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Divorce among older adults—known as gray divorce—is increasingly common; however, we have a relative gap in knowledge about predictors of gray divorce. Job insecurity, a pervasive and disruptive work-related exposure, may be a salient predictor of divorce among older couples for whom job loss can be particularly detrimental. Using longitudinal dyadic data from the Health and Retirement Study (1998–2020), the present study examined whether labor force status and job insecurity were prospectively associated with the risk of divorce in mid to later life, with attention to differences based on gender (n  = 10,446 couples). Discrete-time event history models linked husbands' and wives' labor force status and job insecurity with subsequent odds of divorce in mid to later life. Findings show that husbands' part-time employment, unemployment, and disability status were risk factors for divorce. Wives' work disability also increased the risk of divorce, whereas wives' retirement and exclusion from the labor force were protective against divorce. Husbands' exposure to objective job insecurity (shorter job tenure) and perceived job insecurity were associated with divorce in mid to later life, whereas the adverse consequence of wives' exposure to shorter job tenure reduced to non-significance with the inclusion of covariates. The present study documents previously untested predictors of gray divorce, finding that work-related factors may be an area of vulnerability for marriages in later life. Understanding the linkages between job insecurity and divorce is important because job insecurity is pervasive and divorce can contribute to declines in health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Social Exchange Theory (SET) and an actor-partner interdependence model (APIM), we examine direct and indirect associations among financial distress, work-family spillover, and relationship satisfaction. Data come from wave 3 of the Couple Relationships and Transition Experiences (CREATE) study: a dyadic, nationally-representative sample of U.S. newlyweds (N = 1,044 opposite-sex, dual-earner couples). We found wives' and husbands' financial distress were negatively associated with both their own relationship satisfaction, while only wives' financial distress was associated with their spouse's relationship satisfaction. Wives' and husbands' work-family spillover were both negatively associated with their own relationship satisfaction. Wives' work-family spillover was negatively associated with their husbands' relationship satisfaction, while husbands' work-family spillover was not significantly associated with their wives' relationship satisfaction. Wives' work-family spillover partially mediated the negative associations between their own financial distress and relationship satisfaction as well as their husbands' relationship satisfaction. In addition, husbands' work-family spillover partially mediated the negative association between husbands' financial distress and their own relationship satisfaction, but not the association between husbands' financial distress and wives' relationship satisfaction. This study highlights the importance of considering the work-family interface and using dyadic data to understand the nuanced connection between financial distress and relationship satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Drawing on social exchange theory, this study aims to investigate the reciprocal relationship between an employee's knowledge sharing and his or her coworkers' responses to this focal contributor in terms of knowledge sharing and helping behaviors. Design/methodology/approach: A two-wave online survey collected data from 84 respondents who provided ratings on each member on their team, representing 440 dyadic relationships. Hierarchical linear modeling analyzed the between-subjects and within-subject data simultaneously. Findings: Employees generally reciprocate contributors' knowledge sharing with an exact act (i.e. knowledge sharing) through the mechanism of peer respect. However, respect generated by knowledge sharing is enhanced only when the knowledge contributor is competent. Originality/value: Research on how an employee's knowledge sharing actually influences other members of a team is lacking. This study addresses this gap by examining responses to a team member's knowledge sharing from a peer's perspective. It also reveals when knowledge sharing is more pronounced in earning peer respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To be a desirable social partner and develop healthy relationships with peers, a child must be able to engage with peers across a variety of contexts. Understanding the factors supporting high levels of social engagement with peers is thereby essential, requiring the development of nuanced and ecologically valid indices of social engagement. Building on recent adult work, the current study explores conversational response time as a novel index of children's social engagement with peers in a dyadic context. This study further explores relationship between conversational response time and children's shyness. Fifty‐six 9‐ to 11‐year‐old children interacted with an unfamiliar peer in an unstructured setting and completed a self‐report measure of shyness. Children's behaviour was coded for their conversational RTs and overall social engagement. Faster conversational RTs were significantly related to children's own social engagement and marginally related to their partners' engagement. Moreover, higher shyness in children's partners predicted faster conversational RTs in children themselves. New directions for using conversational RT as an index of children's social engagement and implications for accounts children's social development are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past studies found that dispositional mindfulness is a protective factor of coparenting quality. To clarify the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of mindfulness, a dyadic cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the mediating roles of self and interpersonal forgiveness in the association between mindfulness and coparenting quality. Potential gender differences were also explored. A total of 103 Chinese mother-father dyads were recruited. The association between mindfulness and coparenting relationship quality was examined with an Actor-Partner Interdependence Model. Marital-specific self and interpersonal forgiveness were included as serial mediators to explore the underlying mechanism. We found that for both mothers and fathers, dispositional mindfulness increases own as well as partner's coparenting quality, and the indirect effects of self-forgiveness and interpersonal forgiveness were significant. Both mothers' and fathers' dispositional mindfulness were positively related to their own and partners' self-forgiveness. Self-forgiveness subsequently predicted their own interpersonal forgiveness. However, only mothers' (but not fathers') own interpersonal forgiveness positively predicted their own coparenting relationship quality. This current dyadic study elucidates the mechanistic understanding of how dispositional mindfulness benefits coparenting quality. Given the limitations of the correlational study, future experimental studies are needed to further examine the causal relationship proposed in this model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 public health measures caused significant disruptions to child and caregivers' mental and physical well-being, including quality of life (QoL). However, in samples outside the United States (U.S.), greater resilience has been linked to lower COVID-19 impact on child QoL. Thus, understanding individual and dyadic factors contributing to resilience and QoL during COVID-19 within the United States may provide important insight for points of intervention. This study aimed to characterize the interdependent effects of child and caregiver COVID-19 impact on child and caregiver resilience, as well as on child-reported and caregiver proxy-reported child QoL. U.S. caregivers (n = 231; 95.7% female) and their 8–17-year-old children (n = 231; 54.5% male; Mage = 11.87; SDage = 2.66) reported their COVID-19 impact between May and July 2020 (T1). Follow-up self-reports on resilience and child QoL occurred between November 2020 and January 2021 (T2). Two actor–partner interdependence models (APIM) and one actor–partner interdependence mediation model (APIMeM) assessed associations among caregiver and child COVID-19 impact, resilience, and QoL. An APIM revealed significant negative actor and partner effects of COVID-19 impact on child self-reported and caregiver proxy-reported child QoL. Another APIM revealed an actor effect from COVID-19 impact to one's own resilience. The APIMeM revealed two indirect effects revealing that when children or caregivers reported greater levels of T1 COVID-19 impact, it was associated with lower levels of T2 child-reported resilience, which was subsequently associated with lower T2 child-reported QoL. Findings suggested that both child and caregiver perceptions of the pandemic were important for their own and the others' resilience, as well as child QoL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this research, we test the hypothesis that promotion‐focused eagerness does not yield the same evaluative benefits in the workplace for women as it does for men. Regulatory focus theory suggests that promotion‐focused eagerness potentially casts a person in a favorable light in the eyes of superiors. Nevertheless, we propose that promotion‐focused eagerness violates the prescriptive gender‐stereotypical expectations that people have of women. The gender deviance (i.e., not acting in line with gender expectations) that occurs when a woman is promotion‐focused causes this woman to pay a "gender tax" that a promotion‐focused man does not pay. First, we conducted two experiments wherein managers (N = 127) or students (N = 236) evaluated qualified fictional job applicants: in both experiments, compared with an identical male applicant, the promotion‐focused female job applicant was valued less, as evidenced by a lower starting salary offer. Second, in a dyadic study (N = 474 dyads), male employees' promotion focus was positively associated with their manager's evaluations of them, whereas female employees' promotion focus was not. Our results show that promotion‐focused women are not valued as positively as their male counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a need to synthesize the vast amount of empirical case study research on social‐ecological systems (SES) to advance theory. Innovative methods are needed to identify patterns of system interactions and outcomes at different levels of abstraction. Many identifiable patterns may only be relevant to small sets of cases, a sector or regional context, and some more broadly. Theory needs to match these levels while still retaining enough details to inform context‐specific governance. Archetype analysis offers concepts and methods for synthesizing and explaining patterns of interactions across cases. At the most basic level, there is a need to identify two and three independent variable groupings (i.e. dyads and triads) as a starting point for archetype identification (i.e. as theoretical building blocks). The causal explanations of dyads and triads are easier to understand than larger models, and once identified, can be used as building blocks to construct or explain larger theoretical models.We analyse the recurrence of independent variable interactions across 71 quantitative SES models generated from qualitative case study research applying Ostrom's SES framework and examine their relationships to specific outcomes (positive or negative, social or ecological). We use hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis and network analysis tools to identify the frequency and recurrence of dyads and triads across models of different sizes and outcome groups. We also measure the novelty of model composition as models get larger. We support our quantitative model findings with illustrative visual and narrative examples in four case study boxes covering deforestation in Indonesia, pollution in the Rhine River, fisheries management in Chile and renewable wind energy management in Belgium.Findings indicate which pairs of two (dyads) and three (triads) variables are most frequently linked to either positive or negative, social or ecological outcomes. We show which pairs account for most of the variation of interactions across all the models (i.e. the optimal suite). Both the most frequent and optimal suite sets are good starting points for assessing how dyads and triads can fulfil the role of explanatory archetype candidates. We further discuss challenges and opportunities for future SES modelling and synthesis research using archetype analysis. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overwhelming evidence shows that poor family functioning is positively associated with adolescent psychopathology, but the psychological mechanism between the two has not been thoroughly explicated. Additionally, the reciprocal interdependence between family members regarding this association has been largely ignored in the literature. The present study filled those prominent gaps by evaluating a conceptually important but empirically less studied factor—materialism—in this association using the actor-partner interdependence framework. A convenience sample of 1330 mother-child dyads (pairs) with 14- to 17-year-old adolescents participated in this study, and the actor-partner interdependence model was employed to analyze this dyadic data. The analyses revealed that mother's materialism was affected by the significant actor and partner effects of both mother's and child's family functioning. Importantly, mother's materialism significantly mediated the negative association between mother's and child's family functioning and child's internalizing and externalizing difficulties. In aggregate, the present findings indicate that mother's materialism stands at a crossroads linking poor family functioning and adolescent psychopathology, and therapists or practitioners working with mothers' materialism could break this vicious linkage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the role of social learning in the diffusion of cash crops in a resettled village economy in Brazil. We combine detailed geo-coded data on farming plots with dyadic data on social ties among settlers, and we leverage the variation in network formation induced by the landless workers' movement land occupation. By using longitudinal data on farming decisions over 15 years, we find evidence of significant peer effects in the decision to farm new cash fruits (pineapple and passion fruit). Our results suggest that social diffusion is heterogeneous along observed plot and crop characteristics, i.e. farmers growing water-sensitive crop are more likely to respond to the actions of peers with similar water access conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wealth of research suggests that as stress increases, so does conflict in close relationships. But is this always the case? Specifically, how does the trajectory of conflict unfold in the period before and after an acute and anticipated major life stressor? We capitalize on a 44‐day dyadic diary where one partner was preparing for the New York State Bar Exam (N = 312 couples) to explore the trajectory of conflict leading up to the exam, as well as how these patterns differed once exams finished. Results revealed that examinees and partners reported statistically meaningful decreases in conflict as exams approached, which contrasts prior research. This was followed by a spike in the likelihood of conflict immediately after exams were finished, and a quick return to low likelihoods of conflict one week after exams. This work highlights how couples, even in the face of stress, regulate their emotions and engage in relationship maintenance processes. However, relationship frustrations tend to be expressed—resulting in conflict—once the stressor is over. Not only does this work inform theories about relational conflict during times of stress, but it also highlights the need to study the dynamics of stress before, during, and after meaningful life events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses internal migration behaviour in the context of two‐gender‐couple households in contemporary China. Against the backdrop of increasing female education in a society where ideals in the gendered division of labour prevail, this study assesses the role of partners' education in regards to a couple's migration behaviour. Considering education to be a key resource in a couple's negotiations, we test hypotheses on gender symmetry and asymmetry of a partner's resources with regard to a couple's relocation. Additionally, we assess how the role of partners' resources varies across populations with rural and urban backgrounds, and acknowledge persistent barriers to migration due to household registration policies (Hukou) and the associated disadvantages faced by rural migrants and their children. For our analyses, we deploy longitudinal couple‐dyadic data from the China Family Panel Studies (2010–2018) and estimate couples' inter‐county moves using discrete‐time event history models. Our results suggest that couple relocations are associated with higher levels of the male partner's education, and not with the female partner's education. We do not find that partners' gender ideology moderates these associations. The role of the male partner's education was found to be more relevant in couples' relocations for those with an agricultural household registration. Our research contributes importantly to debates on persistent gender inequality and urban–rural divides in China, and how these factors permeate migration behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public and nonprofit organizations often face various challenges when collaborating with others. The existing literature emphasizes the danger of collaborative challenges, and an implicit assumption is that collaborative challenges will affect inter-organizational relationships and network structures. Using data from three different purpose-oriented networks, this study explores the relationship between perceptions of collaborative challenges and network structure across the node, dyadic, and whole network level of analyses. The multi-case, multi-level analysis indicates that there is no pattern between perceived challenges and network structures. Organizations that perceive more challenges are not necessarily more resistant to work with other organizations. This counterintuitive null finding offers important implications for theory and practice. Network managers should be encouraged to embrace the complex or even paradoxical nature of collaboration. Emphasizing collaborative incentives may have greater impact than focusing on clearing challenges that are inherent in collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study is to examine how perceived partner responsiveness (PPR), need satisfaction and sleep quality are related in romantic relationships. Data were collected from a sample of 119 heterosexual romantic partners (Mage = 32.1, 20 to 63 years-old) who were together for 5.7 years on average. The proposed model was analyzed using actor-partner interdependence model to examine the mediating role of need satisfaction on the link between PPR and sleep quality. Results indicated no direct paths from PPR to sleep quality. Significant actor effects of PPR on need satisfaction were found for both genders. Similarly, significant actor effects and women's partner effect of need satisfaction were established on sleep quality. Additionally, results yielded two significant indirect effects: Women's reports of higher PPR were linked to better sleep quality of both women and men, only in case of high need satisfaction reported by women. Findings contributed to the existing literature by presenting an alternative approach to examine PPR and sleep in a dyadic perspective through the role of need satisfaction while highlighting women's influence on men's sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative empirical inquiry in international relations often relies on dyadic data. Standard analytic techniques do not account for the fact that dyads are not generally independent of one another. That is, when dyads share a constituent member (e.g., a common country), they may be statistically dependent, or "clustered." Recent work has developed dyadic clustering robust standard errors (DCRSEs) that account for this dependence. Using these DCRSEs, we reanalyzed all empirical articles published in International Organization between January 2014 and January 2020 that feature dyadic data. We find that published standard errors for key explanatory variables are, on average, approximately half as large as DCRSEs, suggesting that dyadic clustering is leading researchers to severely underestimate uncertainty. However, most (67% of) statistically significant findings remain statistically significant when using DCRSEs. We conclude that accounting for dyadic clustering is both important and feasible, and offer software in R and Stata to facilitate use of DCRSEs in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is scarce empirical evidence examining whether sexual initiation and power are associated with each other. Utilizing latent profile analyses, we examined in a nationally representative sample of US newlywed heterosexual couples (N = 1,948 couples) whether wives' and husbands' sexual initiation patterns and satisfaction with these patterns were associated with membership in different profiles of wives' and husbands' perceptions of shared relational power while accounting for both partner's satisfaction with sexual frequency. We found four profiles of wives' and husbands' perceptions of power. The most common profile was when both wives and husbands perceived high levels of power compared to other profiles, but wives had significantly higher reports of perceived power than husbands (High Power, Wife Higher; 40.8%). Husbands' sexual initiation patterns were not associated with profile membership. Wives who reported equal sexual initiation patterns had a higher probability of being in the High Power, Wife Higher profile compared to the Wife Low Power, Husband Moderate Power profile. Both wives' and husbands' satisfaction with sexual initiation patterns were associated with profile membership. Wives and husbands that were satisfied with sexual initiation patterns had a higher probability of being in the High Power, Wife Higher profile compared to the profile where both wives and husbands had high perceptions of shared relational power compared to other profiles, but their scores were not significantly different from each other (High Power, Equal). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourist interactions have maintained an increasing significance in the tourism literature. However, the existing research that accentuates dyadic-based inquires has become less relevant to the dynamism of the tourism service encounter where tourist-to-tourist interactions take place; and therefore, more forward-thinking dynamic-based perspectives that fully uncover this phenomenon shall prevail. This research note therefore reviews and summarises the existing tourism literature on tourist interactions. Moreover, three future priorities are proposed to unfold the dynamism of tourist interactions. Accordingly, future research is suggested to adopt interdependent, coevolutionary, and/or integrated perspectives to extend the current tourism literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dyadic-Familial Relationship Satisfaction Scale (DFRSS) is a valid and reliable instrument to assess dyadic and familial dimensions of relationship satisfaction in cohabitant couples with children. The main goal of this research was to validate the Spanish version of the DFRSS (Sp-DFRSS) following the guidelines for cross-cultural adaptations. Three studies were conducted. In Study 1 (n = 151), an exploratory factor analysis using principal axis factoring and oblimin rotation was performed to examine the factor structure of the Sp-DFRSS. In Study 2 (n = 500), a confirmatory factor analysis showed that a two factor model (dyadic and familial) provided the best fit to the data. In Study 3 (n = 100), we examined relationship satisfaction using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model. The Sp-DFRSS as a whole and its subscales presented adequate reliability in the three studies, with Cronbach's alphas ranging from 0.87 to 0.95. Moreover, convergent and divergent validity of the Sp-DFRSS was analyzed in Studies 1, 2 and 3, and significant correlations between the Sp-DFRSS' subscales, life satisfaction, negative and positive affect, attachment (anxiety and avoidance), and psychological well-being were found. The Sp-DFRSS has good psychometric properties in terms of validity and reliability, so that it may be used by the Spanish-speaking scientific community to measure relationship satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Network data uniquely allow –relationships to be multiply reported, creating varying rates of relationship nomination reciprocation. However, what drives such variation is unclear. Variation in reciprocation may reflect substantive information about relationships (e.g., social salience or desirability) or study design (e.g., question wording or capped nominations). We examine predictors of nomination reciprocity in romantic network data from the PROSPER study to analyze individual and dyadic predictors of nomination reciprocity. Results show higher grades predict higher reciprocity, while same-sex relationships and behaviorally discordant dyads are less likely to be reciprocal. • Romantic tie reciprocity increases with grade level in adolescents. • Romantic tie reciprocity decreases with behavioral dissimilarity in adolescent dyads. • Romantic tie reciprocity is lower among same-sex adolescent dyads. • Decisions to include or exclude unreciprocated ties influences relationships captured. • Exclusion of unreciprocated ties may exclude stigmatized relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals are more likely to interact with people who are similar in terms of socio-demographics and values than dissimilar people, which is often explained by a focus on selection effects. Yet, tie loss of dissimilar ties might also cause network homogeneity. Unfortunately, within the literature, there is a relative dearth of knowledge on the relationship between (dis)similarity and tie loss. Hence, we address this gap by theorizing and testing the relation between (dis)similarity and tie loss in the core discussion network (CDN) of Dutch citizens, also considering how ties are embedded in the CDN. • We investigate the relationship between dyadic similarity on age, ethnicity, education, and gender and the risk of tie loss. • We add a network perspective and investigate how confidant uniqueness is related to tie loss. • Results provide evidence for a relationship between dyadic similarity on age and gender and the risk of tie loss. • Results show that confidant uniqueness is not related to tie loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Couples' extrinsic emotion regulation strategies are associated with marital quality or dyadic adjustment. However, only the strategies employed according to the objective they are expected to achieve have been examined; it is not known if strategies on the bases of positive or negative extrinsic emotion regulation motivation would have the same consequences for the dyad. The purpose of this study was to examine if extrinsic emotion regulation (EER) predicts one's own and one's partner's dyadic adjustment and if this effect differs by gender and relationship length. Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (a type of dyadic data analysis, which incorporates the scores of the two members of the relationship into the analyses), data from 103 Chilean couples who completed self-report scales on dyadic adjustment and EER were analyzed. The participants were between 22 and 78 years old (Mmen = 39.84, SD = 11.37; Mwomen = 38.01, SD = 10.64), and the relationship lengths were between 1 and 50 years (M = 12.98, SD = 11.53). The motivation or the intention to make the partner feel good (positive) or bad (negative) respectively predict higher and lower dyadic adjustment in both the one who uses the strategy (actor) and the receiver of the strategy (partner). There was no difference by gender or by duration of the relationship in the dyads, but there was with children in common. It is important to consider the motivation underlying the emotional management of the couple, given its implication in marital quality and the need to broaden the understanding of other EERs related to healthy dyadic functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The potential prognostic role of emotion regulation in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) has been highlighted by transtheoretical literature and supported by promising empirical findings. The majority of the literature is based on self-report observations at a single snapshot, thus little is known about the prognostic value of moment-to-moment dynamic evolvement of emotion. The present study is the first to examine the prognostic value of both intra- and interpersonal, moment-to-moment emotion regulation dynamics, and the potential moderating effect of the type of treatment. Method: To assess the prognostic value of emotion regulation dynamics, we focused on the first session, using 6,780 talk-turns within 52 patient–therapist dyads. Emotion regulation dynamics were measured using fundamental frequencies of the voice and were calculated using empirical Bayes residuals of the actor–partner interdependence model. Symptomatic change was measured using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression across 16 weeks of supportive treatment (ST) or supportive–expressive treatment (SET). Results: Findings suggest that patients who show less regulated intrapersonal dynamics during the first session show less reduction of symptoms throughout treatment (β =.26, p =.019). Findings further suggest that this association is mitigated when these patients receive SET, as opposed to ST (β =.72, p =.020). Conclusions: The findings demonstrate the ability of first-session emotion regulation dynamics to serve as a prognostic variable. The findings further suggest that the adverse effect of emotion regulation dynamics on the patient's prognosis can be mitigated by explicit work on changing maladaptive emotional patterns. What is the public health significance of this article?: This study is the first to demonstrate the role of first-session emotion regulation dynamics in predicting symptomatic change throughout treatment. The findings suggest that patients who show less regulated intrapersonal dynamics during the first session might benefit less from treatment. The findings further suggest that the adverse effect of emotion regulation dynamics on the patient's prognosis can be mitigated by providing treatment that works explicitly on changing maladaptive emotional patterns. The findings may support identification of individuals with a risk of poorer prognosis based on their emotional dynamics, as early as the first session of treatment. The findings may further inform personalized treatment selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adverse experiences in childhood may set the stage for future response to stress, emotion regulation, and interaction with partners in intimate relationships. This study examines the moderating role of childhood adversity on the association of daily marital stress with emotion work provision (intentional activities devoted to enhancing others' emotional well-being) and considers whether the association varies for men and women in same- and different-sex marriages. Specifically, I use ten days of dyadic diary data collected from 378 midlife same- and different-sex married couples (n = 756 individuals) and conduct multilevel regression models. The results show marital stress is positively associated with emotion work provision, and that the association is stronger for respondents who report more adverse childhood experiences. For respondents with low childhood adversity, the association of marital stress with emotion work is greater for same-sex couples compared to different-sex couples; for those with high childhood adversity, the association is equally strong. Findings from this study suggest that both men and women in same- and different-sex relationships do more emotion work in response to increased daily marital stress. Furthermore, early experiences of adversity are linked to stress responses in adulthood, with differing implications for men and women in different-sex and same-sex unions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from the Generations and Gender Survey, this study explores the association between men's fields of education and the gender division of unpaid work among co-residential heterosexual couples in Norway, Austria and Poland. Fathers' relative contribution to childcare is higher than it is to domestic work in all three countries, suggesting that men have increasingly become more involved fathers than egalitarian partners. Moreover, the scant contribution to housework is lower for men when they are fathers in Austria and in Poland, not in Norway. Also the impact of the field of education is context-embedded. Although the results are not clear-cut and diverge among countries, men choosing 'softer', more nurture-oriented and more female-dominated fields tend to exhibit a more symmetrical division of housework and childcare. These associations persist after controlling for his and her labour-market position, suggesting that field of education captures something more than time availability, cost opportunity and monetary returns. Yet Polish men are those most differentiated by level and field of education. In Poland, gender segregation in education is high, and support for the dual earner-dual carer model is still very low both institutionally and culturally, so that men studying in typically female fields are highly selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital transformation initiatives in supply chain require a sector-level approach, involving multiple stakeholders. This implies the development of new models for successful implementation that move beyond the dyadic relationship level and that fosters collaboration mechanisms in multi-stakeholder and multi-level systems. This study applies an insider action research approach to the implementation of the EU system for product traceability in the pharmaceutical supply chain, the EU falsified medicines directive, focusing on stakeholder orientation's alignment. The study identifies how to overcome obstacles to the effective governance of multi-stakeholder digital transformation in supply chains. It proposes new pre-cycle and monitoring mechanisms to use in AR, highlighting the importance of formal structures to foster informal governance and relationships among different stakeholders and introducing the notion of deliberative capacity. Practical implications for managers of companies and organizations at different levels of the supply chain are discussed, illustrating the practical outcomes of the pan-European project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates musical relationships in the case of the early mother-infant dyadic interactions. To accomplish this task, it is first needed to come back to some important authors from the tradition of both phenomenology and psychoanalysis. The theories of Husserl, Schutz and Taipale will prove themselves to be useful. Secondly, I shall deepen the investigation of the early mother-infant interactions through the prism of theories coming from Winnicott, Stern and Thomas Fuchs. My main task will be to demonstrate that these early interactions have a musical quality, similar to Colwyn Trevarthen's thematization of communicative musicality. To prove my point, I have to first establish the features that make these early interactions be musical-like. Winnicott's potential space and the example of babbling will follow my argumentation. I will also stress on the importance of the face-to-face interaction through affect attunement and mutual tuning-in. All these interactions are modes of being-with-another (Stern). An example will be found throughout this paper, namely a specific mode of being-with-another, which was called by Winnicott the primary maternal preoccupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study draws on theory of dyadic morality and categorization to disentangle opportunistic behaviors from the perception by their victim that leads to the moral categorization of the perpetrator as an opportunist. We show that it is this moral categorization, not the behaviors, that determines the trust beliefs of the victim. Further, the effect of psychic distance on the process of perpetrator moral categorization as an opportunist depends on the form of opportunistic behaviors. Finally, this study questions the cultural universality of opportunism by showing that effects of opportunistic behaviors on categorization vary across national cultures—based on data sets of French and Slovene exporters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mature students in postsecondary education—those over 25 years of age, also known as nontraditional students or adult learners—make up a significant minority population on Canadian postsecondary campuses. Despite academic performance that tends to be higher than that of traditional students, the retention of mature students is lower due to the stressors they face in their home and school roles. This paper examines the insights of mature students and their intimate partners on how higher education institutions can provide better supports to make postsecondary programs and campuses more accessible to adult learners and enable their success. A sample of 25 mature postsecondary students enrolled in Canadian higher education institutions and their partners participated in dyadic interviews that explored the connections between their relationship and school experiences. A data-driven, inductive thematic analysis of the transcribed interviews found three themes that focused on the institutional support needs of partnered mature students, highlighting the need to (1) increase institutional knowledge and awareness of mature students' needs, (2) offer flexible study options to complete courses and program requirements, and (3) provide relevant supports and programs. Mature students felt marginalized at their institutions related to the programs, instructors, staff, resources, and supports that are strongly focused on traditional-aged and circumstanced students. Recommendations are provided for higher education institutions to provide resources and supports that meet mature students' unique needs to both access and be successful in their pursuit of postsecondary education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we tested a model connecting the spouses' assessment of the division of domestic labour and their marital satisfaction. The suggested model was tested in a dyadic study using a sample of heterosexual couples living in Israel and having at least one child (n = 479). The spouses assessed the division of domestic labour in four domains: traditionally feminine chores, traditionally masculine chores, childcare, and emotion work. Husbands who reported doing fewer traditionally feminine chores and less emotion work were more satisfied with their marriage. Wives who reported doing fewer traditionally masculine chores and less childcare and emotion work were more satisfied with their marriage. Simultaneously, husbands who reported doing fewer masculine chores and less emotion work tended to have wives with higher levels of marital satisfaction. Wives who reported doing fewer feminine chores and less emotion work tended to have husbands with higher levels of marital satisfaction. Husbands and wives reported similar levels of marital satisfaction, and their levels of marital satisfaction were strongly positively correlated. The obtained results indicated the existence of two mechanisms connecting the division of domestic labour to marital satisfaction: an egoistic mechanism and the gratitude mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine whether the gender-centered approach persists in the changing and evolving cultural structure of the 21st century and whether women's entry into the labor force, which is accepted as a power-enhancing resource in resource-based approaches, makes a difference in the division of household labor. In addition, the effects of personality traits constituting the personal dynamics of married couples and perceptions of power on the division of household labor were examined using a dyadic method. The sample consisted of 610 individuals (305 heterosexual married couples). Adjective Based Personality Scale (ABPT) developed based on the five-factor model, the Division of Household Labor Scale, and the Relationship Power Scale were used to collect data. Results showed that women took on more roles in the division of household labor. Women in paid employment reported performing less home labor than those who are not employed, but this is still lower than men. The results regarding the effects of personality traits and power showed that agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience, and power balance between spouses had effects on the division of household labor. The findings were discussed along with the recommendations for the professionals and future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romantic partners often support each other to progress toward goals. However, at times partners' goals are not in harmony and conflict with partner or relationship needs, leading to negative consequences for couple members. The present study examined whether non-harmonious opportunities were associated with support provider's and recipient's behavior, perceived partner support, and goal outcomes. We further examined whether these effects were moderated by attachment styles. Findings from two experimental (n1= 296, n2= 117) and one dyadic daily diary (n3= 267) showed how having non-harmonious goals lead to problematic goal pursuit. Partners are less likely to behave positively toward the support provider, provide partner support, view their partners as supportive, and report less commitment to partners, and make less goal progress when goal non-harmony is present. Importantly, we did not find moderation effects of attachment styles for these processes. The findings highlight the importance of managing goal non-harmony in couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Adjustment to any illness is a 'dyadic' process whereby patients and their Partners mutually determine each other's perceptions, behaviours, and well-being. The present study explored the association between dyadic coping strategies and illness representations in newly diagnosed female cancer patients and their partners. Methods: The sample consisted of 92 female cancer patient-partner pairs from 3 oncology hospitals in Greece and Cyprus. The Actor Partner Interdependence Model was applied to test for dyadic regulation effects. Results: The findings revealed that patients' evaluations of dyadic coping were related to their own illness representations and, in some cases, to partners' illness representations of control. However, partner evaluations of dyadic coping were not associated with either patients' or their own illness representations. Relationship satisfaction did not moderate the relationship between dyadic coping and illness representations. Implications: The study suggests that patients' perceptions of support provided by themselves and their partners play a significant role in shaping their illness representations. Future research could delve into the underlying reasons for the observed differences in the impact of dyadic coping on illness representations between patients and partners, considering factors such as gender roles and specific gender-related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth in low socioeconomic status communities experience multiple risks which disrupts their emotional, cognitive, and psychological development. In South Africa, there is a tacit acceptance of risk constructs as researched globally. This study examines risk occurrence with the aim of identifying and examining the uniqueness of risks in a community sample of youth. Data were collected from youth and their maternal caregivers through interviews and standardized instruments. Youth from grade 7 and grade 10, 9 to 18 years (M = 13.11; SD = 1.54) were recruited. Sixty-five percent were female. Thirty-five frequent risk factors were identified using a z -test for proportion of means. Five risk factors, namely, low household income, race, English not being the primary home language of the parent, low maternal self-esteem, and low dyadic satisfaction, emerged as significant risks. Other risk factors (e.g., single-parent household), which feature prominently in international studies, did not emerge as significantly present. While risk occurrence in our sample shares commonalities with international trends, our study further highlights how risk is underscored and shaped by South Africa's socioeconomic and political history. We argue that traditional concepts, like family, race, and language require conceptual review when undertaking research and developing policies and interventions that are relevant to South African communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Day programmes for adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN) can function as an alternative to inpatient admissions and/or an increase in outpatient treatment intensity. Processes of change during treatment for AN are currently poorly understood. This study aimed to explore how adolescents with AN and their parents understood the helpful and unhelpful factors and processes that impacted them during day programme treatment. Method: A critical realist paradigmwas used to qualitatively explore the views of 16 participants. Participants were recruited from the Intensive Treatment Programme (ITP) at the Maudsley Center for Child and Adolescent Eating Disorders (MCCAED) at the end of treatment. Dyadic Interview Analysis (DIA) was used to compare and contrast the narratives of the seven adolescent-parent pairs after two inductive reflexive thematic analyses were conducted for the group of eight adolescents and the group of eight parents separately. Results: Eight subthemes across three themes were identified: 1) "Like me she didn't feel so alone anymore"-families connect with staff, peers, and each other; 2) "You have to eat because ITP say so"-the programme provides families with containment through its structure and authority; and 3) "I found that I was using the skills I learnt there like inmultiple aspects of my life, not just around food"-families take in new ideas and generalize these into their lives. These interconnected themes generated hope and change. However, helpful elements individually could be unhelpful if one or more of the other factors were missing. For example, staff firmness, which participants often found helpful (theme two), could be experienced as harshness when adolescents did not feel related to as individuals (theme one). Conclusion: The findings can be conceptualized within recent descriptions regarding the therapeutic change, including epistemic trust and mentalization. Treatment characteristics, such as intensity and containment, as well as illness-specific factors and processes, such as control and collaboration, the role of peer support, and the potential for familymembers to experience the impact of the adolescent's AN and treatment non-response as traumatic, are equally important to consider. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grounding on self-determination theory, this study proposes that job characteristics (task variety and skill variety) enhance employees' creativity through thriving at work. It also aims to examine the boundary condition of managerial coaching for the link between job characteristics and thriving. A time-lagged dyadic data collected from 313 frontline hospitality individuals' analyses performed through AMOS and PROCESS macro show that job characteristics promote individuals' thriving and thriving affects individuals' creativity positively. Skill variety as compared to task variety was found to be more strongly affecting thriving at work. Thriving mediates job characteristics and creativity. Moreover, managerial coaching significantly moderates the effects of job characteristics on thriving. This study supports the self-determination perspective of job characteristics, thriving, creativity and managerial coaching in the Chinese hospitality sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Languages are powerful solutions to coordination problems: They provide stable, shared expectations about how the words we say correspond to the beliefs and intentions in our heads. Yet, language use in a variable and nonstationary social environment requires linguistic representations to be flexible: Old words acquire new ad hoc or partner-specific meanings on the fly. In this article, we introduce continual hierarchical adaptation through inference (CHAI), a hierarchical Bayesian theory of coordination and convention formation that aims to reconcile the long-standing tension between these two basic observations. We argue that the central computational problem of communication is not simply transmission, as in classical formulations, but continual learning and adaptation over multiple timescales. Partner-specific common ground quickly emerges from social inferences within dyadic interactions, while community-wide social conventions are stable priors that have been abstracted away from interactions with multiple partners. We present new empirical data alongside simulations showing how our model provides a computational foundation for several phenomena that have posed a challenge for previous accounts: (a) the convergence to more efficient referring expressions across repeated interaction with the same partner, (b) the gradual transfer of partner-specific common ground to strangers, and (c) the influence of communicative context on which conventions eventually form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the relationship between a legal system's foreign-facing elements and its domestic ones? Contrary to "dualistic" theories ("dualism," "legal dualism," the "dual state," etc.) which may suggest that a single legal system may encompass qualitatively different regimes regarding foreign and domestic legal questions, this Article takes the view that gaps between the foreign-facing and domestic aspects of a legal system may threaten that system's legitimacy. Compatibility between the foreign/external and domestic/internal aspects of a legal system could be measured across a range of categories, including provision of justice, fairness, and efficiency. This Article focuses on the recognition of difference. As used in this Article, difference means both the nature and source of law (e.g., foreign law, non-state law, religious law, customary law, etc.) and of legal authorities (i.e., in terms of race, ethnicity, gender, and nationality). The question posed is whether a legal system can regard difference disparately between its foreign-facing and domestic aspects. This Article addresses this question through a comparison between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the United States, the two most powerful economies in the world and which are locked in a trade-cum-tech war. The question of the recognition of difference has practical importance. How we characterize and analyze the PRC legal system is particularly important from the vantage of the United States, as how the PRC domestic legal system may shape its relationship to the global economy and trade partners in the Global South, in particular, is both generally poorly understood and may affect U.S. economic and foreign policy. Misunderstanding results in a number of negative outcomes across a range of important issues, including suboptimal competition with China on developmental assistance to low-income and middle-income states, as well as difficulties in U.S.-China coordination on global problems (e.g., poverty, climate change, and health), with competition and coordination not being mutually exclusive. To address this gap, this Article is one of the first to analyze China's "foreign-related 'rule of law'" (shewai fazhi) reforms at the intersection of private international law and foreign relations law which purport to shape the future of the relationship between China's domestic legal system and non-domestic law, exposing China to greater degrees of difference. The Article is comprised of two sets of comparisons: one is within and the other is between legal systems--those of the United States and China. It finds that in the U.S. case, there is, broadly, convergence between the legal system's privileging of U.S. law extraterritorially and the status of foreign law domestically. However, the Chinese case is marked by growing divergence between its internal and external-facing approaches to foreign law. Whereas the United States has historically embraced versions of legal exceptionalism (both externally and internally), China has introduced reforms which orient it toward a relationship with external law and legal authorities that I call legal cosmopolitanism, the selective integration of foreign laws and their authorities into Chinese law and, conversely, the worlding of Chinese law. Legal cosmopolitanism is predicated on China's centrality in international trade and investment and promoted by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Chinese academics who seek to position the PRC as a leader of developing countries, as a corrective to U.S. racial capitalism. However, China faces a number of obstacles in building legal cosmopolitanism, among those, its domestic law approaches toward difference may be trending in the opposite direction, widening the gap between the foreign-facing and internal aspects of the legal system. As a result, legal cosmopolitanism remains aspirational. Inspired by legal realism, decolonization theory, and Critical Race Theory, and informed by a comparative outlook, the broad claim of this Article is that the trajectory of externally-facing legal reform encounters difficulty escaping the corresponding features of domestic law. As a general observation, due to both domestic pressures and embeddedness in the international system, legal systems develop towards normative compatibility between that system's internal and external-facing rules and authorities. Whereas the PRC is purporting to build a "foreign-related 'rule of law'" that is ecumenical, pluri-legal, and hyper-diverse, for the most part, its domestic law remains strikingly unitary, homogenous, and "stateled." Furthermore, recent strains of nationalism, protectionism, and even xenophobia throughout the world, but especially in China, have further closed off the economy and society. This paradoxical state of affairs of simultaneous opening and closure has real-world implications for China's goal of becoming a leader of the developing world, which entails building global law. From the U.S. perspective, policy-makers need to grasp this picture for not only improving its relationship with China but also with the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing incidence of suicidality among the youth, identifying effective care and support that family members provide is essential. Despite numerous studies on the link between suicide mitigation and caregiving, the dyadic process and dynamics of family members supporting youth at risk have been scarcely explored. This study utilizes grounded theory to explore the actions, interactions, and processes involved in caregiving and receiving between five pairs of Filipino family caregivers and college‐aged care receivers who recovered from suicidality. The study gave rise to a seven‐phase model that characterizes the dynamic dyadic interactions between the family caregiver and the youth care receiver. This is summarized in the acronym C2A2R2E, which means calling‐on, contemplating, accepting, allowing, responding, reciprocating, and empowering. This model highlights the processes and dynamics of care within families, which may be useful in paving the way for families and mental health professionals to foster more effective support in mitigating suicidality among youth at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze trust perceptions between farmers and traders from a dyadic context in developing countries using mixed-method with a specific focus on fresh and dry commodities under contracted and non-contracted markets. Design/methodology/approach: A mixed approach was employed. Cross-sectional data were collected from 202 farmers and 188 traders using questionnaires and an interview guide. The Mann–Whitney test was used to assess differences in trust perception. Differences in the excerpts were assessed through content analysis. Findings: Results show differences in perception of trust between farmers and traders on integrity, benevolence and competence in marketing fresh and dry commodities. No detectable differences in trust perception between contract and non-contract markets were observed. Research limitations/implications: Data are limited to Northern Uganda and were collected on trust perception. Besides, there is a scarcity of formal contracts and difficulty in having a matched dyad which could affect generalization. Originality/value: This is the first study to analyze differences in trust perceptions using a mixed approach in a dyadic context between fresh and dry chains in different markets typologies in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Actor engagement (AE) literature shows inconsistent understandings of engagement intensity. However, a holistic picture of the nature of AE intensity is foundational to advance empirical AE models and measurement frameworks. This paper provides a nuanced understanding of what engagement intensity is and how it unfolds on different network levels. Design/methodology/approach: This conceptual study draws from a literature review and offers a comprehensive classification scheme of AE intensity. The literature review extends beyond marketing and service research and draws from the etymology of AE intensity in management and social science, specifically, the fields of student, employee and civic engagement. Findings: The classification scheme clarifies that AE intensity at the individual level refers to actors' affective and cognitive tone and varying magnitudes (i.e. efforts, duration, activeness) of resource investments. At the dyad level, AE intensity represents relational strength, and at the network level, it refers to the degree of connectedness in the network. Research limitations/implications: The research reconciles conceptual inconsistencies in the AE literature. Our classification scheme goes beyond the individual actor and actor–actor dyad and offers a holistic overview of possible ways to operationalize AE intensity in networks. Practical implications: The classification scheme can be used as a strategic checklist to include AE intensities of individual actors (e.g. customers and employees), relationships between these actors and network connectedness, when further developing engagement measurement tools and benchmarks. Originality/value: This is the first study providing a comprehensive understanding of AE intensity from an individual, dyadic and network perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sibling relationships have unique implications for youth well-being and adjustment, leading researchers to examine factors, such as sibling sex, that explain variation in sibling dynamics. This study was designed to unpack biological sex to examine girls' and boys' gender-typed personality qualities to determine whether they accounted for differences in sibling intimacy and conflict, beyond the effects of sex. Specifically, we applied the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model via multilevel modeling to 5 years of longitudinal data, collected in home interviews from two adolescent-aged siblings from 194 families, to assess links between older (Mage = 16.47 SD =.80) and younger (Mage = 13.88, SD = 1.15) siblings' stereotypically feminine, expressive (e.g., kindness, sensitivity) characteristics and their ratings of sibling intimacy and conflict. Results indicated that youth's expressivity was related positively to their reports of sibling intimacy and negatively to their reports of sibling conflict. Controlling for biological sex, sibling intimacy reached its highest levels and sibling conflict was at its lowest, when both siblings reported high expressivity. On a practical level, these findings illuminate malleable behaviors and characteristics that may promote harmonious sibling relationships, a significant goal given that siblings can serve as sources of support and care in adolescence and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marriage is embedded in the web of spouses' broader social ties, and relationship quality with parents and parents‐in‐law is associated with marital quality. Guided by Family Systems theory and using three waves of dyadic data from 268 Chinese different‐sex couples across the first several years of marriage, we first conducted a Random‐Intercept Actor‐Partner Interdependence Cross‐lagged Panel Model (RI‐APIM‐CLPM) to examine the within‐family longitudinal associations among husbands' and wives' relationship quality with parents, parents‐in‐law, and spouse. Then, husbands' and wives' filial obligations were added as predictors of between‐family differences in their own and their partner's relationship quality in the three social ties. Among husbands, increased relationship quality in one social tie (e.g., with parents) predicted reductions in relationship quality in the other social ties (e.g., relationships with parents‐in‐law and marital quality). Our examination of between‐family differences demonstrated that high levels of filial obligations predicted higher intergenerational relationship quality and marital quality. By simultaneously considering the within‐family associations of multiple social ties and how filial obligations account for between‐family differences in relationship quality, we contribute to a nuanced understanding of how Chinese couples' romantic partnerships are embedded in their broader family system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, we discuss the most commonly used models to analyze dyadic longitudinal data. We start the review with a definition of dyadic longitudinal data that allows relationship researchers to identify when these models might be appropriate. Then, we go on to describe the three major models commonly used when one has dyadic longitudinal data: the dyadic growth curve model (DGCM), the actor–partner interdependence model (APIM), and the common fate growth model (CFGM). We discuss when each model might be used and strengths and weaknesses of each model. We end with additional thoughts that focus on extensions to new methods being discussed in the literature, along with some of the challenges of collecting and analyzing dyadic longitudinal data that might be helpful for future dyadic researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical soccer performance dimensions are based on a set of 29 players' attributes periodically produced by Electronics Arts (EA) Sports experts. Data and big data in sports are being collected and analyzed, with the integration of physical and digital sources, increasing the knowledge of professional sports for all parties involved. Player assessment is carried out using recursive feature elimination with random forests, in which context relevant player metrics are considered and the selection of players is based on a modified genetic algorithm. American Football In the paper "Sports analytics in the NFL: classifying the winner of the superbowl", Y.F. Roumani shows an application of sports analytics in the National Football League. [Extracted from the article]

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Family has been widely considered as one of the most important resources for released prisoners in their reentry process. The current study examined the relationships between returning offenders and their spouses in terms of anger expressions, dysfunctional communication patterns, family cohesion, and adaptability. 243 released Korean prisoners and their spouses, who received housing assistance from the Korean Rehabilitation Agency (KRA), participated in the study. The dyadic data was analyzed using APIMeM (the actor-partner interdependence mediation model). Released prisoners' displays of anger were associated with their own and spouses' reduced family cohesion and adaptability through their own and spouses' dysfunctional communication patterns. Spouses' suppression of anger was associated with their own and offenders' reduced family cohesion and adaptability through spouses' dysfunctional communication, while offenders' suppression of anger was only associated with their own dysfunctional communication. The findings suggest that relationships between offenders and their family members should be better understood and considered an important factor in the context of prisoner reentry. The limitations and implications of this study are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Misperceiving political opponents as more influential and evil than they are has been described as the devil shift. More recently, the opposite phenomenon known as the angel shift has been recognised where political allies are misperceived as more influential and virtuous than they are. However, research on the devil and angel shifts has been hampered by the lack of measures that separate these mechanisms analytically. We analyse the misperception of influence and differentiate between the devil and angel shifts. Furthermore, previous research has failed to take notice of how social network positions contribute to these phenomena. We argue that conceptualising the different roles that brokers play between advocacy coalitions helps explain the occurrence of the devil and angel shifts. Our findings demonstrate that the devil and angel shifts are not dyadic but triadic phenomena between advocacy coalitions and that network factors accentuate both 'shifts'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]