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Ce numéro rassemble quelques-unes des contributions marquantes du colloque « Politiques agricoles et alimentaires : trajectoires et réformes » organisé par la SFER à Montpellier Supagro, les 20 et 21 juin 2018, et qui a été suivi d’une journée internationale d’échanges sur l’avenir de la Politique agricole commune. L’ambition de ce colloque était de nous interroger collectivement sur l’évolution des politiques agricoles et alimentaires dans le monde. En effet, elles sont marquées à la fois pa...

The often-cited means to reduce poverty in rural areas is to push the sustainable intensification of the agricultural sector or to favor a livelihood diversification strategy. However, rural households that invest their resources in multiple domains can achieve contrasting livelihood returns and benefits. The present paper explores the contribution of livestock activities, especially dairy, in the various livelihood strategies of rural households, based on an evaluation of revenue repartition, poverty level, and nutrient input in the diverse households, using a simulation tool at the farm household level. Our research was carried out in a case study on the viability of rural households in the governorate of Beni Suef (Middle Egypt). The results show that the diversification of activities towards cropping activities and off-farm jobs in the household contributed more to poverty reduction than dairy activities. Householders with small herds and land access benefited weakly from milk price increases and more generally, from a specialization of dairy activities due to structural constraints. This calls for identifying new rural policies for small-scale (less than 2.5ha) units that represent more than 90 percent of family farms in Egypt. Notably, new job opportunities and diversification should be developed along the agro-food value chain process.

The often-cited means to reduce poverty in rural areas is to push the sustainable intensification of the agricultural sector or to favor a livelihood diversification strategy. However, rural households that invest their resources in multiple domains can achieve contrasting livelihood returns and benefits. The present paper explores the contribution of livestock activities, especially dairy, in the various livelihood strategies of rural households, based on an evaluation of revenue repartition, poverty level, and nutrient input in the diverse households, using a simulation tool at the farm household level. Our research was carried out in a case study on the viability of rural households in the governorate of Beni Suef (Middle Egypt). The results show that the diversification of activities towards cropping activities and off-farm jobs in the household contributed more to poverty reduction than dairy activities. Householders with small herds and land access benefited weakly from milk price increases and more generally, from a specialization of dairy activities due to structural constraints. This calls for identifying new rural policies for small-scale (less than 2.5ha) units that represent more than 90 percent of family farms in Egypt. Notably, new job opportunities and diversification should be developed along the agro-food value chain process.

International audience

The Livestock Section Investment and Policy Toolkit (LSIPT) is structured in six interrelated modules. Each module is composed of sub-modules, structured in activities, and steps. Specific tools (Microsoft Excel – based spreadsheet models including models for demographic projection, technical-economic performance' assessment, cost-benefit analysis, competitiveness analysis, organizations, policies, legislations and institutions (OPLI) analysis,...) enable for an allocation of tasks and division of workload in the team. Though the tool is not dedicated to data collection, modes of data collection (based on expert knowledge, literature review, survey questionnaires, etc.) are provided to support the implementation of each activity. This file gathers the material of training on the toolkit.

This paper aims to clarify two distinct but complementary questions on economic and legal additionality in the payments for environmental services (PES) debate based on examples from the literature and direct observations made in Madagascar and Mexico. For the economic dimension of additionality, we explain two 'regimes of justification', efficiency on the one hand and social equity on the other, and discuss how analysts position themselves with regard to both regimes. For the legal dimension, we review and analyse specific cases in which PES are implemented in addition to existing environmental regulations. We propose a renewed framework of analysis to distinguish 'compensation' and 'reward' in PES by crossing the opportunity cost dimension and the legal constraint vis-à-vis the environment. We show how difficult it is to fully maintain the objective of efficiency when PES are implemented simultaneously across different combinations of opportunity costs and regulation constraints. We propose policy options to address the contradiction between incentive and coercive instruments. These options are land sparing, social targeting and chronological combinations. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

L'adaptation des activités d'élevage et l'atténuation au changement climatique sont des enjeux. En élevage ovin méditerranéen, l'accroissement de la mobilité des troupeaux et de l'usage des parcours sont des adaptations des dernières décennies. Nous simulons trois systèmes archétypiques de ces dynamiques (sédentaire [S], simple transhumant [ST], double transhumant [DT]) en combinant estimations des émissions de méthane entérique, séquestration du carbone des parcours et fonctionnement de l'élevage. La mobilité et la contribution de ressources pâturées sur milieux naturels, en limitant les intrants, permet de développer des systèmes efficients. Le couplage entre des simulations d'émissions directes et de l'incidence du pâturage sur le cycle du carbone permet d'évaluer le potentiel d'atténuation de l'activité. Sur un plan méthodologique ces premiers résultats soulignent l'intérêt à considérer conjointement émission et séquestration, la nécessité de coupler plus étroitement l'analyse des fonctionnements des systèmes d'élevage et des systèmes écologiques des milieux pâturés.

National audience; Pastoral farming systems are likely to adapt to climate change through animal mobility and thus the potential of available forage resources depending on the season. However, the role of animal mobility in mitigation strategies is not yet known. To understand its role, we investigated major methodological challenges: (i) we addressed the diversity of grazing areas and forage resources mobilized by these systems to estimate methane enteric emissions; (ii) we analyzed the functioning of farming systems based on various combinations of resources use in relation to the assessment of their GHGs and energy requirements (iii) we assessed the impacts on soil and biomass carbon flows caused by grazing practices (carbon sequestration/emission). We developed a methodology based on existing models (OSTRAL and CASA) that we adapted and used in combination. This method was applied to four French Mediterranean farming systems that used mobility differently. Results from OSTRAL model showed that two systems improved efficiency. In the first system, using great quantities of grazing resources from natural areas reduced GHG emissions. In the second system, high animal productivity balanced the increase in GHG emissions caused by feed production. Moreover, CASA model can simulate scenarios of land cover dynamics in natural environments used for grazing. It will help us to assess the impact of grazing practices and thus carbon flows in systems in natural environments. To conclude, this first application shows that the practice of animal mobility off the structural limits of the farm seems engaging to reduce GHG emissions and to improve energy balance.

In order to adapt better to cyclical and persistent drought, sheep herders in the Algerian steppe often adopt proactive strategies involving various resources. They have also learned to combine local expertise and exogenous knowledge (scientific and technical). Our inquiry focuses on the ability of farmers to adapt their practices. The study hypothesis concerns the capacity of farmers to combine their various assets: social, human, natural, physical, productive, financial, etc. To achieve a clear understanding of the practices implemented, we opted for a systematic approach and participatory tools. We observed the practices of three breeding systems (sedentary, semi-transhumant and migratory) and surveyed 86 agro-pastoralists in the El- Guedid Djelfa region. Our main results show that the agro-pastoralists' rationale is one of continuous adaptation. All the livestock systems studied have managed to maintain themselves and reproduce using anticipatory strategies to ensure easy access to various local fodder resources (self-produced, rented and purchased). They combine their capital (resources or assets) in various ways in their decisions, which determine how they will perceive and anticipate drought situations. Human and social assets are important elements in the way in which farmers respond to events that affect their business. Studies are under way to assess the resilience of these systems in the future, hence the question that is the subject of our ongoing work: is farmers' current capacity to adapt sufficient to cope with the scale of the climate change challenge? (Texte intégral)

International audience

National audience; In Africa, animal production is facing a significant demand evolution and is marked by many changes. In the future, livestock systems should be more productive and environmentally friendly. In order to do so breeders have to innovate. Agro-pastoral systems occupy an increasingly important place, pastoralism continues especially in arid areas and peri-urban and specialized breeding are gaining importance. Local and global changes, over the past 50 years, create more constraints but offer new opportunities. Innovations are at work. In pastoral areas, they mainly concern the management of resources and mobility of livestock, in agropastoral area diversification and crop-livestock integration, and in peri-urban area specialization and intensification of production. Difficult to detect, slow and incremental, innovations promote the mastery of change and should be encouraged and stimulated to meet the challenges of animal husbandry. The opportunities offered by the current realities of African husbandry (low productivity and rapid growth in demand) should guarantee a market and significant margins of progression. However, this can be achieved through the continuation of institutional reforms, the direct involvement of producer organizations, the terms of the market more secure, improved technical support.; En Afrique, les productions animales font face à une évolution importante de la demande et sont en proie à de multiples changements. Les systèmes d’élevage du futur devront être à la fois plus productifs et respectueux de l’environnement et pour cela les éleveurs devront innover. Aujourd’hui les systèmes agro-pastoraux deviennent majoritaires, le pastoralisme se maintient notamment dans les zones arides, et les élevages périurbains et spécialisés prennent de l’importance. Les changements locaux et globaux survenus au cours des 50 dernières années créent davantage de contraintes mais offrent de nouvelles opportunités. Des innovations sont à l’oeuvre. En zone pastorale, elles concernent principalement la gestion des ressources et la mobilité du bétail, en zone agro-pastorale la diversification et l’intégration agriculture-élevage, en zone périurbaine la spécialisation et l’intensification de la production. Difficiles à déceler, lentes et progressives, les innovations favorisent la maîtrise du changement et doivent être encouragées et stimulées pour répondre aux enjeux de l’élevage. Les perspectives offertes par les réalités actuelles de l’élevage africain (faible productivité et progression rapide de la demande) devraient lui assurer un marché et des marges de progression significatives. Toutefois, ceci ne pourra se réaliser que moyennant la poursuite des réformes institutionnelles, une implication directe des organisations de producteurs, des termes du marché plus sécurisés et l’amélioration de l’appui technique.

The design of most Payment for Environmental Services (PES) is relying on a conservationist view of this instrument, where the forest perceived as a continuous land use is expected to be preserved from any other land use. This vision fits well a situation of forests frontiers or natural protected areas, where a land-sparing strategy is in place. However, in cases the forest is fully integrated to agricultural production (slash and burn systems), it is interesting to see the impact of PES in a de facto land sharing context. While recent research associates Payment for Environmental Services (PES) to land sparing practices (Eloy and al., 2012) broader evidence need to be supported by international research and further debates developed. In Mexico, the PSA-Hydrologic is nationally implemented since 2003 (Munoz-Piña and al., 2008) in several forest ecosystems (cloud, continental, tropical forests). The Sierra Madre of Chiapas and the Cono Sur region of the Yucatan state offer two contrasting cases where PES is implemented in a well-defined forest zoning in the first case and a mosaic land use in the second. Using satellite images and ejidal surveys data collected in 2012, this paper proposes to discuss the impact of PES on land management in these two sites. While the impact of PES on land heterogeneity links to important discussion on the trade-off of provisioning and regulating services, this paper consider as well the trade-offs of regulating services provided by the forest in these two contexts. In natural protected area, PES seems associated to more carbon, biodiversity and water services provided by the forest, while these services might not all be promoted in a complementary way by PES once implemented in forests managed though rotation cycles. (Texte integral)

The Livestock Section Investment and Policy Toolkit (LSIPT) is structured in six interrelated modules. Each module is composed of sub-modules, structured in activities, and steps. Specific tools (Microsoft Excel – based spreadsheet models including models for demographic projection, technical-economic performance' assessment, cost-benefit analysis, competitiveness analysis, organizations, policies, legislations and institutions (OPLI) analysis,...) enable for an allocation of tasks and division of workload in the team. Though the tool is not dedicated to data collection, modes of data collection (based on expert knowledge, literature review, survey questionnaires, etc.) are provided to support the implementation of each activity. This file is the updated Excel version of the Toolkit.

In 2002, the Partnership for Livestock Development, Poverty Alleviation and Sustainable Growth for Africa (ALive) was initiated by the World Bank. It emphasizes the crucial impacts of the livestock sector in terms of poverty alleviation and sustainable economic growth and its overall contribution to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Noting that after few year of PRSP (Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers) formulation, the poverty reduction potential of the livestock sector was still not recognized, the ALive Executive Committee decided to develop a methodology to guide livestock sectorpoverty and growth interaction studies and the preparation of subsequent action plans that ensure appropriate inclusion of the livestock sector in the PRSPs. After the development of the overall methodology and supporting tools, the toolkit has been tested in Mali and Zambia. Although the toolkit is still under refinement, its development and implementation processes have raised methodological issues in simultaneously assessing the economic and growth potential of the sector and its role in alleviating poverty. Among them, we could mention i) the classification and identification of the proper unit of analysis (livestock system, production systems, households types, commodity) in the different steps of the diagnostic, ii) the level of integration of different livestock systems in the household economy , iii) linking the livestock production systems to the commodity chains, iv) integrate the conclusions of the diagnostic into a strategic policy document. The object of this paper is to grossly describe the objectives of the toolkit and its structure and then discuss these methodological issues to undertake a poverty-growth focused diagnostic of a livestock sector at the national level.