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Background/Objectives : Hyperkalemia is a common electrolyte disorder in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) have been shown to improve survival and decrease hospitalization rates, although they may increase the serum potassium levels. Hyperkalemia has significant clinical and economic implications, and is associated with increased healthcare resource utilization. The objective of the study was to analyze the management of hyperkalemia and the associated medical costs in a cohort of patients with HFrEF. Methods : An observational, longitudinal, retrospective, single-center retrospective study was conducted in patients with HFrEF who started follow-up in a heart failure unit between 2010 and 2021. Results : The study population consisted of 1181 patients followed-up on for 64.6 ± 38.8 months. During follow-up, 11,059 control visits were conducted, documenting 438 episodes of hyperkalemia in 262 patients (22.2%). Of the hyperkalemia episodes, 3.0% required assistance in the Emergency Department, 1.4% required hospitalization, and only 0.2% required admission to the Intensive Care Unit. No episode required renal replacement therapy. Reduction or withdrawal of RAASi was necessary in 69.9% of the hyperkalemia episodes. The total cost of the 438 hyperkalemia episodes was €89,178.82; the expense during the first year accounted for 48.8% of the total cost. Conclusions : Hyperkalemia is frequent in patients with HFrEF. It is often accompanied by a modification of treatment with RAASi. Hyperkalemia generates substantial costs in terms of healthcare resources and medical care, especially during the first year.

Background and Objectives: Malnutrition is common in patients with heart failure (HF) and is associated with poor prognosis. We evaluated the prognostic and clinical impact of a nutritional intervention in malnourished patients with chronic HF., Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out in patients with chronic HF who were malnourished or at risk. Participants were randomized to receive an individualized nutritional intervention or conventional management. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or time-to-first HF hospitalizations at the 12-month follow-up. The secondary endpoints were changes in nutritional status and functional capacity., Results: We screened 225 patients, 86 of whom had some degree of malnutrition and were randomized. At 12 months, the primary outcome occurred in 10 patients (23.8%) in the intervention group and in 22 patients (50.0%) in the control group (HR=0.39; 95% CI, 0.19-0.83). This effect was mainly related to a lower risk of hospitalization for HF in the intervention group: 8 patients (19.0%) versus 18 patients (40.9%) in the control group (HR=0.39; 95% CI=0.17-0.89). We observed an improvement in nutritional status and functional capacity in the intervention group versus the control group., Conclusions: In patients with chronic HF and some degree of malnutrition, individualized nutritional intervention may reduce the risk of all-cause mortality or HF hospitalisations and improve nutritional status and functional capacity. These results underline the need for further randomized controlled trials with this approach to confirm the potential prognostic benefit., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction and Objectives: Repetitive ambulatory doses of levosimendan are an option as a bridge to heart transplantation (HT), but evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of this treatment is scarce. The objective of the LEVO-T Registry is to describe the profile of patients on the HT list receiving levosimendan, prescription patterns, and clinical outcomes compared with patients not on levosimendan., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all patients listed for elective HT from 2015 to 2020 from 14 centers in Spain., Results: A total of 1015 consecutive patients were included, of whom 238 patients (23.4%) received levosimendan. Patients treated with levosimendan had more heart failure (HF) admissions in the previous year and a worse clinical profile. The most frequent prescription pattern were fixed doses triggered by the patients' clinical needs. Nonfatal ventricular arrhythmias occurred in 2 patients (0.8%). No differences in HF hospitalizations were found between patients who started levosimendan in the first 30 days after listing and those who did not (33.6% vs 34.5%; P=.848). Among those who did not, 102 patients (32.9%) crossed over to levosimendan after an HF admission. These patients had a rate of 0.57 HF admissions per month before starting levosimendan and 0.21 afterwards. Propensity score matching analysis showed no differences in survival at 1 year after listing between patients receiving levosimendan and those who did not (HR, 1.03; 95%CI, 0.36-2.97; P=.958) or in survival after HT (HR, 0.97; 95%CI, 0.60-1.56; P=.958)., Conclusions: Repetitive levosimendan in an ambulatory setting as a bridge to heart transplantation is commonly used, is safe, and may reduce HF hospitalizations., (Copyright © 2023 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Purpose . Echocardiography assessment from apical five-chamber view (A5CV) is the standard technique for aortic stenosis (AS) grading. Data on non-apical views, such as right parasternal (RPV), subcostal (SCV) and suprasternal notch (SSNV), is scarce and constitutes the aim of our study. Methods. We designed an observational study that included patients with AS recruited prospectively in whom the stenosis was graded by echocardiography from A5CV and non-apical view. The value of non-apical views in up-grading the stenosis severity (primary objective), the prognostic relevance of such reclassification and the feasibility and reproducibility of non-apical views assessment (secondary objectives) was evaluated. Results. Feasibility of AS appraisal from RPV, SCV and SSNV was 78%, 81% and 56%, respectively (SCV vs SSNV, p  = .009). AS were up-graded from non-apical views according to peak gradient, mean gradient, area and indexed area by 24%, 17%, 24% and 22%, respectively ( p  < .0001). Non-apical views reclassified from non-severe to severe AS, from low gradient severe to high gradient severe AS and from non-critical to critical AS 19%, 23% and 3% of cases ( p  < .0001). The 4-years hard cardiac events rate was 41% in patients with non-severe AS, 67% in patients with severe AS from non-apical views, 68% in patients with severe AS from A5CV and 80% in patients with severe AS from A5CV and non-apical views ( p  < .001). Reproducibility of AS evaluation from non-apical views was fair to excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients: SSNV = 0.44, RPV = 0.61, SCV = 0.92). Conclusion. Assessment of AS from non-apical views is feasible, reproducible and valuable over A5CV; its use is encouraged.

Abstract: The aim of our study is to assess the impact of anemia, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus on platelet reactivity (PR) in patients with severe aortic stenosis, both at baseline and after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). This study is a prespecified subanalysis of the REAC-TAVI prospective, multicenter trial that included patients pretreated with aspirin + clopidogrel before TAVI. PR was measured at baseline and at 5 different time points after TAVI with the VerifyNow assay (Accriva Diagnostics, San Diego, CA), over a 3-month follow-up period. Patients with high PR (HPR) at baseline, before TAVI (n = 48) were randomized to aspirin + clopidogrel or aspirin + ticagrelor for 3 months, whereas those with normal PR (NPR) (n = 20) were continued on aspirin + clopidogrel. A "raiser response" in PR was defined as an increase in PR units >20% of baseline after TAVI. Patients with HPR before TAVI presented concomitant anemia and chronic kidney disease more frequently than their counterparts with NPR. Anemia and higher body mass index were independently associated with HPR to clopidogrel at baseline. Moreover, anemic patients with baseline HPR who were continued on clopidogrel presented higher PR after TAVI than patients with HPR switched to ticagrelor. All patients with baseline NPR presented a "raiser response" after TAVI, which was nonexistent among patients with HPR managed with ticagrelor. In summary, anemia seems as a relevant factor associated with baseline HPR and higher PR after TAVI in patients with baseline HPR randomized to clopidogrel, whereas ticagrelor proved more effective than clopidogrel at attaining sustained reductions in PR during follow-up, regardless of baseline comorbidities., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Ticagrelor has proven more effective than clopidogrel at attaining a maintained suppression of high platelet reactivity (HPR) in aortic stenosis patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). This study aims to assess the influence of implanted valve type on the degree of platelet reactivity (PR) after TAVI., Methods: This study is a prespecified analysis of REAC-TAVI, a prospective, multicenter study that included patients on dual-antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel before TAVI. Patients with HPR (n = 48) were randomized to aspirin and clopidogrel or aspirin and ticagrelor for 3 months, while those without HPR (n = 20) were continued on aspirin and clopidogrel. PR was measured 6 hours, 24 hours, 5 days, 30 days, and 90 days after TAVI with VerifyNow assay. Bioprosthetic valves were classified as balloon-expandable valve (BEV), self-expandable valve (SEV), or other., Results: Sixty-eight patients comprising 32 BEVs, 28 SEVs, and 8 other valves were included. Devices were larger and postdilation was more frequent in the SEV group. Follow-up PR was lower in patients treated with ticagrelor vs those treated with clopidogrel at all time points after TAVI, including patients without baseline HPR (P<.001). PR after TAVI was similar in the three groups. Major cardiovascular adverse events, stroke, and hemorrhagic complications were comparable across the different bioprosthesis groups at 4-month follow-up., Conclusions: The effect of valve type on PR after TAVI is similar across the spectrum of most transcatheter valves. In our sample, ticagrelor achieved a faster and more effective reduction in PR than clopidogrel in patients with HPR undergoing TAVI, irrespective of valve type.

Introduction: The latest European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure (HF) guidelines define three types of HF according to the ejection fraction (EF): HF with reduced EF (HFrEF) when EF<40%, HF with mid-range EF (HFmrEF), when EF 40-49%, and HF with preserved EF (HFpEF) when EF≥50%. The objective of this study was to analyse the characteristics and results of elderly patients hospitalised with HF according to the new classification using EF., Methods: A prospective study was carried out with 531 HF patients aged ≥75 years classified according to EF, and admitted in the geriatric wards of 6 hospitals in Spain. An analysis was performed on the demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as well as the morbidity and mortality at one year of follow-up., Results: As regards EF, 17.1% had HFrEF, 10% had HFmrEF, and 72.9% had HFpEF. Patients with HFmrEF were more similar to those with HFrEF in terms of a younger age, predominance of men, and previous admission due to HF. This was also the case with the use of drugs for neurohormonal blockade. Patients with HFrEF (compared to those with HFmrEF and HFpEF), had higher mortality (35.2%, 24.5%, and 25.6%, respectively), more readmissions for HF (17.6%, 15.1%, and 14.5%, respectively), and more events (61.5%, 45.3%, and 52.5%, respectively), although there were no significant differences. There were also no differences observed in the survival analysis between the EF groups and the time-dependent outcome variables., Conclusions: In elderly patients hospitalised with HF, those classified as HFmrEF did not show any clear differences with respect to those with HFrEF or HFpEF. There were no differences in terms of morbidity and mortality., (Copyright © 2020 SEGG. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Lack of INR controls might affect the adherence to direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC). The vast majority of studies that addresses adherence to anticoagulants are retrospective and based on pharmacy refill data. Our aim was to compare the adherence between vitamin K antagonists (VKA) and DOAC and to analyze the clinical relevance of non-adherence., Materials and Methods: A prospective two-arm observational cohort study was performed in two Spanish public hospitals. Adherence was assessed by Medication Event Monitoring System. Relationship between adherence and events during follow-up and time in therapeutic range (TTR) in the VKA group were analyzed., Results: 257 patients were included (132 DOAC and 125 VKA). Monitoring time was 120 days (101-133). Patients in VKA group showed higher taking adherence (97.9% vs. 95.8%) and less non-adherent patients of >5% and >10% of the doses, without differences in >20% of the doses. Taking adherence was strongly associated with TTR (AUC: 0.89, CI 95%: 0.81-0.97 of TTR for detection of non-adherent patients of >10% of doses). During a follow-up of 1.8 years (1.6-2) non-adherent patients of >5% of doses presented more thromboembolic events (HR 6.1, CI95% 1.3-28.1)., Conclusions: Although adherence to oral anticoagulant therapy was excellent, it was higher to VKA than to DOAC. Time in therapeutic range was highly sensitive to few missed doses of AVK. Non-adherence of >5% of prescribed doses had high clinical relevance., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in oldest old patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) in daily clinical practice has not been systematically assessed. This study examined the safety of DOACs and dicumarol (a vitamin K antagonist) in NVAF geriatric patients., Design: Prospective study from January 2010 through June 2015, with follow-up through January 2016., Setting: Geriatric medicine department at a tertiary hospital., Participants: A total of 554 outpatients, 75 years or older, diagnosed of NVAF and starting oral anticoagulation., Measurements: The main outcome was bleeding, which was classified into major (including those life-threatening) and nonmajor episodes. Statistical analyses were performed with Cox regression., Results: A total of 351 patients received DOACs and 193 dicumarol. Patients on DOACs were older, with more frequent comorbidities, mobility limitation and disability in activities of daily living, as well as higher mortality, than those treated with dicumarol. The incidence of any bleeding was 19.2/100 person-years among patients on DOACs and 13.7/100 person-years on dicumarol; corresponding figures for major bleeding were 5.2 for those on DOACs, and 3.3 for those on dicumarol. In crude analyses, hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for any bleeding, and for mayor bleeding in patients on DOACs vs dicumarol were 1.60 (1.04-2.44) and 2.22 (0.88-5.59), respectively. Excess risk of bleeding associated with DOACs vs dicumarol disappeared after adjustment for clinical characteristics, so that corresponding figures were 1.19 (0.68-2.08) and 1.01 (0.35-2.93). Results did not vary across subgroups of high-risk patients., Conclusion: In very old patients with NVAF, the higher risk of bleeding associated with DOACs vs dicumarol could be mostly explained by the worse clinical profile of patients receiving DOACs. Risk of bleeding was rather high, and warrants close clinical monitoring., (Copyright © 2018 AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Beta-blocker doses that have been shown to be effective in randomized clinical trials are not commonly used in daily clinical practice. The aim of this study was to analyze whether there is a prognostic benefit of high rather than low doses of beta-blockers after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS)., Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 2092 ACS patients discharged from hospital between June 2013 and January 2016 were classified according to the beta-blocker dose prescribed: high dose (≥50% of the target dose tested in clinical trials) and low dose (<50%). Two groups of 501 matched patients were obtained through propensity score matching according to treatment with high or low doses of beta-blockers. The prognostic impact (mortality) during follow-up of high vs. low dose was analyzed by Cox regression and represented by Kaplan-Meier curves., Results: Of the 2092 patients, 80.5% were discharged under beta-blockers, with lower mortality during follow-up (18.6±9.7 months). Of the 1685 patients discharged under beta-blockers, only 31.4% received high doses. There were no differences in mortality during follow-up between patients under high-dose vs. low-dose beta-blockers (HR 0.935, 95% CI 0.628-1.392, p=0.740), and the equivalence between the two doses remained after propensity score matching (HR 1.183, 95% CI 0.715-1.958, p=0.513)., Conclusion: No prognostic benefit was found in terms of mortality for high-dose vs. low-dose beta-blockers after an ACS., (Copyright © 2018 Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction and Objectives: Health literacy (HL) has been associated with lower mortality in heart failure (HF). However, the results of previous studies may not be generalizable because the research was conducted in relatively young and highly-educated patients in United States settings. This study assessed the association of HL with disease knowledge, self-care, and all-cause mortality among very old patients, with a very low educational level., Methods: This prospective study was performed in 556 patients (mean age, 85 years), with high comorbidity, admitted for HF to the geriatric acute-care unit of 6 hospitals in Spain. About 74% of patients had less than primary education and 71% had preserved systolic function. Health literacy was assessed with the Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Spanish-speaking Adults questionnaire, knowledge of HF with the DeWalt questionnaire, and HF self-care with the European Heart Failure Self-Care Behaviour Scale., Results: Disease knowledge progressively increased with HL; compared with being in the lowest (worse) tertile of HL, the multivariable beta coefficient (95%CI) of the HF knowledge score was 0.60 (0.01-1.19) in the second tertile and 0.87 (0.24-1.50) in the highest tertile, P-trend = .008. However, no association was found between HL and HF self-care. During the 12 months of follow-up, there were 189 deaths. Compared with being in the lowest tertile of HL, the multivariable HR (95%CI) of mortality was 0.84 (0.56-1.27) in the second tertile and 0.99 (0.65-1.51) in the highest tertile, P-trend = .969., Conclusions: No association was found between HL and 12-month mortality. This could be partly due to the lack of a link between HL and self-care., (Copyright © 2017 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: Most studies on the association between the frailty syndrome and adverse health outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF) have used non-standard definitions of frailty. This study examined the association of frailty, diagnosed by well-accepted criteria, with mortality, readmission and functional decline in very old ambulatory patients with HF., Methods: Prospective study with 497 patients in six Spanish hospitals and followed up during one year. Mean (SD) age was 85.2 (7.3) years, and 79.3% had LVEF >45%. Frailty was diagnosed as having ≥3 of the 5 Fried criteria. Readmission was defined as a new episode of hospitalisation lasting >24h, and functional decline as an incident limitation in any activity of daily living at the 1-year visit. Statistical analyses were performed with Cox and logistic regression, as appropriate, and adjusted for the main prognostic factors at baseline., Results: At baseline, 57.5% of patients were frail. The adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for mortality among frail versus non-frail patients was 1.93 (1.20-3.27). Mortality was higher among patients with low physical activity [1.64 (1.10-2.45)] or exhaustion [1.83 (1.21-2.77)]. Frailty was linked to increased risk of readmission [1.66 (1.17-2.36)] and functional decline [odds ratio 1.67 (1.01-2.79)]. Slow gait speed was related to functional decline [odds ratio 3.59 (1.75-7.34)]. A higher number of frailty criteria was associated with a higher risk of the three study outcomes (P trend<0.01 in each outcome)., Conclusions: Frailty was associated with increased risk of 1-year mortality, hospital readmission and functional decline among older ambulatory patients with HF., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The role of frailty as a prognostic factor in non-selected patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (SAS) is still uncertain. This study aims to examine the association between the frailty syndrome and mortality among very old patients with symptomatic SAS, and to assess whether the association varies with the type of SAS treatment., Methods and Results: Prospective study of 606 patients aged ≥75years with symptomatic SAS, recruited from February 2010 to January 2015, who were followed up through June 2015. At baseline, frailty was defined as having at least three of the following five criteria: muscle weakness, slow gait speed, low physical activity, exhaustion, and unintentional weight loss. Statistical analyses were performed with multivariate Cox regression. At baseline, 49.3% patients were frail. During a mean follow-up of 98weeks, 35.3% of patients died. The hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of mortality among frail versus non-frail patients was 1.83 (1.33-2.51). The corresponding results were 1.58 (1.09-2.28) among patients under medical treatment, 3.06 (1.25-7.50) in those with transcatheter aortic valve replacement, and 1.97 (0.83-4.67) in those with surgical aortic valve replacement, p for interaction=0.21. When the frailty criteria were considered separately, mortality was also higher among patients with slow gait speed [1.52 (1.05-2.19)] or low physical activity [1.35 (1.00-1.85)]., Conclusions: Frailty is associated with increased mortality among patients with symptomatic SAS, and this association does not vary with the type of SAS treatment. Future studies evaluating the benefits of different treatments in SAS patients should account for baseline frailty., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is rare condition characterized by a challenging diagnosis and unfavorable prognosis at advance stages. At present, injury from radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation has become the main cause of the disease. PVS is characterized by a progressive lumen size reduction of one or more pulmonary veins that, when hemodynamically significant, may raise lobar capillary pressure leading to signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, and hemoptysis. Image techniques (transesophageal echocardiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance and perfusion imaging) are essential to reach a final diagnosis and decide an appropriate therapy. In this regard, series from referral centers have shown that surgical and transcatheter interventions may improve prognosis. The purpose of this article is to review the etiology, assessment and management of PVS.

Background: The aim of this study is to assess whether a simple comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) score predicts hospital mortality among very elderly patients admitted with heart failure (HF)., Methods: This is a prospective follow-up of 581 individuals aged ≥75 years admitted for decompensated HF to an acute geriatric unit from October 2006 to September 2009. A CGA score (range, 0-10) was constructed using baseline individual data on 5 domains: dependence in activities of daily living (Katz index), mobility (qualitative mobility scale), cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination), comorbidity (Charlson index), and number of prescribed medications., Results: Mean age of patients was 85.8 ± 5.8 years, 67% were women, and 75% had preserved ventricular function (ejection fraction >45%). Fifty percent of patients required assistance in ≥1 activities of daily living, 66% had mobility problems, 45% had cognitive impairment, the mean Charlson index was 3.97 ± 3.01, and 36% had >7 medications prescribed. As a result, the mean CGA score was 4.8 ± 2.2. Hospital mortality was 8.2%. In multivariate analysis, variables associated with hospital mortality included New York Heart Association functional class III (odds ratio [OR] 4.1, 95% CI 1.5-10.8), class IV (OR 19.6, 95% CI 6.3-61), pulmonary edema on chest radiography (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.3-6.6), renal failure (OR 2.8, 95% 1.2-6.2), and the CGA score (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.02-1.4 for each point of increment). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.856 (95% CI 0.790-0.921), and the model classified 93.4% of cases correctly., Conclusions: In our cohort of very old patients with HF, a simple CGA score predicts hospital mortality., (Copyright © 2012 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction and Objectives: In moderate or high risk non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome, clinical practice guidelines recommend a coronary angiography with intent to revascularize. However, evidence to support this recommendation in very elderly patients is poor., Methods: All patients over 85 years old admitted to our hospital between 2004 and 2009 with a diagnosis of non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome were retrospectively included. Using a propensity score, patients undergoing the interventional approach and those undergoing conservative management were matched and compared for survival and survival without ischemic events., Results: We included 228 consecutive patients with a mean age of 88 years (range: 85 to 101). Those in the interventional approach group (n=100) were younger, with a higher proportion of males and less comorbidity, less cognitive impairment and lower troponin I levels compared with patients in the conservative management group (n=128). We matched 63 patients from the interventional approach group and 63 from the conservative management group using propensity score. In the matched patients, the interventional approach group exhibited better survival (log rank 4.24; P=.039) and better survival free of ischemic events (log rank 8.63; P=.003) at the 3-year follow-up. In the whole population, adjusted for propensity score quintiles, the interventional approach group had lower mortality (hazard ratio 0.52; 95% confidence interval: 0.32-0.85) and a better survival free of ischemic events (hazard ratio 0.48; 95% confidence interval: 0.32-0.74)., Conclusions: Nearly all the very elderly patients admitted with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome were of moderate or high risk. In these patients, the interventional approach was associated with overall better survival and better survival free of ischemic events., (Copyright © 2011 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Background and Aims: Although the incidence of falls and syncope increase with age, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, particularly in very old patients. We report diagnostic outcomes of tilt table and carotid sinus massage (TT/CSM) testing in a population of older old subjects (82% over 80 years of age) referred for TT/CSM from a falls clinic for assessment of syncope or unexplained falls., Methods: Prospective observational study between January 1, 2001 and January 1, 2005 involving 290 consecutive subjects undergoing TT/CSM testing according to European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope., Results: Combination of TT/CSM provided a positive result in 62% of subjects, and was significantly more likely to be positive in subjects over the age of 80 (68% vs 50%, p=0.001). Carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) was the most common diagnosis, and was significantly more common in subjects over 80 (48% vs 34%, p=0.022) particularly due to a higher incidence of mixed CSS (16% vs 7%, p=0.023). There was no significant difference in the diagnosis of subjects referred due to falls and those reporting syncope (p=0.93). No cardiovascular or neurological adverse events occurred., Conclusions: In our cohort of very elderly patients, the diagnostic accuracy of tilt testing and carotid sinus massage was high and adverse incidents absent when testing was indicated by a geriatrician experienced in the assessment of falls and syncope. We advocate the use of TT/CSM testing as part of a comprehensive falls/syncope assessment for the diagnostic evaluation of older patients presenting with unexplained falls and/or syncope in whom structured assessment has not identified a cause for their symptoms.