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Measurement of mental rotation presents a serious challenge to cognitive researchers owing to the lack of a single comprehensive measure that can be applied across the developing age groups. Objective of the present study was to develop and validate a new measure of mental rotation for preadolescent and adolescent age groups. Items were conceptualized and constructed based on existing theories. Study I checked the suitability of these items among preadolescent and adolescent age groups. After revisions, Study II was done to evaluate the item properties using item response theory. Subsequently done Confirmatory Factor Analysis provided evidence for the construct validity of the new measure. Finally, Study III was done to develop the age wise and gender wise norms for preadolescent and adolescent age groups. The newly developed measure was found to have sufficient reliability and validity and hence can be widely applied for measuring mental rotation of preadolescents and adolescents.

As per WHO estimates and regional studies, diabetes mellitus is a chronic illness, which is on the rise in the Indian sub-continent. The patient plays an important role in the management of the disease as it is a largely self-managed illness. A number of factors affect the self-care activities of the patient. The current paper is a narrative review which presents some of the factors that affect self-care activities of diabetic patients. These factors can be classified as demographic factors such as age, gender, educational level, income level, and temporal factors which include co-existing psychiatric conditions such as depression, anxiety, or psychological issues such as diabetes distress. How do they help? These factors can help in designing intervention strategies for improving self-care of patients and in diabetes education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]