France et de l'Allemagne se sont rapprochées. Une comparaison couvrant environ 100 ans doit différencier les stratégies de planification en Allemagne de l'Est et de l'Ouest pendant une période considérable. L'aménagement urbain a été influencé par des modèles similaires comme la Charte d'Athènes ou la Charte de Leipzig. Cette dernière, un document européen, a été renouvelée en 2020. En outre, dans les deux pays, des voies similaires peuvent être identifiées: la poursuite d'une forte orientation technique, la tendance au développement durable, plus de flexibilité, l'importance croissante des politiques intégrées et les défis de l'étalement urbain. Les grandes doctrines telles que l'intégration, la participation et la prospective ont accompagné la planification urbaine et régionale en Allemagne comme en France. In the field of urban and regional planning, France and Germany have shown several analogies since the beginning of the modern age. However, there is still a difference between more centralised governance processes (France) and a stronger position of the municipalities (Germany). But the planning strategies of France and Germany have moved closer together. A comparison covering about 100 years must differentiate between German planning strategies in East and West Germany for a considerable period. Urban planning has been influenced by similar models like the Athens Charter or the Leipzig Charter. The latter, a European document, was renewed in 2020. Furthermore, in both countries, similar paths can be identified: the pursuit of a strong technical focus, the tendency towards sustainable development, more flexibility, the growing importance of integrated policies and the challenges of urban sprawl. Main doctrines like integration, participation and future orientation have accompanied urban and regional planning in Germany as well as in France.

Supplementary Material 1

• Phosphorus (P) is essential for plant growth. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) aid its uptake by acquiring sources distant from roots in return for carbon. Little is known about how AMF colonise soil pore-space, and models of AMF-enhanced P-uptake are poorly validated.• We used synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXRCT) to visualize mycorrhizae in soil, and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (XRF/XANES) elemental mapping for phosphorus (P), sulphur (S) and aluminium (Al), in combination with modelling.• We found that AMF inoculation had a suppressive effect on colonisation by other soil fungi and identified differences in structure and growth rate between hyphae of AMF and nonmycorrhizal fungi. Results showed that AMF co-locate with areasof high P and low Al, andpreferentially associate with organic-type P species in preference to Al-rich inorganic P.• We discovered that AMF avoid Al-rich areas as a source of P. S-rich regions correlated with higher hyphal density and an increased organic-associated P-pool, whilst oxidized S-species were found close to AMF hyphae. Increased S oxidation close to AMF suggested the observed changes were microbiome-related. Our experimentally-validated model led to an estimate of P-uptake by AMF hyphae that is an order of magnitude lower than rates previously estimated; a result with significant implications for modelling of plant-soil-AMF interactions.

In the field of urban and regional planning, France and Germany have shown several analogies since the beginning of the modern age. However, there is still a difference between more centralised governance processes (France) and a stronger position of the municipalities (Germany). But the planning strategies of France and Germany have moved closer together. A comparison covering about 100 years must differentiate between German planning strategies in East and West Germany for a considerable period. Urban planning has been influenced by similar models like the Athens Charter or the Leipzig Charter. The latter, a European document, was renewed in 2020. Furthermore, in both countries, similar paths can be identified: the pursuit of a strong technical focus, the tendency towards sustainable development, more flexibility, the growing importance of integrated policies and the challenges of urban sprawl. Main doctrines like integration, participation and future orientation have accompanied urban and regional planning in Germany as well as in France.

International audience; Alors que le contexte actuel montre une raréfaction des ressources, une dégradation des milieux de vie et un dérèglement climatique, les métropoles mobilisent des ressources abondantes, d’origines proches ou lointaines, flux physiques de matières et d’énergie qui donnent à voir le métabolisme métropolitain.Leur analyse, en s’appuyant sur l’exemple de la Métropole européenne de Lille, conduit à révéler les interdépendances systémiques des métropoles, traversant les échelles et les périmètres institutionnels, entre voisinages et mondialisation. Elle questionne la capacité des politiques publiques interterritoriales à agir sur ce métabolisme

International audience; The electrical methods conventionally used for hydrogeology provide information and uncertainties on aquifers and aquitards. The advantages and limitations of the different techniques are illustrated here on a case study from Indonesia.; Les méthodes électriques utilisées classiquement pour l'hydrogéologie apportent des informations et des incertitudes sur les couches aquifères et aquitardes. Les avantages et les limites des différentes techniques sont ici illustrées sur un cas d'étude en Indonésie.

This work has its origin in the evaluation of a experimental programme carried out in favour of young people and supported by the European Metropolis of Lille. As part of an "Innovative Project for Youth" (PIA) launched by the State in 2015, the implementation of this programme also corresponds to the transfer of competence, from the department to the Metropolis, of the Youth Support Fund (FAJ) following the NOTRE law in 2015. In this context, the study of the territorial effects of the PIA is stimulating in the light of the literature in political science and planning on the recomposition of public action under the effect of territorial reforms on the one hand, and the multiplication of calls for projects and short-lived programmes on the other. We thus wonder to what extent the arrival of a programme of experimentation launched by the State leads metropolitan actors to “make territory" in the field of social action and youth? To do this, we are developing an original methodological approach, combining social network mapping and geographic mapping. The results make it possible to highlight the ability of metropolitan institutions to take advantage of the opportunities presented to them to organize and structure a youth strategy, even though they do not have the youth expertise. However, the short time frame of the experimental programme does not make it possible to "make territory", as the network of actors, actions and young people affected by these actions are not sufficiently integrated at the metropolitan level., Ce travail s’inscrit dans l’évaluation du projet PIA porté par la Métropole européenne de Lille (MEL), entrant dans un programme d’expérimentations menées en faveur de la jeunesse lancé par l’État en 2015. Sa mise en œuvre correspond aussi au transfert de compétence du fonds d’aide aux jeunes du département à la MEL à la suite de la loi NOTRe en 2015. Nous nous demandons ici dans quelle mesure sa mise en œuvre amène les acteurs métropolitains à « faire territoire » dans le champ de l’action sociale et de la jeunesse. Nous développons une approche combinant cartographie des réseaux sociaux et cartographie géographique. Nos résultats mettent en avant la capacité de la MEL à structurer une stratégie en matière de jeunesse alors même qu’elle ne dispose pas de la compétence jeunesse. Reste que la temporalité courte du programme ne permet pas de faire territoire, tant le réseau d’acteurs, les actions et jeunes touchés ne s’inscrivent pas suffisamment à l’échelle métropolitaine.