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This paper presents the predicted, as well as final experimental results for the design of an automatically optimized non-axisymmetric endwall and as such, attempts to close the loop between design and practice, providing additional information to other groups involved in the design of endwall contours. The contours designed in this investigation were manufactured using the direct laser sintering rapid prototyping method and installed and tested in the low-speed, 112-stage turbine at the CSIR’s test turbine facility (TTF) in Pretoria, South Africa. Steady-state 5-hole pressure probe traverses were used to characterize the performance and flow profiles upstream, immediately downstream and in a quasi-“mixed-out” sense downstream of the rotor. In addition to the datum (annular) case, both the computed as well as experimental results were compared to the corresponding results generated for a “generically” contoured rotor which was originally designed for a linear cascade test case, but one which used the same blade profile to the current case. The results show that in general both sets of contours performed well, although the added emphasis on flow correction for the contours produced in this investigation resulted in slightly worse performance in terms of loss at the rotor exit (X3) but greatly improved performance in terms of the efficiency and flow angles at the “mixed-out” (X4) measurement plane.

Non-axisymmetric endwalls in turbine stages have shown to be a robust method to improve the performance of turbines in both power generation and aero-derivative applications. Non-axisymmetric endwalls target the control of secondary flows and are designed using detailed computational fluid dynamics coupled with a variety of optimisation algorithms and utilising a number of objective functions according to the engine company or researcher's preference. These numerical predictions are often backed up by detailed measurements in linear and annular cascades and later proven in full-scale engine tests. Relatively little literature is available describing their performance in rotating test rigs or at conditions other than design, apart from that of the authors. This study comprehensively revisits the low-speed, model turbines used in the earlier study, replacing all of the 5-hole probe data with more accurate results and additional hot-film measurements. These results together with computational fluid dynamics solutions are used to show the success of the method across a large incidence range and to compare to earlier cascade results for a similar endwall and blade profile to establish the usefulness of cascade testing in this application. In addition, a comparison to two other off-design studies is made. Results indicate that the endwalls successfully improve the rotor total isentropic efficiency at all test conditions and that the improvement increases with increased turning in the blade row, from 0.5% to 1.8% across the incidence range. The results also compare well to the estimation of isentropic efficiency improvement that can be drawn from the cascade testing which stands at 1.55%.

As concern for the environment increases, so does the desire to reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency. One avenue being investigated in the aerospace industry is the reduction in losses in a gas turbine engine through endwall contouring, which has shown some promise in improving efficiency. The current investigation was aimed at investigating the unsteady effects downstream of a rotor with a non-axisymmetric endwall contour originally designed for a cascade.Previous investigations (numerical and experimental) have shown that the endwall contour improved the turbine efficiency by reducing the cross passage secondary flows. The contour however had a detrimental effect on the tip flow. The current investigation found that there were negligible unsteady differences between the annular and contoured rotor, with the average comparing well to the steady state results. It was also found that the effects at the tip were due to the experimental blades untwisting during operation.

With the current drive to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions, in gas turbine engines various methods have been investigated. Previously it has been shown that a generic rotor endwall contour could improve the efficiency of a 1½ stage test turbine at design conditions. The current investigation looked at the increased and decreased loading conditions to determine if the contour introduces detrimental effects at off design conditions. A previous unsteady analysis of the design condition found that the contoured rotor does have an effect on the flow field, reducing the magnitude of the hub endwall secondary flow region as well as reducing fluctuations in the velocity. Experimental results showed that the increased load case presented with an increase in hub endwall secondary flow structure when compared to the design case. This increase was to be expected due to the increased turning of the flow due to the increased loading operating condition. The contoured rotor had a weaker hub endwall secondary flow system, with the high momentum flow distributed more in the span wise direction. The variation in the velocity was also found to be smaller for the contoured rotor. The decreased loading case showed similar improvements, but the extent of the change was less due to the lower turning of the flow (due to a faster rotor). The numerical results show that the hub endwall secondary flow vortex of the contoured rotor was not as tightly wrapped as that of the annular rotor. The rotor outlet flow was thus more uniform due to the more dispersed vortex system. As seen with the experimental results, the extent of the change due to the contoured rotor changes with loading. The differences present in the decreased loading case being relatively insignificant. It was concluded that the generic contour does not introduce any unsteady effects at off design conditions that were not observed in the design case.

It has been shown in previous investigations that when all combinations of both positive and negative direction of rotation and flow direction are allowed in operating a multistage axial flow compressor, the operating point may be in any of the four quadrants of the pressure rise versus flow characteristic. The present paper is the first discussion of the flow field of all possible modes of operation of an axial flow compressor. During the present study interstage time dependent hot film velocity measurements and five hole pneumatic probe measurements were combined with steady and time dependent CFD solutions to investigate the flow fields in the three-stage axial compressor. Results are presented in terms of mean-line velocity triangles, mean stream surface plots, mid-span radial velocity contours right through the compressor, rotor-downstream radial distributions of axial and tangential velocity, stator-downstream axial velocity contours and mid-span entropy contours through the compressor. Main flow features are pointed out and discussed. The study was instigated in an effort to understand possible accident scenarios in a three-shaft closed cycle nuclear powered helium gas turbine.

Non-axisymmetric endwall contouring has been used as means to improve the characteristics of the flow field exiting a turbine blade row reducing the secondary flows and thus also the secondary losses. The development of non-axisymmetric endwalls has predominantly been done using CFD and detailed measurements in cascades. It has been shown by several researchers that contouring can improve the performance of a gas turbine engine; however the mechanisms that create the improvement are still not fully understood. The current investigation was aimed at unsteady features, if any, and how the unsteady flow field is altered by a non-axisymmetric endwall contour. A previous steady state investigation found that the contouring improved the rotor efficiency of the current rig by 0.4%. The current investigation is an initial experimental investigation into the unsteady nature of the flow in a turbine that has endwdall contours. The unsteady nature of the rotor exit flow field was investigated using an X-film probe to determine if the contouring affected the flow field in ways that the steady measurement technique could not determine. Contour plots, variation in quantities as well as FFT’s were investigated. The unsteady data shows several differences in the flow field of the annular and contoured rotor exit. The velocity range was reduced specifically in the endwall secondary flow region, but the oscillations in the tip leakage flow region were increased. Pitch wise averaged velocity data showed a decrease in the magnitude of the FFT at the blade passing frequency, with the first and second harmonics also being affected. The velocity contours at the rotor exit reveal that the rotor outlet flow field has been made more homogenous (more aligned with the bulk flow) with the addition of the non-axisymmetric endwall contouring.Copyright © 2013 by ASME

The application of non-axisymmetric end walls in turbine stages has gained wide spread acceptance as a means to improve the performance of turbines in both power generation and aero-derivative applications. Non-axisymmetric end walls are aimed at the control of secondary flows and to a large extent have been developed through the use of computational fluid dynamics and detailed measurements in linear and annular cascades and proven in full scale engine tests. Little or no literature is available describing their performance at conditions other than design. This study utilises 5-hole probe measurements in a low speed, model turbine in conjunction with computational fluid dynamics to gain a more detailed understanding of the influence of a generic end wall design on the structure of secondary flows at both on and off-design flow conditions. Results indicate a 0.4% improvement in rotor efficiency at design but this was reduced at off design and at higher loading the rotor efficiency was reduced by 0.5%. Stage efficiencies were improved for all conditions but with a declining trend as load was increased. Experimental and CFD results are examined to investigate these findings further.

As turbine manufacturers strive to develop machines that are more efficient, one area of focus has been the control of secondary flows. To a large extent these methods have been developed through the use of computational fluid dynamics and detailed measurements in linear and annular cascades and proven in full scale engine tests. This study utilises 5-hole probe measurements in a low speed, model turbine in conjunction with computational fluid dynamics to gain a more detailed understanding of the influence of a generic endwall design on the structure of secondary flows within the rotor. This work is aimed at understanding the influence of such endwalls on the structure of secondary flows in the presence of inlet skew, unsteadiness and rotational forces. Results indicate a 0.4% improvement in rotor efficiency as a result of the application of the generic non-axisymmetric endwall contouring. CFD results indicate a clear weakening of the cross passage pressure gradient, but there are also indications that custom endwalls could further improve the gains. Evidence of the influence of endwall contouring on tip clearance flows is also presented.Copyright © 2009 by ASME