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224 results on '"Dyck S"'

1. Search for Very-Short-Baseline Oscillations of Reactor Antineutrinos with the SoLid Detector

Author

Abreu, Y., Amhis, Y., Arnold, L., Beaumont, W., Bolognino, I., Bongrand, M., Boursette, D., Buridon, V., Chanal, H., Coupé, B., Crochet, P., Cussans, D., D'Hondt, J., Durand, D., Fallot, M., Galbinski, D., Gallego, S., Ghys, L., Giot, L., Graves, K., Guillon, B., Hayashida, S., Henaff, D., Hosseini, B., Kalcheva, S., Kalousis, L. N., Keloth, R., Koch, L., Labare, M., Lehaut, G., Manley, S., Manzanillas, L., Mermans, J., Michiels, I., Monteil, S., Moortgat, C., Newbold, D., Pestel, V., Petridis, K., Piñera, I., de Roeck, A., Roy, N., Ryckbosch, D., Ryder, N., Saunders, D., Schune, M. H., Settimo, M., Sfar, H. Rejeb, Simard, L., Vacheret, A., Van Dyck, S., Van Mulders, P., Van Remortel, N., Vandierendonck, G., Vercaemer, S., Verstraeten, M., Viaud, B., Weber, A., Yeresko, M., and Yermia, F.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

In this letter we report the first scientific result based on antineutrinos emitted from the BR2 reactor at SCK CEN. The SoLid experiment uses a novel type of highly granular detector whose basic detection unit combines two scintillators, PVT and 6LiF:ZnS(Ag), to measure antineutrinos via their inverse-beta-decay products. An advantage of PVT is its highly linear response as a function of deposited particle energy. The full-scale detector comprises 12800 voxels and operates over a very short 6.3--8.9 m baseline from the reactor core. The detector segmentation and its 3D imaging capabilities facilitate the extraction of the positron energy from the rest of the visible energy, allowing the latter to be utilised for signal-background discrimination. We present a result based on 280 reactor-on days (55 MW mean power) and 172 reactor-off days, respectively, of live data-taking. A total of 29479 $\pm$ 603 (stat.) antineutrino candidates have been selected, corresponding to an average rate of 105 events per day and a signal-to-background ratio of 0.27. A search for disappearance of antineutrinos to a sterile state has been conducted using complementary model-dependent frequentist and Bayesian fits, providing constraints on the allowed region of the Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures

Published
2024

3. The CCube reconstruction algorithm for the SoLid experiment

Author

Abreu, Y., Amhis, Y., Arnold, L., Barber, G., Beaumont, W., Binet, S., Bolognino, I., Bongrand, M., Borg, J., Boursette, D., Buridon, V., Castle, B.C., Chanal, H., Clark, K., Coupé, B., Crochet, P., Cussans, D., De Roeck, A., Durand, D., Durkin, T., Fallot, M., Galbinski, D., Gallego, S., Ghys, L., Giot, L., Graves, K., Guillon, B., Henaff, D., Hosseini, B., Jenzer, S., Kalcheva, S., Kalousis, L.N., Keloth, R., Koch, L., Labare, M., Lehaut, G., Manley, S., Manzanillas, L., Mermans, J., Michiels, I., Monteil, S., Moortgat, C., Newbold, D., Pestel, V., Petridis, K., Piñera, I., Popescu, L., Roy, N., Ryckbosch, D., Ryder, N., Saunders, D., Schune, M.-H., Rejeb Sfar, H., Simard, L., Vacheret, A., Vandierendonck, G., Van Dyck, S., Van Mulders, P., van Remortel, N., Vercaemer, S., Verstraeten, M., Viaud, B., Weber, A., Yeresko, M., and Yermia, F.

Published
2024
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4. Probing neutron-hidden neutron transitions with the MURMUR experiment

Author

Stasser, C., Terwagne, G., Lamblin, J., Méplan, O., Pignol, G., Coupé, B., Kalcheva, S., Van Dyck, S., and Sarrazin, M.

Subjects
Nuclear Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

MURMUR is a new passing-through-walls neutron experiment designed to constrain neutron/hidden neutron transitions allowed in the context of braneworld scenarios or mirror matter models. A nuclear reactor can act as a hidden neutron source, such that neutrons travel through a hidden world or sector. Hidden neutrons can propagate out of the nuclear core and far beyond the biological shielding. However, hidden neutrons can weakly interact with usual matter, making possible for their detection in the context of low-noise measurements. In the present work, the novelty rests on a better background discrimination and the use of a mass of a material - here lead - able to enhance regeneration of hidden neutrons into visible ones to improve detection. The input of this new setup is studied using both modelizations and experiments, thanks to tests currently performed with the experiment at the BR2 research nuclear reactor (SCK$\cdot$CEN, Mol, Belgium). A new limit on the neutron swapping probability p has been derived thanks to the measurements taken during the BR2 Cycle 02/2019A: $p < 4.0 \ \times 10^{-10}$ at 95% CL. This constraint is better than the bound from the previous passing-through-wall neutron experiment made at ILL in 2015, despite BR2 is less efficient to generate hidden neutrons by a factor 7.4, thus raising the interest of such experiment using regenerating materials., Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, final version, accepted for publication in European Physical Journal C

Published
2020
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5. SoLid: A short baseline reactor neutrino experiment

Author

SoLid Collaboration, Abreu, Y., Amhis, Y., Arnold, L., Barber, G., Beaumont, W., Binet, S., Bolognino, I., Bongrand, M., Borg, J., Boursette, D., Buridon, V., Castle, B. C., Chanal, H., Clark, K., Coupe, B., Crochet, P., Cussans, D., De Roeck, A., Durand, D., Durkin, T., Fallot, M., Ghys, L., Giot, L., Graves, K., Guillon, B., Henaff, D., Hosseini, B., Jenzer, S., Kalcheva, S., Kalousis, L. N., Labare, M., Lehaut, G., Manley, S., Manzanillas, L., Mermans, J., Michiels, I., Monteil, S., Moortgat, C., Newbold, D., Pestel, V., Petridis, K., Pinera, I., Popescu, L., Roy, N., Ryckbosch, D., Ryder, N., Saunders, D., Schune, M. -H., Settimo, M., Sfar, H. Rejeb, Simard, L., Vacheret, A., Vandierendonck, G., Van Dyck, S., Van Mulders, P., Van Remortel, N., Vercaemer, S., Verstraeten, M., Viaud, B., Weber, A., and Yermia, F.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The SoLid experiment, short for Search for Oscillations with a Lithium-6 detector, is a new generation neutrino experiment which tries to address the key challenges for high precision reactor neutrino measurements at very short distances from a reactor core and with little or no overburden. The primary goal of the SoLid experiment is to perform a precise measurement of the electron antineutrino energy spectrum and flux and to search for very short distance neutrino oscillations as a probe of eV-scale sterile neutrinos. This paper describes the SoLid detection principle, the mechanical design and the construction of the detector. It then reports on the installation and commissioning on site near the BR2 reactor, Belgium, and finally highlights its performance in terms of detector response and calibration., Comment: 39 pages, 30 figures

Published
2020
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6. Commissioning and Operation of the Readout System for the SoLid Neutrino Detector

Author

Abreu, Y., Amhis, Y., Ban, G., Beaumont, W., Binet, S., Bongrand, M., Boursette, D., Castle, B. C., Chanal, H., Clark, K., Coupé, B., Crochet, P., Cussans, D., De Roeck, A., Durand, D., Fallot, M., Ghys, L., Giot, L., Graves, K., Guillon, B., Henaff, D., Hosseini, B., Ihantola, S., Jenzer, S., Kalcheva, S., Kalousis, L. N., Labare, M., Lehaut, G., Manley, S., Manzanillas, L., Mermans, J., Michiels, I., Monteil, S., Moortgat, C., Newbold, D., Park, J., Pestel, V., Petridis, K., Piñera, I., Popescu, L., Ryckbosch, D., Ryder, N., Saunders, D., Schune, M. -H., Settimo, M., Simard, L., Vacheret, A., Vandierendonck, G., Van Dyck, S., Van Mulders, P., van Remortel, N., Vercaemer, S., Verstraeten, M., Viaud, B., Weber, A., and Yermia, F.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The SoLid experiment aims to measure neutrino oscillation at a baseline of 6.4 m from the BR2 nuclear reactor in Belgium. Anti-neutrinos interact via inverse beta decay (IBD), resulting in a positron and neutron signal that are correlated in time and space. The detector operates in a surface building, with modest shielding, and relies on extremely efficient online rejection of backgrounds in order to identify these interactions. A novel detector design has been developed using 12800 5 cm cubes for high segmentation. Each cube is formed of a sandwich of two scintillators, PVT and 6LiF:ZnS(Ag), allowing the detection and identification of positrons and neutrons respectively. The active volume of the detector is an array of cubes measuring 80x80x250 cm (corresponding to a fiducial mass of 1.6 T), which is read out in layers using two dimensional arrays of wavelength shifting fibres and silicon photomultipliers, for a total of 3200 readout channels. Signals are recorded with 14 bit resolution, and at 40 MHz sampling frequency, for a total raw data rate of over 2 Tbit/s. In this paper, we describe a novel readout and trigger system built for the experiment, that satisfies requirements on: compactness, low power, high performance, and very low cost per channel. The system uses a combination of high price-performance FPGAs with a gigabit Ethernet based readout system, and its total power consumption is under 1 kW. The use of zero suppression techniques, combined with pulse shape discrimination trigger algorithms to detect neutrons, results in an online data reduction factor of around 10000. The neutron trigger is combined with a large per-channel history time buffer, allowing for unbiased positron detection. The system was commissioned in late 2017, with successful physics data taking established in early 2018.

Published
2018
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7. Development of a Quality Assurance Process for the SoLid Experiment

Author

Abreu, Y., Amhis, Y., Ban, G., Beaumont, W., Binet, S., Bongrand, M., Boursette, D., Castle, B. C., Chanal, H., Clark, K., Coupé, B., Crochet, P., Cussans, D., De Roeck, A., Durand, D., Fallot, M., Ghys, L., Giot, L., Graves, K., Guillon, B., Henaff, D., Hosseini, B., Ihantola, S., Jenzer, S., Kalcheva, S., Kalousis, L. N., Labare, M., Lehaut, G., Manley, S., Manzanillas, L., Mermans, J., Michiels, I., Monteil, S., Moortgat, C., Newbold, D., Park, J., Pestel, V., Petridis, K., Piñera, I., Popescu, L., Ryckbosch, D., Ryder, N., Saunders, D., Schune, M. -H., Settimo, M., Simard, L., Vacheret, A., Vandierendonck, G., Van Dyck, S., Van Mulders, P., van Remortel, N., Vercaemer, S., Verstraeten, M., Viaud, B., Weber, A., and Yermia, F.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The SoLid experiment has been designed to search for an oscillation pattern induced by a light sterile neutrino state, utilising the BR2 reactor of SCK$\bullet$CEN, in Belgium. The detector leverages a new hybrid technology, utilising two distinct scintillators in a cubic array, creating a highly segmented detector volume. A combination of 5 cm cubic polyvinyltoluene cells, with $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) sheets on two faces of each cube, facilitate reconstruction of the neutrino signals. % The polyvinyltoluene scintillator is used as an $\overline{\nu}_e$ target for the inverse beta decay of ($\overline{\nu}_e + p \rightarrow e^{+}+n$), with the $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) sheets used for associated neutron detection. Scintillation signals are read out by a network of wavelength shifting fibres connected to multipixel photon counters. Whilst the high granularity provides a powerful toolset to discriminate backgrounds; by itself the segmentation also represents a challenge in terms of homogeneity and calibration, for a consistent detector response. The search for this light sterile neutrino implies a sensitivity to distortions of around $\mathcal{O}$(10)\% in the energy spectrum of reactor $\overline{\nu}_e$. Hence, a very good neutron detection efficiency, light yield and homogeneous detector response are critical for data validation. The minimal requirements for the SoLid physics program are a light yield and a neutron detection efficiency larger than 40 PA/MeV/cube and 50 \% respectively. In order to guarantee these minimal requirements, the collaboration developed a rigorous quality assurance process for all 12800 cubic cells of the detector. To carry out the quality assurance process, an automated calibration system called CALIPSO was designed and constructed., Comment: Submitted to JINST

Published
2018
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8. Optimisation of the scintillation light collection and uniformity for the SoLid experiment

Author

Abreu, Y., Amhis, Y., Beaumont, W., Bongrand, M., Boursette, D., Castle, B. C., Clark, K., Coupé, B., Cussans, D., De Roeck, A., Durand, D., Fallot, M., Ghys, L., Giot, L., Graves, K., Guillon, B., Henaff, D., Hosseini, B., Ihantola, S., Jenzer, S., Kalcheva, S., Kalousis, L. N., Labare, M., Lehaut, G., Manley, S., Manzanillas, L., Mermans, J., Michiels, I., Moortgat, C., Newbold, D., Park, J., Pestel, V., Petridis, K., Piñera, I., Popescu, L., Ryckbosch, D., Ryder, N., Saunders, D., Schune, M. -H., Settimo, M., Simard, L., Vacheret, A., Vandierendonck, G., Van Dyck, S., Van Mulders, P., van Remortel, N., Vercaemer, S., Verstraeten, M., Viaud, B., Weber, A., and Yermia, F.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive optimisation study to maximise the light collection efficiency of scintillating cube elements used in the SoLid detector. Very short baseline reactor experiments, like SoLid, look for active to sterile neutrino oscillation signatures in the anti-neutrino energy spectrum as a function of the distance to the core and energy. Performing a precise search requires high light yield of the scintillating elements and uniformity of the response in the detector volume. The SoLid experiment uses an innovative hybrid technology with two different scintillators: polyvinyltoluene scintillator cubes and $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) screens. A precision test bench based on a $^{207}$Bi calibration source has been developed to study improvements on the energy resolution and uniformity of the prompt scintillation signal of antineutrino interactions. A trigger system selecting the 1~MeV conversion electrons provides a Gaussian energy peak and allows for precise comparisons of the different detector configurations that were considered to improve the SoLid detector light collection. The light collection efficiency is influenced by the choice of wrapping material, the position of the $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) screen, the type of fibre, the number of optical fibres and the type of mirror at the end of the fibre. This study shows that large gains in light collection efficiency are possible compared to the SoLid SM1 prototype. The light yield for the SoLid detector is expected to be at least 52$\pm$2 photo-avalanches per MeV per cube, with a relative non-uniformity of 6 %, demonstrating that the required energy resolution of at least 14 % at 1 MeV can be achieved., Comment: 25 pages, 19 figures, published in JINST 2018_JINST_13_P09005

Published
2018
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9. Performance of a full scale prototype detector at the BR2 reactor for the SoLid experiment

Author

Abreu, Y., Amhis, Y., Arnold, L., Ban, G., Beaumont, W., Bongrand, M., Boursette, D., Castle, B. C., Clark, K., Coupé, B., Cussans, D., De Roeck, A., D'Hondt, J., Durand, D., Fallot, M., Ghys, L., Giot, L., Guillon, B., Ihantola, S., Janssen, X., Kalcheva, S., Kalousis, L. N., Koonen, E., Labare, M., Lehaut, G., Manzanillas, L., Mermans, J., Michiels, I., Moortgat, C., Newbold, D., Park, J., Pestel, V., Petridis, K., Piñera, I., Pommery, G., Popescu, L., Pronost, G., Rademacker, J., Ryckbosch, D., Ryder, N., Saunders, D., Schune, M. -H., Simard, L., Vacheret, A., Van Dyck, S., Van Mulders, P., van Remortel, N., Vercaemer, S., Verstraeten, M., Weber, A., and Yermia, F.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The SoLid collaboration has developed a new detector technology to detect electron anti-neutrinos at close proximity to the Belgian BR2 reactor at surface level. A 288$\,$kg prototype detector was deployed in 2015 and collected data during the operational period of the reactor and during reactor shut-down. Dedicated calibration campaigns were also performed with gamma and neutron sources. This paper describes the construction of the prototype detector with a high control on its proton content and the stability of its operation over a period of several months after deployment at the BR2 reactor site. All detector cells provide sufficient light yields to achieve a target energy resolution of better than 20%/$\sqrt{E(MeV)}$. The capability of the detector to track muons is exploited to equalize the light response of a large number of channels to a precision of 3% and to demonstrate the stability of the energy scale over time. Particle identification based on pulse-shape discrimination is demonstrated with calibration sources. Despite a lower neutron detection efficiency due to triggering constraints, the main backgrounds at the reactor site were determined and taken into account in the shielding strategy for the main experiment. The results obtained with this prototype proved essential in the design optimization of the final detector. This paper is dedicated to our SCK$\cdot$CEN colleague, Edgar Koonen, who passed away unexpectedly in 2017. Edgar was part of the SoLid collaboration since its inception and his efforts were vital to get the experiment started. He will be duly missed., Comment: 29 pages, 23 figures, submitted to JINST

Published
2018
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11. A novel segmented-scintillator antineutrino detector

Author

Abreu, Y., Amhis, Y., Arnold, L., Ban, G., Beaumont, W., Bongrand, M., Boursette, D., Buhour, J. M., Castle, B. C., Clark, K., Coupé, B., Cucoanes, A. S., Cussans, D., De Roeck, A., DHondt, J., Durand, D., Fallot, M., Fresneau, S., Ghys, L., Giot, L., Guillon, B., Guilloux, G., Ihantola, S., Janssen, X., Kalcheva, S., Kalousis, L. N., Koonen, E., Labare, M., Lehaut, G., Mermans, J., Michiels, I., Moortgat, C., Newbold, D., Park, J., Petridis, K., Piñera, I., Pommery, G., Popescu, L., Pronost, G., Rademacker, J., Reynolds, A., Ryckbosch, D., Ryder, N., Saunders, D., Shitov, Yu. A., Schune, M. -H., Scovell, P. R., Simard, L., Vacheret, A., Van Dyck, S., Van Mulders, P., van Remortel, N., Vercaemer, S., Waldron, A., Weber, A., and Yermia, F.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The next generation of very-short-baseline reactor experiments will require compact detectors operating at surface level and close to a nuclear reactor. This paper presents a new detector concept based on a composite solid scintillator technology. The detector target uses cubes of polyvinyltoluene interleaved with $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) phosphor screens to detect the products of the inverse beta decay reaction. A multi-tonne detector system built from these individual cells can provide precise localisation of scintillation signals, making efficient use of the detector volume. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that a neutron capture efficiency of over 70% is achievable with a sufficient number of $^6$LiF:ZnS(Ag) screens per cube and that an appropriate segmentation enables a measurement of the positron energy which is not limited by gamma-ray leakage. First measurements of a single cell indicate that a very good neutron-gamma discrimination and high neutron detection efficiency can be obtained with adequate triggering techniques. The light yield from positron signals has been measured, showing that an energy resolution of 14%/$\sqrt{E({\mathrm{MeV}})}$ is achievable with high uniformity. A preliminary neutrino signal analysis has been developed, using selection criteria for pulse shape, energy, time structure and energy spatial distribution and showing that an antineutrino efficiency of 40% can be achieved. It also shows that the fine segmentation of the detector can be used to significantly decrease both correlated and accidental backgrounds., Comment: 17 pages, 15 figures, submitted to JINST

Published
2017
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17. High Energy Physics Opportunities Using Reactor Antineutrinos

Author

Awe, C., Barbeau, P. S., Haghighat, A., Huber, P., Li, S. C., Link, J. M., Mascolino, V., Subedi, T., Walkup, K., Aguilar-Arevalo, A., Bertou, X., Bonifazi, C., Cancelo, G., Cervantes-Vergara, B. A., Chavez, C., D Olivo, J. C., Egea, J. M., Dos Anjos, J. C., Estrada, J., Neto, A. R. F., Fernandez-Moroni, G., Foguel, A., Ford, R., Gasanego, J., Gollo, V., Izraelevitch, F., Kilminster, B., Lima, Jr H. P., Makler, M., Mendes, L. H., Molina, J., Mota, P., Nasteva, I., Paolini, E., Romero, C., Sarkis, Y., Haro, M. S., Soto, A., Stalder, D., Tiffenberg, J., Torres, C., Lindner, M., An, F. P., Balantekin, A. B., Band, H. R., Bishai, M., Blyth, S., Cao, G. F., Cao, J., Chang, J. F., Chang, Y., Chen, H. S., Chen, S. M., Chen, Y., Chen, Y. X., Cheng, J., Cheng, Z. K., Cherwinka, J. J., Chu, M. C., Cummings, J. P., Dalager, O., Deng, F. S., Ding, Y. Y., Diwan, M. V., Dohnal, T., Dove, J., Dvořák, M., Dwyer, D. A., Gallo, J. P., Gonchar, M., Gong, G. H., Gong, H., Gu, W. Q., Guo, J. Y., Guo, L., Guo, X. H., Guo, Y. H., Guo, Z., Hackenburg, R. W., Hans, S., He, M., Heeger, K. M., Heng, Y. K., Higuera, A., Hor, Y. K., Hsiung, Y. B., Hu, B. Z., Hu, J. R., Hu, T., Hu, Z. J., Huang, H. X., Huang, X. T., Jaffe, D. E., Jen, K. L., Ji, X. L., Ji, X. P., Johnson, R. A., Jones, D., Kang, L., Kettell, S. H., Kohn, S., Kramer, M., Langford, T. J., Lee, J., Lee, J. H. C., Lei, R. T., Leitner, R., Leung, J. K. C., Li, F., Li, H. L., Li, J. J., Li, Q. J., Li, S., Li, W. D., Li, X. N., Li, X. Q., Li, Y. F., Li, Z. B., Liang, H., Lin, C. J., Lin, G. L., Lin, S., Ling, J. J., Littenberg, L., Littlejohn, B. R., Liu, J. C., Liu, J. L., Lu, C., Lu, H. Q., Lu, J. S., Luk, K. B., Ma, X. B., Ma, X. Y., Ma, Y. Q., Mandujano, R. C., Marshall, C., Martinez Caicedo, D. A., Mcdonald, K. T., Mckeown, R. D., Meng, Y., Napolitano, J., Naumov, D., Naumova, E., Ochoa-Ricoux, J. P., Olshevskiy, A., Pan, H. -R, Park, J., Patton, S., Peng, J. C., Pun, C. S. J., Qi, F. Z., Qi, M., Qian, X., Raper, N., Ren, J., Reveco, C. Morales, Rosero, R., Roskovec, B., Ruan, X. C., Steiner, H., Sun, J. L., Tmej, T., Treskov, K., Tse, W. -H, Tull, C. E., Viren, B., Vorobel, V., Wang, C. H., Wang, J., Wang, M., Wang, N. Y., Wang, R. G., Wang, W., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Wang, Y. F., Wang, Z., Wang, Z. M., Wei, H. Y., Wei, L. H., Wen, L. J., Whisnant, K., White, C. G., Wong, H. L. H., Worcester, E., Wu, D. R., Wu, F. L., Wu, Q., Wenjie Wu, Xia, D. M., Xie, Z. Q., Xing, Z. Z., Xu, J. L., Xu, T., Xue, T., Yang, C. G., Yang, L., Yang, Y. Z., Yao, H. F., Ye, M., Yeh, M., Young, B. L., Yu, H. Z., Yu, Z. Y., Yue, B. B., Zeng, S., Zeng, Y., Zhan, L., Zhang, C., Zhang, F. Y., Zhang, H. H., Zhang, J. W., Zhang, Q. M., Zhang, X. T., Zhang, Y. M., Zhang, Y. X., Zhang, Y. Y., Zhang, Z. J., Zhang, Z. P., Zhang, Z. Y., Zhao, J., Zhou, L., Zhuang, H. L., Zou, J. H., Abusleme, A., Adam, T., Ahmad, S., Ahmed, R., Aiello, S., An, G. P., An, Q., Andronico, G., Anfimov, N., Antonelli, V., Antoshkina, T., Asavapibhop, B., André, J. P. A. M., Auguste, D., Babic, A., Baldini, W., Barresi, A., Baussan, E., Bellato, M., Bergnoli, A., Bernieri, E., Birkenfeld, T., Blin, S., Blum, D., Bolshakova, A., Bongrand, M., Bordereau, C., Breton, D., Brigatti, A., Brugnera, R., Bruno, R., Budano, A., Buesken, M., Buscemi, M., Busto, Jose, Butorov, I., Cabrera, A., Cai, H., Cai, X., Cai, Y. K., Cai, Z. Y., Cammi, A., Campeny, A., Cao, C. Y., Caruso, R., Cerna, C., Chakaberia, I., Chen, P. P., Chen, P. A., Chen, S., Chen, X., Chen, Y. W., Chen, Z., Cheng, Y., Chiesa, D., Chimenti, P., Chukanov, A., Chuvashova, A., Claverie, G., Clementi, C., Clerbaux, B., Di Lorenzo, S., Corti, D., Costa, S., Corso, F. D., La Taille, C., Deng, J., Deng, Z., Deng, Z. Y., Depnering, W., Diaz, M., Ding, X. F., Dirgantara, B., Dmitrievsky, S., Donchenko, G., Dong, J. M., Dornic, D., Doroshkevich, E., Dracos, M., Druillole, F., Du, S. X., Dusini, S., Dvorak, M., Enqvist, T., Enzmann, H., Fabbri, A., Fajt, L., Fan, D. H., Fan, L., Fang, C., Fang, J., Fang, W. X., Fargetta, M., Fatkina, A., Fedoseev, D., Fekete, V., Feng, L. C., Feng, Q. C., Formozov, A., Fournier, A., Gan, H. N., Gao, F., Garfagnini, A., Göttel, A., Genster, C., Giammarchi, M., Giaz, A., Giudice, N., Gong, G., Gorchakov, O., Gornushkin, Y., Grassi, M., Grewing, C., Gromov, V., Gu, M., Gu, X., Gu, Y., Guan, M. Y., Guardone, N., Gul, M., Guo, C., Guo, W. L., Hackspacher, P., Hagner, C., Han, R., Han, Y., Hassan, M., He, W., Heinz, T., Hellmuth, P., Herrera, R., Hong, D. J., Hou, S. J., Hsiung, Y., Hu, H., Hu, J., Hu, S. Y., Huang, C. H., Huang, G. H., Huang, Q. H., Huang, W. H., Huang, X., Huang, Y. B., Hui, J. Q., Huo, L., Huo, W., Huss, C., Hussain, S., Insolia, A., Ioannisian, A., Isocrate, R., Ji, X. Z., Jia, H. H., Jia, J. J., Jian, S. Y., Jiang, D., Jiang, X. S., Jin, R. Y., Jing, X. P., Jollet, C., Joutsenvaara, J., Jungthawan, S., Kalousis, L., Kampmann, P., Karagounis, M., Kazarian, N., Khan, A., Khan, W., Khosonthongkee, K., Kinz, P., Korablev, D., Kouzakov, K., Krasnoperov, A., Krumshteyn, Z., Kruth, A., Kutovskiy, N., Kuusiniemi, P., Lachenmaier, T., Landini, C., Leblanc, S., Lebrin, V., Lefevre, F., Lei, R., Leung, J., Li, C., Li, D., Li, H., Li, J., Li, K. J., Li, M. Z., Li, M., Li, N., Li, R. H., Li, S. F., Li, S. J., Li, T., Li, W. G., Li, X. M., Li, X. L., Li, Y., Li, Z., Li, Z. Y., Liang, J. J., Liebau, D., Limphirat, A., Limpijumnong, S., Lin, S. X., Lin, T., Lippi, I., Liu, F., Liu, H. D., Liu, H. B., Liu, H. J., Liu, H. T., Liu, H., Liu, M., Liu, Q., Liu, R. X., Liu, S. Y., Liu, S. B., Liu, S. L., Liu, X. W., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Lokhov, A., Lombardi, P., Lombardo, C., Loo, K., Lu, J. B., Lu, J. G., Lu, S. X., Lu, X. X., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Lubsandorzhiev, S., Ludhova, L., Luo, F. J., Luo, G., Luo, P. W., Luo, S., Luo, W. M., Lyashuk, V., Ma, Q. 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K., Rajput, M., Ranucci, G., Re, A., Rebber, H., Rebii, A., Ren, B., Rezinko, T., Ricci, B., Robens, M., Roche, M., Rodphai, N., Romani, A., Roth, C., Ruan, X., Rujirawat, S., Rybnikov, A., Sadovsky, A., Saggese, P., Salamanna, G., Sanfilippo, S., Sangka, A., Sanguansak, N., Sawangwit, U., Sawatzki, J., Sawy, F., Schever, M., Schuler, J., Schwab, C., Schweizer, K., Selivanov, D., Selyunin, A., Serafini, A., Settanta, G., Settimo, M., Shao, Z., Sharov, V., Shi, J., Shutov, V., Sidorenkov, A., Simkovic, F., Sirignano, C., Siripak, J., Sisti, M., Slupecki, M., Smirnov, M., Smirnov, O., Sogo-Bezerra, T., Songwadhana, J., Soonthornthum, B., Sotnikov, A., Sramek, O., Sreethawong, W., Stahl, A., Stanco, L., Stankevich, K., Stefanik, D., Steiger, H., Steinmann, J., Sterr, T., Stock, M. R., Strati, V., Studenikin, A., Sun, G. X., Sun, S. F., Sun, X. L., Sun, Y. J., Sun, Y. Z., Suwonjandee, N., Szelezniak, M., Tang, J., Tang, Q., Tang, X., Tietzsch, A., Tkachev, I., Triossi, A., Troni, G., Trzaska, W., Tuve, C., Ushakov, N., Waasen, S., Boom, J. Vanden, Vanroyen, G., Vassilopoulos, N., Vedin, V., Verde, G., Vialkov, M., Viaud, B., Volpe, C., Voronin, D., Votano, L., Walker, P., Wang, C., Wang, E., Wang, G., Wang, K. Y., Wang, L., Wang, M. F., Wang, S. G., Wang, W. S., Wang, X. Y., Wang, Y. G., Wang, Y. Q., Wang, Z. Y., Waqas, M., Watcharangkool, A., Wei, W., Wei, Y. D., Wiebusch, C., Wong, S. C. F., Wonsak, B., Wu, D., Wu, W. J., Wu, Z., Wurm, M., Wurtz, J., Wysotzki, C., Xi, Y. F., Xie, Y. G., Xu, B., Xu, C., Xu, D. L., Xu, F. R., Xu, H. K., Xu, J., Xu, M. H., Xu, Y., Yan, B. J., Yan, T., Yan, W. Q., Yan, X. B., Yan, Y. P., Yang, A. B., Yang, H., Yang, J., Yang, X. Y., Yang, Y., Yang, Y. F., Yasin, Z., Ye, J. X., Ye, Z. P., Yegin, U., Yermia, F., Yi, P. H., Yin, X. W., You, Z. Y., Yu, B. X., Yu, C. Y., Yu, C. X., Yu, M., Yu, X. H., Yuan, C. Z., Yuan, Y., Yuan, Z. X., Yuan, Z. Y., Zafar, N., Zambanini, A., Zeng, T. X., Zeng, Y. D., Zhang, G. Q., Zhang, H. Q., Zhang, J., Zhang, J. B., Zhang, P., Zhang, S., Zhang, T., Zhang, X. M., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y. H., Zhang, Y. P., Zhao, F. Y., Zhao, R., Zhao, S. J., Zhao, T. C., Zheng, D. Q., Zheng, H., Zheng, M. S., Zheng, Y. H., Zhong, W. R., Zhou, J., Zhou, N., Zhou, S., Zhou, X., Zhu, J., Zhu, K. J., Zhuang, B., Zong, L., Rasco, B. C., Han, B. Y., Jeon, E. J., Jeong, Y., Jo, H. S., Kim, D. K., Kim, J. Y., Kim, J. G., Kim, Y. D., Ko, Y. J., Lee, H. M., Lee, M. H., Moon, C. S., Oh, Y. M., Park, H. K., Park, K. S., Seo, S. H., Siyeon, K., Sun, G. M., Yoon, Y. S., Yu, I., Borusinski, M. J., Dorrill, R., Druetzler, A., Learned, J., Li, V., Markoff, D., Maricic, J., Matsuno, S., Mumm, H. P., Nishimura, K., Irani, A., Pitt, M., Rasco, C., Thibodeau, B., Varner, G., Vogelaar, B., Wright, T., Andriamirado, M., Bass, C. D., Bergeron, D. E., Berish, D., Bowden, N. S., Brodsky, J. P., Bryan, C. D., Carr, R., Classen, T., Conant, A. J., Deichert, G., Dolinski, M. J., Erickson, A., Foust, B. T., Gaison, J. K., Galindo-Uribarri, A., Gilbert, C. E., Grant, C., Hackett, B. T., Hansell, A. B., Ji, X., Jones, D. C., Kyzylova, O., Lane, C. E., Larosa, J., Lu, X., Mendenhall, M. P., Meyer, A. M., Milincic, R., Mitchell, I., Mueller, P. E., Nave, C., Neilson, R., Nikkel, J. A., Norcini, D., Nour, S., Palomino, J. L., Pushin, D. A., Romero-Romero, E., Surukuchi, P. T., Tyra, M. A., Varner, R. L., Venegas-Vargas, D., Weatherly, P. B., White, C., Wilhelmi, J., Woolverton, A., Zhang, A., Zhang, X., Choi, J. H., Jang, H. I., Jang, J. S., Jeon, S. H., Joo, K. K., Ju, K., Jung, D. E., Kim, J. H., Kim, S. B., Kim, S. Y., Kim, W., Kwon, E., Lee, D. H., Lee, H. G., Lim, I. T., Moon, D. H., Pac, M. Y., Seo, H., Seo, J. W., Shin, C. D., Yang, B. S., Yoo, J., Yoon, S. G., Yeo, I. S., Chang, C., Bergé, L., Broniatowski, A., Dumoulin, L., Giuliani, A., Chapellier, M., Marcillac, P., Marnieros, S., Olivieri, E., Poda, D., Calvo, M., Goupy, J., Monfardini, A., Arnaud, Q., Augier, C., Billard, J., Cazes, A., Colas, J., Filippini, J., Gascon, J., Jesus, M., Lattaud, H., Juillard, A., Salagnac, T., Soldner, T., Lubashevskiy, A., Yakushev, E., Rozov, S., Lamblin, J., Mom, B., Stutz, A., Formaggio, J. A., Mayer, D. W., Johnston, J., Harrington, P., Heine, S., Sibille, V., Chen, R., Figueroa-Feliciano, E., Ziqing, H., Hertel, S., Patel, P., Pinckney, D., Serafin, A., Shilcusky, A., Decheine, N., Palladino, K., Weber, S., Hirjibehedin, C., Akindele, O. A., Carman, L., Dazeley, S., Ford, M., Jovanovic, I., Sutanto, F., Zaitseva, N., Beaumont, W., Binet, S., Bolognino, I., Borg, J., Buridon, V., Chanal, H., Coupé, B., Crochet, P., Cussans, D., Roeck, A., Durand, D., Fallot, M., Galbinski, D., Gallego, S., Giot, L., Guillon, B., Henaff, D., Hayashida, S., Hosseini, B., Kalcheva, S., Lehaut, G., Michiels, I., Monteil, S., Newbold, D., Roy, N., Ryckbosch, D., Sfar, H. Rejeb, Simard, L., Vacheret, A., Vandierendonck, G., Dyck, S., Remortel, N., Vercaemer, S., Verstraeten, M., Weber, A., Yeresko, M., Bonhomme, A., Buck, C., Del Amo Sanchez, P., El Atmani, I., Labit, L., Letourneau, A., Lhuillier, D., Licciardi, M., Materna, T., Pessard, H., Rogly, R., Savu, V., Schoppmann, S., Vialat, M., Algora, A., Beloeuvre, A., Estienne, M., Kean, R., Porta, A., Tain, J. L., Sidelnik, I., Anderson, T., Askins, M., Bagdasarian, Z., Baldoni, A., Barna, A., Benson, T., Bergevin, M., Bernstein, A., Birrittella, B., Bogetic, S., Boissevain, J., Borusinki, J., Boyd, S., Brooks, T., Budsworth, Mat, Burns, J., Calle, M., Camilo, C., Carroll, A., Coleman, J., Collins, R., Connor, C., Cowen, D., Crow, B., Curry, J., Dalnoki-Veress, F., Danielson, D., Diwan, M., Dixon, S., Drakopoulou, L., Duron, J., Dye, S., Fargher, S., Fienberg, A., Fischer, V., Foster, R., Frankiewicz, Kat, Gamble, T., Gooding, D., Gokhale, S., Gregorio, R., Gribble, J., Griskevich, J., Hadley, D., He, J., Healey, K., Hecla, J., Holt, G., Jabbari, C., Jewkes, K., Kaiser, R., Keenan, M., Keener, P., Kneale, Liz, Kudryavtsev, V., Kunkle, P., Litchfield, P., Liu, X. Ran, Lynch, G., Malek, M., Marr-Laundrie, P., Masic, B., Mauger, C., Mccauley, N., Metelko, C., Mills, R., Mitra, A., Muheim, F., Mullen, A., Murphy, A., Needham, M., Neights, E., Ogren, K., Orebi Gann, G., Oxborough, L., Paling, S., Papatyi, A., Paulos, B., Pershing, T., Pickard, L., Quillin, S., Resoro, R., Richards, B., Sabarots, L., Scarff, A., Schnellbach, Yan-Jie, Scovell, P., Seitz, B., Shea, O., Shebalin, V., Smith, G., Smy, M., Song, H., Spooner, N., Stanton, C., Stone, O., Svoboda, R., Szoldos, S., Thompson, L., Thomson, F., Toth, C., Vagins, M., Berg, Rick, Ventura, S., Walsh, B., Webster, J., Weiss, M., Westphal, D., Wetstein, M., Wilson, T., Wilson, S., Wolcott, S., Wright, M., Berryman, J. M., Collar, J. I., Erlandson, A., Gariazzo, S., Garzelli, M. V., Giunti, C., Goldblum, B. L., Hayes, A., Hedges, S., Mariani, C., Minic, D., Mougeot, X., Naim, D., Newby, J., Ni, K., O Donnell, T., Ozturk, S., Périssé, L., Pestes, R., Sonzogni, A. A., Tabrizi, Z., Vivier, M., Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Neutrino de Champagne Ardenne (LNCA - UMS 3263), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (SUBATECH), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Nantes université - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (Nantes univ - UFR ST), Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie, Nantes Université (Nantes Univ)-Nantes Université (Nantes Univ), Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Cryogénie (NEEL - Cryo), Institut Néel (NEEL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Hélium : du fondamental aux applications (NEEL - HELFA), Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I Lyon), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont (LPC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire de physique corpusculaire de Caen (LPCC), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Caen (ENSICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Département de Physique Nucléaire (ex SPhN) (DPHN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, CHANDLER, CONNIE, CONUS, Daya Bay, JUNO, MTAS, NEOS, NuLat, PROSPECT, RENO, Ricochet, ROADSTR Near-Field Working Group, SoLid, Stereo, Valencia-Nantes TAGS, vIOLETA, WATCHMAN, and HEP, INSPIRE

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), [PHYS.HEXP] Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], hep-ex, neutrino: energy spectrum, antineutrino: nuclear reactor, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], FOS: Physical sciences, neutrino: oscillation, neutrino: nuclear reactor, Particle Physics - Experiment, neutrino: flux, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

Nuclear reactors are uniquely powerful, abundant, and flavor-pure sources of antineutrinos that continue to play a vital role in the US neutrino physics program. The US reactor antineutrino physics community is a diverse interest group encompassing many detection technologies and many particle physics topics, including Standard Model and short-baseline oscillations, BSM physics searches, and reactor flux and spectrum modeling. The community's aims offer strong complimentary with numerous aspects of the wider US neutrino program and have direct relevance to most of the topical sub-groups composing the Snowmass 2021 Neutrino Frontier. Reactor neutrino experiments also have a direct societal impact and have become a strong workforce and technology development pipeline for DOE National Laboratories and universities. This white paper, prepared as a submission to the Snowmass 2021 community organizing exercise, will survey the state of the reactor antineutrino physics field and summarize the ways in which current and future reactor antineutrino experiments can play a critical role in advancing the field of particle physics in the next decade., Contribution to Snowmass 2021

Published
2022

18. Evaluation of Low Dose Silicon Carbide Temperature Monitors

Author

Davis K. L., Gusarov A., Unruh T. C., Calderoni P., Heidrich B.J., Verner K. M., Al Rashdan A., Lambson A. A., Van Dyck S., and Uytdenhouwen I.

Subjects
in-pile instrumentation, temperature sensor, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Thermocouples are generally used to provide real-time temperature indications in instrumented tests performed at materials and test reactors. Melt wires or paint spots are often included in such tests as an independent technique of detecting peak temperatures incurred during irradiation. In addition, less expensive static capsule tests, which have no leads attached for real-time data transmission, often rely on melt wires and paint spots as a post-irradiation technique for peak temperature indication. Unfortunately, these techniques are limited in that they can only detect whether a single temperature is or is not exceeded. Silicon carbide (SiC) monitors are advantageous because a single monitor can be used to determine the peak temperature reached within a relatively broad range (200 – 800°C). Although the use of SiC monitors was proposed more than five decades ago, the ultimate performance limits of this technique are not fully understood. The Nuclear Science User Facilities (NSUF) is the United States Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy's only designated nuclear energy user facility. Its mission is to provide nuclear energy researchers access to world-class capabilities and to facilitate the advancement of nuclear science and technology. This mission is supported by providing access to state-of-the-art experimental irradiation testing, post irradiation examination facilities, and high performance computing capabilities as well as technical and scientific assistance for the design and execution of projects. As part of an NSUF project, low dose silicon carbide monitors were irradiated in the Belgian Reactor 2 and were then evaluated both at the SCK•CEN and at Idaho National Laboratory’s High Temperature Test Laboratory to determine their peak temperature achieved during irradiation. The technical significance of this work was that the monitors were irradiated to a dose that was significantly less than recommended in published literature. This paper will discuss the evaluation process, the irradiation test, and the performance of the low dose silicon carbide temperature monitors.

Published
2020
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25. Microstructure and hardening induced by neutron irradiation in single crystal, ITER specification and cold rolled tungsten

Author

UCL - SST/IMMC - Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, Dubinko, A., Terentyev, D., Yin, C., Van Renterghem, W., Rossaert, B., Rieth, M., Zhurkin, E.E., Zinovev, A., Chang, C.C., Van Dyck, S., Bonny, G., UCL - SST/IMMC - Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, Dubinko, A., Terentyev, D., Yin, C., Van Renterghem, W., Rossaert, B., Rieth, M., Zhurkin, E.E., Zinovev, A., Chang, C.C., Van Dyck, S., and Bonny, G.

Abstract

In this work, we have performed neutron irradiation and sub-sequent microstructural and micro-hardness measurements on a series of tungsten grades. The neutron irradiation was performed in BR2 reactor up to 0.2 dpa at 600, 800 and 1200 °C. The selected irradiation temperatures correspond to a large range of the operation of tungsten in ITER as armour for the divertor. The applied fast neutron flux is representative of ITER irradiation conditions in terms of damage rate. The primary purpose of the study was to establish the relation between the initial microstructure, the resulting irradiation-induced microstructure and corresponding irradiation hardening. The microstructure was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and hardening was assessed by micro-hardness measurements. The obtained TEM results were used to predict the hardening employing the dispersed barrier model and strength coefficients established for the single crystal from the open literature. Based on the performed analysis, it appeared that the main contribution to the hardening at high irradiation temperature originates from the voids, while the dislocation loops provide a comparable contribution (30–50%) only under irradiation at 600 °C. Excellent agreement between the model prediction and experimentally measured hardness increase was obtained for the single crystal and ITER specification grade without any additional adjustment, while the hardening induced in the cold rolled plate was essentially overestimated by the model. This result suggests that the cold rolled tungsten plate exhibits an alternative mechanisms of the plastic deformation besides the conventional dislocation glide and multiplication, and this alternative mechanism is impacted by the irradiation less severely compared to the prediction coming from the dispersed barrier model

Published
2021

29. Contributor contact details

Author

Decker, Eric A., primary, Elias, Ryan J., additional, McClements, D.J., additional, Skibsted, Leif H., additional, Kanner, J., additional, Van Dyck, S., additional, Richards, Mark P., additional, Wang, Tong, additional, Hammond, Earl, additional, Jacobsen, Charlotte, additional, Eder, Dr K., additional, Ringseis, R., additional, Eldin, Afaf Kamal, additional, Manzocco, Lara, additional, Calligaris, Sohia, additional, Nicoli, Maria Cristina, additional, Decker, Eric A., additional, Chen, Bingcan, additional, Panya, Atikorn, additional, Berdahl, D.R., additional, Barren, J.P., additional, Nahas, R.I., additional, Gordon, Michael H., additional, Nenadis, Nikolaos, additional, Tsimidou, Maria Z., additional, Pokorný, Jan, additional, and Schmidt, Štefan, additional

Published
2010
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32. SoLid: a short baseline reactor neutrino experiment

Author

Abreu, Y., primary, Amhis, Y., additional, Arnold, L., additional, Barber, G., additional, Beaumont, W., additional, Binet, S., additional, Bolognino, I., additional, Bongrand, M., additional, Borg, J., additional, Boursette, D., additional, Buridon, V., additional, Castle, B. C., additional, Chanal, H., additional, Clark, K., additional, Coupé, B., additional, Crochet, P., additional, Cussans, D., additional, Roeck, A. De, additional, Durand, D., additional, Durkin, T., additional, Fallot, M., additional, Ghys, L., additional, Giot, L., additional, Graves, K., additional, Guillon, B., additional, Henaff, D., additional, Hosseini, B., additional, Jenzer, S., additional, Kalcheva, S., additional, Kalousis, L.N., additional, Labare, M., additional, Lehaut, G., additional, Manley, S., additional, Manzanillas, L., additional, Mermans, J., additional, Michiels, I., additional, Monteil, S., additional, Moortgat, C., additional, Newbold, D., additional, Pestel, V., additional, Petridis, K., additional, Piñera, I., additional, Popescu, L., additional, Roy, N., additional, Ryckbosch, D., additional, Ryder, N., additional, Saunders, D., additional, Schune, M.-H., additional, Settimo, M., additional, Sfar, H. Rejeb, additional, Simard, L., additional, Vacheret, A., additional, Vandierendonck, G., additional, Dyck, S. Van, additional, Mulders, P. Van, additional, Remortel, N. van, additional, Vercaemer, S., additional, Verstraeten, M., additional, Viaud, B., additional, Weber, A., additional, and Yermia, F., additional

Published
2021
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38. Effect of high temperature neutron irradiation on fracture toughness of ITER-specification tungsten

Author

Yin, Chao, Terentyev, D, Van Dyck, S, Stankovskiy, A, Petrov, R.H., Pardoen, Thomas, UCL - SST/IMMC/IMAP - Materials and process engineering, SCK-CEN - Institute of Nuclear Materials Science, Ghent University - Department of Electrical Energy, Metals, Mechanical constructions & Systems, and Delft University of Technology - Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Abstract

The effect of neutron irradiation on the fracture toughness of two commercially pure tungsten materials processed according to ITER specification has been investigated for three doses 0.08 dpa, 0.44 dpa, and 0.67 dpa at 600°C. The choice of this temperature was motivated by its technological importance due to the risk of irradiation-induce embrittlement. The temperature of 600°C is below the void swelling peak temperature (~800 °C)and, at the same time, well above the ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) of the reference material (~300 °C). Neutron irradiation was performed in the BR2 material test reactor inside the fuel channel in order to limit the transmutation of rhenium and osmium close to the rates expected in fusion environment. The results of the mechanical tests performed up to 600 °C show that the fracture toughness decreases with increasing the irradiation dose for both tungsten products. The fracture surfaces of the non- and irradiated specimens were systematically analysed to determine the evolution of the failure mechanisms.

Published
2020

41. Commissioning and operation of the readout system for the SoLid neutrino detector

Author

Abreu, Y., primary, Amhis, Y., additional, Ban, G., additional, Beaumont, W., additional, Binet, S., additional, Bongrand, M., additional, Boursette, D., additional, Castle, B.C., additional, Chanal, H., additional, Clark, K., additional, Coupé, B., additional, Crochet, P., additional, Cussans, D., additional, Roeck, A. De, additional, Durand, D., additional, Fallot, M., additional, Ghys, L., additional, Giot, L., additional, Graves, K., additional, Guillon, B., additional, Henaff, D., additional, Hosseini, B., additional, Ihantola, S., additional, Jenzer, S., additional, Kalcheva, S., additional, Kalousis, L.N., additional, Labare, M., additional, Lehaut, G., additional, Manley, S., additional, Manzanillas, L., additional, Mermans, J., additional, Michiels, I., additional, Monteil, S., additional, Moortgat, C., additional, Newbold, D., additional, Park, J., additional, Pestel, V., additional, Petridis, K., additional, Piñera, I., additional, Popescu, L., additional, Ryckbosch, D., additional, Ryder, N., additional, Saunders, D., additional, Schune, M.-H., additional, Settimo, M., additional, Simard, L., additional, Vacheret, A., additional, Vandierendonck, G., additional, Dyck, S. Van, additional, Mulders, P. Van, additional, Remortel, N. van, additional, Vercaemer, S., additional, Verstraeten, M., additional, Viaud, B., additional, Weber, A., additional, and Yermia, F., additional

Published
2019
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42. Development of a quality assurance process for the SoLid experiment

Author

Abreu, Y., primary, Amhis, Y., additional, Ban, G., additional, Beaumont, W., additional, Binet, S., additional, Bongrand, M., additional, Boursette, D., additional, Castle, B.C., additional, Chanal, H., additional, Clark, K., additional, Coupé, B., additional, Crochet, P., additional, Cussans, D., additional, Roeck, A. De, additional, Durand, D., additional, Fallot, M., additional, Ghys, L., additional, Giot, L., additional, Graves, K., additional, Guillon, B., additional, Henaff, D., additional, Hosseini, B., additional, Ihantola, S., additional, Jenzer, S., additional, Kalcheva, S., additional, Kalousis, L.N., additional, Labare, M., additional, Lehaut, G., additional, Manley, S., additional, Manzanillas, L., additional, Mermans, J., additional, Michiels, I., additional, Monteil, S., additional, Moortgat, C., additional, Newbold, D., additional, Park, J., additional, Pestel, V., additional, Petridis, K., additional, Piñera, I., additional, Popescu, L., additional, Ryckbosch, D., additional, Ryder, N., additional, Saunders, D., additional, Schune, M.-H., additional, Settimo, M., additional, Simard, L., additional, Vacheret, A., additional, Vandierendonck, G., additional, Dyck, S. Van, additional, Mulders, P. Van, additional, Remortel, N. van, additional, Vercaemer, S., additional, Verstraeten, M., additional, Viaud, B., additional, Weber, A., additional, and Yermia, F., additional

Published
2019
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43. Optimisation of the scintillation light collection and uniformity for the SoLid experiment

Author

Abreu, Y., primary, Amhis, Y., additional, Beaumont, W., additional, Bongrand, M., additional, Boursette, D., additional, Castle, B. C., additional, Clark, K., additional, Coupé, B., additional, Cussans, D., additional, Roeck, A. De, additional, Durand, D., additional, Fallot, M., additional, Ghys, L., additional, Giot, L., additional, Graves, K., additional, Guillon, B., additional, Henaff, D., additional, Hosseini, B., additional, Ihantola, S., additional, Jenzer, S., additional, Kalcheva, S., additional, Kalousis, L. N., additional, Labare, M., additional, Lehaut, G., additional, Manley, S., additional, Manzanillas, L., additional, Mermans, J., additional, Michiels, I., additional, Moortgat, C., additional, Newbold, D., additional, Park, J., additional, Pestel, V., additional, Petridis, K., additional, Piñera, I., additional, Popescu, L., additional, Ryckbosch, D., additional, Ryder, N., additional, Saunders, D., additional, Schune, M.-H., additional, Settimo, M., additional, Simard, L., additional, Vacheret, A., additional, Vandierendonck, G., additional, Dyck, S. Van, additional, Mulders, P. Van, additional, Remortel, N. Van, additional, Vercaemer, S., additional, Verstraeten, M., additional, Viaud, B., additional, Weber, A., additional, and Yermia, F., additional

Published
2018
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44. Evaluation of Low Dose Silicon Carbide Temperature Monitors.

Author

Lyoussi, A., Giot, M., Carette, M., Jenčič, I., Reynard-Carette, C., Vermeeren, L., Snoj, L., Le Dû, P., Davis, K. L., Gusarov, A., Unruh, T. C., Calderoni, P., Heidrich, B.J., Verner, K. M., Al Rashdan, A., Lambson, A. A., Van Dyck, S., and Uytdenhouwen, I.

Subjects
SILICON carbide, THERMOCOUPLES, DATA transmission systems, TEMPERATURE sensors, NUCLEAR science
Abstract

Thermocouples are generally used to provide real-time temperature indications in instrumented tests performed at materials and test reactors. Melt wires or paint spots are often included in such tests as an independent technique of detecting peak temperatures incurred during irradiation. In addition, less expensive static capsule tests, which have no leads attached for real-time data transmission, often rely on melt wires and paint spots as a post-irradiation technique for peak temperature indication. Unfortunately, these techniques are limited in that they can only detect whether a single temperature is or is not exceeded. Silicon carbide (SiC) monitors are advantageous because a single monitor can be used to determine the peak temperature reached within a relatively broad range (200 – 800°C). Although the use of SiC monitors was proposed more than five decades ago, the ultimate performance limits of this technique are not fully understood. The Nuclear Science User Facilities (NSUF) is the United States Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy's only designated nuclear energy user facility. Its mission is to provide nuclear energy researchers access to world-class capabilities and to facilitate the advancement of nuclear science and technology. This mission is supported by providing access to state-of-the-art experimental irradiation testing, post irradiation examination facilities, and high performance computing capabilities as well as technical and scientific assistance for the design and execution of projects. As part of an NSUF project, low dose silicon carbide monitors were irradiated in the Belgian Reactor 2 and were then evaluated both at the SCK•CEN and at Idaho National Laboratory's High Temperature Test Laboratory to determine their peak temperature achieved during irradiation. The technical significance of this work was that the monitors were irradiated to a dose that was significantly less than recommended in published literature. This paper will discuss the evaluation process, the irradiation test, and the performance of the low dose silicon carbide temperature monitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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45. Performance of a full scale prototype detector at the BR2 reactor for the SoLid experiment

Author

Abreu, Y., primary, Amhis, Y., additional, Arnold, L., additional, Ban, G., additional, Beaumont, W., additional, Bongrand, M., additional, Boursette, D., additional, Castle, B.C., additional, Clark, K., additional, Coupé, B., additional, Cussans, D., additional, Roeck, A. De, additional, D'Hondt, J., additional, Durand, D., additional, Fallot, M., additional, Ghys, L., additional, Giot, L., additional, Guillon, B., additional, Ihantola, S., additional, Janssen, X., additional, Kalcheva, S., additional, Kalousis, L. N., additional, Koonen, E., additional, Labare, M., additional, Lehaut, G., additional, Manzanillas, L., additional, Mermans, J., additional, Michiels, I., additional, Moortgat, C., additional, Newbold, D., additional, Park, J., additional, Pestel, V., additional, Petridis, K., additional, Piñera, I., additional, Pommery, G., additional, Popescu, L., additional, Pronost, G., additional, Rademacker, J., additional, Ryckbosch, D., additional, Ryder, N., additional, Saunders, D., additional, Schune, M.-H., additional, Simard, L., additional, Vacheret, A., additional, Dyck, S. Van, additional, Mulders, P. Van, additional, Remortel, N. van, additional, Vercaemer, S., additional, Verstraeten, M., additional, Weber, A., additional, and Yermia, F., additional

Published
2018
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46. Optimisation of the scintillation light collection and uniformity for the SoLid experiment

Author

Center for Neutrino Physics, Abreu, Y., Amhis, Y., Beaumont, W., Bongrand, M., Boursette, D., Castle, B. C., Clark, K., Coupe, B., Cussans, D., De Roeck, A., Durand, D., Fallot, M., Ghys, L., Giot, L., Graves, K., Guillon, B., Henaff, D., Hosseini, B., Ihantola, S., Jenzer, S., Kalcheva, S., Kalousis, L. N., Labare, M., Lehaut, G., Manley, S., Manzanillas, L., Mermans, J., Michiels, I., Moortgat, C., Newbold, D., Park, J., Pestel, V., Petridis, K., Pinera, I., Popescu, L., Ryckbosch, D., Ryder, N., Saunders, D., Schune, M-H, Settimo, M., Simard, L., Vacheret, A., Vandierendonck, G., Van Dyck, S., Van Mulders, P., van Remortel, N., Vercaemer, S., Verstraeten, M., Viaud, B., Weber, A., Yermia, F., Center for Neutrino Physics, Abreu, Y., Amhis, Y., Beaumont, W., Bongrand, M., Boursette, D., Castle, B. C., Clark, K., Coupe, B., Cussans, D., De Roeck, A., Durand, D., Fallot, M., Ghys, L., Giot, L., Graves, K., Guillon, B., Henaff, D., Hosseini, B., Ihantola, S., Jenzer, S., Kalcheva, S., Kalousis, L. N., Labare, M., Lehaut, G., Manley, S., Manzanillas, L., Mermans, J., Michiels, I., Moortgat, C., Newbold, D., Park, J., Pestel, V., Petridis, K., Pinera, I., Popescu, L., Ryckbosch, D., Ryder, N., Saunders, D., Schune, M-H, Settimo, M., Simard, L., Vacheret, A., Vandierendonck, G., Van Dyck, S., Van Mulders, P., van Remortel, N., Vercaemer, S., Verstraeten, M., Viaud, B., Weber, A., and Yermia, F.

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive optimisation study to maximise the light collection efficiency of scintillating cube elements used in the SoLid detector. Very short baseline reactor experiments, like SoLid, look for active to sterile neutrino oscillation signatures in the anti-neutrino energy spectrum as a function of the distance to the core and energy. Performing a precise search requires high light yield of the scintillating elements and uniformity of the response in the detector volume. The SoLid experiment uses an innovative hybrid technology with two different scintillators: polyvinyltoluene scintillator cubes and (LiF)-Li-6:ZnS(Ag) screens. A precision test bench based on a Bi-207 calibration source has been developed to study improvements on the energy resolution and uniformity of the prompt scintillation signal of antineutrino interactions. A trigger system selecting the 1 MeV conversion electrons provides a Gaussian energy peak and allows for precise comparisons of the different detector configurations that were considered to improve the SoLid detector light collection. The light collection efficiency is influenced by the choice of wrapping material, the position of the 6LiF:ZnS(Ag) screen, the type of fibre, the number of optical fibres and the type of mirror at the end of the fibre. This study shows that large gains in light collection efficiency are possible compared to the SoLid SM1 prototype. The light yield for the SoLid detector is expected to be at least 52 +/- 2 photo-avalanches per MeV per cube, with a relative non-uniformity of 6 %, demonstrating that the required energy resolution of at least 14 % at 1 MeV can be achieved.

Published
2018

47. Performance of a full scale prototype detector at the BR2 reactor for the SoLid experiment

Author

Center for Neutrino Physics, Abreu, Y., Amhis, Y., Arnold, L., Ban, G., Beaumont, W., Bongrand, M., Boursette, D., Castle, B. C., Clark, K., Coupe, B., Cussans, D., De Roeck, A., D'Hondt, J., Durand, D., Fallot, M., Ghys, L., Giot, L., Guillon, B., Ihantola, S., Janssen, X., Kalcheva, S., Kalousis, L. N., Koonen, E., Labare, M., Lehaut, G., Manzanillas, L., Mermans, J., Michiels, I., Moortgat, C., Newbold, D., Park, J., Pestel, V., Petridis, K., Pinera, I., Pommery, G., Popescu, L., Pronost, G., Rademacker, J., Ryckbosch, D., Ryder, N., Saunders, D., Schune, M-H, Simard, L., Vacheret, A., Van Dyck, S., Van Mulders, P., van Remortel, N., Vercaemer, S., Verstraeten, M., Weber, A., Yermia, F., Center for Neutrino Physics, Abreu, Y., Amhis, Y., Arnold, L., Ban, G., Beaumont, W., Bongrand, M., Boursette, D., Castle, B. C., Clark, K., Coupe, B., Cussans, D., De Roeck, A., D'Hondt, J., Durand, D., Fallot, M., Ghys, L., Giot, L., Guillon, B., Ihantola, S., Janssen, X., Kalcheva, S., Kalousis, L. N., Koonen, E., Labare, M., Lehaut, G., Manzanillas, L., Mermans, J., Michiels, I., Moortgat, C., Newbold, D., Park, J., Pestel, V., Petridis, K., Pinera, I., Pommery, G., Popescu, L., Pronost, G., Rademacker, J., Ryckbosch, D., Ryder, N., Saunders, D., Schune, M-H, Simard, L., Vacheret, A., Van Dyck, S., Van Mulders, P., van Remortel, N., Vercaemer, S., Verstraeten, M., Weber, A., and Yermia, F.

Abstract

The SoLid collaboration has developed a new detector technology to detect electron anti-neutrinos at close proximity to the Belgian BR2 reactor at surface level. A 288 kg prototype detector was deployed in 2015 and collected data during the operational period of the reactor and during reactor shut-down. Dedicated calibration campaigns were also performed with gamma and neutron sources. This paper describes the construction of the prototype detector with a high control on its proton content and the stability of its operation over a period of several months after deployment at the BR2 reactor site. All detector cells provide sufficient light yields to achieve a target energy resolution of better than 20%/root E(MeV). The capability of the detector to track muons is exploited to equalize the light response of a large number of channels to a precision of 3% and to demonstrate the stability of the energy scale over time. Particle identification based on pulse-shape discrimination is demonstrated with calibration sources. Despite a lower neutron detection efficiency due to triggering constraints, the main backgrounds at the reactor site were determined and taken into account in the shielding strategy for the main experiment. The results obtained with this prototype proved essential in the design optimization of the final detector.

Published
2018

48. A novel segmented-scintillator antineutrino detector

Author

Abreu, Y., primary, Amhis, Y., additional, Arnold, L., additional, Ban, G., additional, Beaumont, W., additional, Bongrand, M., additional, Boursette, D., additional, Buhour, J.M., additional, Castle, B.C., additional, Clark, K., additional, Coupé, B., additional, Cucoanes, A.S., additional, Cussans, D., additional, Roeck, A. De, additional, D'Hondt, J., additional, Durand, D., additional, Fallot, M., additional, Fresneau, S., additional, Ghys, L., additional, Giot, L., additional, Guillon, B., additional, Guilloux, G., additional, Ihantola, S., additional, Janssen, X., additional, Kalcheva, S., additional, Kalousis, L.N., additional, Koonen, E., additional, Labare, M., additional, Lehaut, G., additional, Mermans, J., additional, Michiels, I., additional, Moortgat, C., additional, Newbold, D., additional, Park, J., additional, Petridis, K., additional, Piñera, I., additional, Pommery, G., additional, Popescu, L., additional, Pronost, G., additional, Rademacker, J., additional, Reynolds, A., additional, Ryckbosch, D., additional, Ryder, N., additional, Saunders, D., additional, Shitov, Yu.A., additional, Schune, M.-H., additional, Scovell, P.R., additional, Simard, L., additional, Vacheret, A., additional, Dyck, S. Van, additional, Mulders, P. Van, additional, Remortel, N. van, additional, Vercaemer, S., additional, Waldron, A., additional, Weber, A., additional, and Yermia, F., additional

Published
2017
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49. A novel segmented-scintillator antineutrino detector

Author

Center for Neutrino Physics, Abreu, Y., Amhis, Y., Arnold, L., Ban, G., Beaumont, W., Bongrand, M., Boursette, D., Buhour, J. M., Castle, B. C., Clark, K., Coupe, B., Cucoanes, A. S., Cussans, D., De Roeck, A., D'Hondt, J., Durand, D., Fallot, M., Fresneau, S., Ghys, L., Giot, L., Guillon, B., Guilloux, G., Ihantola, S., Janssen, X., Kalcheva, S., Kalousis, L. N., Koonen, E., Labare, M., Lehaut, G., Mermans, J., Michiels, I., Moortgat, C., Newbold, D., Park, J., Petridis, K., Pinera, I. a, Pommery, G., Popescu, L., Pronost, G., Rademacker, J., Reynolds, A., Ryckbosch, D., Ryder, N., Saunders, D., Shitov, Yu. A., Schune, M-H, Scovell, P. R., Simard, L., Vacheret, A., Van Dyck, S., Van Mulders, P., van Remortel, N., Vercaemer, S., Waldron, A., Weber, A., Yermia, F., Center for Neutrino Physics, Abreu, Y., Amhis, Y., Arnold, L., Ban, G., Beaumont, W., Bongrand, M., Boursette, D., Buhour, J. M., Castle, B. C., Clark, K., Coupe, B., Cucoanes, A. S., Cussans, D., De Roeck, A., D'Hondt, J., Durand, D., Fallot, M., Fresneau, S., Ghys, L., Giot, L., Guillon, B., Guilloux, G., Ihantola, S., Janssen, X., Kalcheva, S., Kalousis, L. N., Koonen, E., Labare, M., Lehaut, G., Mermans, J., Michiels, I., Moortgat, C., Newbold, D., Park, J., Petridis, K., Pinera, I. a, Pommery, G., Popescu, L., Pronost, G., Rademacker, J., Reynolds, A., Ryckbosch, D., Ryder, N., Saunders, D., Shitov, Yu. A., Schune, M-H, Scovell, P. R., Simard, L., Vacheret, A., Van Dyck, S., Van Mulders, P., van Remortel, N., Vercaemer, S., Waldron, A., Weber, A., and Yermia, F.

Abstract

The next generation of very-short-baseline reactor experiments will require compact detectors operating at surface level and close to a nuclear reactor. This paper presents a new detector concept based on a composite solid scintillator technology. The detector target uses cubes of polyvinyltoluene interleaved with (LiF)-Li-6:ZnS(Ag) phosphor screens to detect the products of the inverse beta decay reaction. A multi-tonne detector system built from these individual cells can provide precise localisation of scintillation signals, making efficient use of the detector volume. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that a neutron capture efficiency of over 70% is achievable with a sufficient number of 6LiF: ZnS( Ag) screens per cube and that an appropriate segmentation enables a measurement of the positron energy which is not limited by gamma-ray leakage. First measurements of a single cell indicate that a very good neutron-gamma discrimination and high neutron detection efficiency can be obtained with adequate triggering techniques. The light yield from positron signals has been measured, showing that an energy resolution of 14%/root E(MeV) is achievable with high uniformity. A preliminary neutrino signal analysis has been developed, using selection criteria for pulse shape, energy, time structure and energy spatial distribution and showing that an antineutrino efficiency of 40% can be achieved. It also shows that the fine segmentation of the detector can be used to significantly decrease both correlated and accidental backgrounds.

Published
2017

50. Review of saponin diversity in sea cucumbers belonging to the family Holothuriidae

Author

Caulier, G., Van Dyck, S., Gerbaux, P., Eeckhaut, I., and Flammang, P.

Subjects
carbohydrates (lipids), parasitic diseases, musculoskeletal system, complex mixtures
Abstract

Saponins are secondary metabolites produced by holothurians. Structurally, they are triterpene glycosides that play an important role in chemical defense and possess a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects. This review highlights the very high diversity of saponins detected in different species of the family Holothuriidae. No less than 59 triterpene glycosides are reported. Several saponins are shared by many species but others are very specific. Overall, most species appear to possess a specific congener mixture. The most evident inter-specific differences that can be highlighted among Holothuriidae are based on the presence or absence of a sulfate group attached to the carbohydrate chain of their saponins. Within a single animal, saponin mixtures also present different concentrations and compositions depending on the organ, with Cuvierian tubules showing the highest saponin concentrations. All of the data combined indicate a complex chemical defence mechanism with different sets of saponins originating from different body compartments and presenting different properties in relation to their ecological role(s).

Published
2011

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