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Aim. Assess the health risk of a cold environment by bioclimatic indices characterizing weather and climatic conditions in the Arctic zone of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.Materials and methods. The mean monthly daily ambient temperature, wind speed and relative air humidity were determined. The body cooling conditions integral index (BCCII) and the wind-cold index (WCI) were calculated.Results and their discussion. Using the BCCII from 4 to 6 months a year at Cape Chelyuskin, the critical risk of frostbite in exposed areas of the body determined at Dixon Island from 4 to 5 months a year; in July and August, the indicator values reached the lower border of the “moderate risk”. Using the WCI, an uncomfortable cold environment was determined, respectively, 2 months and 4 months, a very cold — 3 months and 2 months, and an extremely cold — 3 months and 2 months.Conclusion. The advantage of using BCCII rather than WCI is shown, since on its basis the criteria for safe working conditions in an open area are determined. To interpret the value of “no risk” while using WCI, it is necessary to know the period of the year, in which the weather and climatic conditions are assessed as a cold environment.

An attempt is made to determine the 11B/10B ratio in the ~0.1 to 1.0 GeV/nucleon region of energies using the 2006–2014 PAMELA data on the rigidity and velocity of detected nuclei and estimate for the first time the 14C/12C ratio at energies of ~0.1 to 1.5 GeV/nucleon using the PAMELA data for boron. Results from an isotopic analysis of boron and carbon nuclei in galactic cosmic rays (12С and 13С spectra, upper limits for 14С, and 14C/12C ratios as a function of the rigidity and energy of nuclei) are compared to the limited measuring data. The data on the 14C/12C ratio allow estimates of the lower limits of distances to possible local 14С sources.

U–Pb zircon dating of felsic volcanic rocks from the Konachan Complex (Algan Mountains, northwestern Koryak Highland) confirmed their Late Miocene age (34.6 ± 0.5–38.8 ± 0.4 Ma, Priabonian). It is shown that these rocks are represented by moderate-potassium peraluminous (ASI = 1.23–1.30), moderate- and high-Mg varieties, frequently with high Cr and Ni contents. The Sr, Y, and Yb contents are similar to those of adakites. The high 143Nd/144Nd and low 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the rocks of the complex in combination with their trace and rare-earth distribution patterns suggest that metabasites weakly contaminated by sedimentary material were one source of silicic melt. The magmatic rocks of the Konachan Complex were formed during accretion of the terranes of the Olyutorka–Eastern Kamchatka island-arc system; the compression locked the upwelling front of continental asthenosphere, thus initiating crustal anatexis and silicic magmatism.

The isotopic dating of U-Pb by the zircon method of volcanic acid zircons of the Konachan complex (Algansky mountains, northwestern part of the Koryak highlands) confirmed their Late Eocene age (34.6 ± 0.5-38.8 ± 0.4 Ma, Priabon). It has been shown that silicic rocks are represented by moderately potassium, peraluminous (ASI = 1.23–1.30), moderately and high magnesian differences, often with a high content of Cr and Ni. The contents of Sr, Y and Yb are adakite. High ratios of 143Nd/144Nd and low 87Sr/86Sr in the rocks of the complex, the distribution pattern of rare and rare-earth elements suggest that the source of salite melt, to some extent contaminated by sedimentary material, was metabasites. The formation of the Konachan complex is caused by magmatism during accretion of terranes of the Olyutor-East Kamchatka island-arc system [27]; compression processes led to the blocking of the upwelling front of the continental asthenosphere, initiating intense crustal anatexis and silicate magmatism.

The article considers 30 solar flare events during which the spectra of solar cosmic-ray (SCR) protons with energies above ~80 MeV were recorded in the course of the PAMELA experiment (July 2006–September 2014) and those with energies above ~0.4 GeV recorded during the AMS-02 experiments (June 2011–September 2014). The Konus-Wind data are analyzed for the same time period (2006–2014), during which 176 events with photon energies below 1 MeV and 16 events with energies above 1 MeV were observed. Gamma rays with energies of 1–15 MeV and SCR protons with energies above ~0.1 GeV were simultaneously recorded during only one flare. In the other 15 events, a correlation was noted between the Konus-Wind data and GOES observations of fluxes of SCR protons with energies of ~10–100 MeV. The spectra and angular distributions of solar gamma rays entering into the interplanetary space are calculated with the Monte Carlo method. The ratio of the intensities of gamma-ray 511-keV and 2.223-MeV lines is shown to strongly depend on the profile of the SCR proton spectrum. Observations of the 2.223-MeV line cannot help in the search for solar flares with the generation of solar neutrons and deuterium nuclei.

The age of the Bilyakchan Group, representing the northern fragment of the Ulkan–Bilyakchan volcano-plutonic belt of the Okhotsk Massif and Siberian platform junction zone is established for the first time (2055–2050 Ma). This age is determined in accordance with the U–Pb age of intruded leucogranites of the Nudym complex (2050 ± 3.3 Ma) and the U–Pb age of the youngest population of detrital zircon grains from sandstone of the Bilyakchan Group (2054 ± 9 Ma). Early Paleoproterozoic rocks (2110–2050 Ma) dominated in the provenance area of the Bilyakchan graben. The Bilyakchan Group turned out to be 300–350 Ma older than the Ulkan volcano-plutonic complex to which it was correlated earlier. The origination of the Bilyakchan graben reflects the stage of detachment of the Okhotsk Massif from the Siberian platform in the Early Paleoproterozoic.

Mantle xenoliths were found in alkaline basalts of Tokinsky Stanovik (TSt) in the Dzhugdzhur-Stanovoy superterrane (DS) and Vitim plateau (VP) in the Barguzin–Vitim superterrane (BV) (Stanovoy suture area) at junction of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) and the Siberian craton (SC). Xenoliths from TSt basalts are represented by spinel lherzolites, harzburgites, wehrlites; while VP basalts frequently contain spinel–garnet and garnet peridotites lherzolites, and pyroxenites. Xenoliths in kimberlites of the Siberian craton are mainly represented by garnet-bearing lherzolites with abundant eclogite xenoliths (age of 2.7–3.1 Ga), which were not found in mantle of superterranes. The Re-Os determinations point to the Early Archean age of peridotites and eclogites from mantle beneath the Siberian craton. The major and trace (rare-earth and high-filed strength) elements and Nd-Sr-Os composition were analyzed in the peridotites (predominant rocks) of lithospheric mantle at junction of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and Siberian Craton. The degree of rock depletion in CaO and Al2O3 and enrichment in MgO relative to the primitive mantle in the peridotites of the Dzhugdzhur–Stanovoy superterrane is close to that of the Siberian craton. The peridotites of the Barguzin–Vitim superterrane are characterized by much lower degree of depletion and have mainly a primitive composition. Mantle melting degree reaches up to 45–50% in the Siberian Craton and Dzhugdzhur-Stanovoy superterrane, and is less than 25% in the Barguzin–Vitim terrane. The mantle peridotites of the craton as compared to those of adjacent superterranes are enriched in Ba, Rb, Th, Nb, and Ta and depleted in Y and REE from Sm to Lu. However, all studied peridotites are characterized by mainly superchondritic values of Nb/Ta (>17.4), Zr/Hf (>36.1), Nb/Y (>0.158), and Zr/Y (>2.474). The Nb/Y ratio is predominantly >1.0 in SC peridotites and 0.115 but usually lower than 0.1296 (primitive upper mantle value) in the peridotites of the Dzhugdzhur–Stanovoy and Barguzin–Vitim superterranes. Thus, the geochemical and isotopic composition of peridotites indicates different compositions and types of mantle beneath the Siberian craton and adjacent superterranes of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt in the Early Archean, prior to the formation of 2.7–3.1 Ga eclogites in the cratonic mantle.

Time-dependent energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) carry fundamental information regarding their origin and propagation. When observed at the Earth, these spectra are significantly affected by the solar wind and the embedded solar magnetic field that permeates the heliosphere, changing significantly over an 11-year solar cycle. Energy spectra of GCRs measured during different epochs of solar activity provide crucial information for a thorough understanding of solar and heliospheric phenomena. The PAMELA experiment had collected data for almost ten years (15th June 2006 - 23rd January 2016), including the minimum phase of solar cycle 23 and the maximum phase of solar cycle 24. In this paper, we present new spectra for helium nuclei measured by the PAMELA instrument from January 2010 to September 2014 over a three Carrington rotation time basis. These data are compared to the PAMELA spectra measured during the previous solar minimum providing a picture of the time dependence of the helium nuclei fluxes over a nearly full solar cycle. Time and rigidity dependencies are observed in the proton-to-helium flux ratios. The force-field approximation of the solar modulation was used to relate these dependencies to the shapes of the local interstellar proton and helium-nuclei spectra., 9 pages, 5 figures

Analysis of the isotope composition of nuclei in galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in the PAMELA orbital international experiment allows studying the problems of cosmic-ray origin and propagation in our Galaxy. PAMELA magnetic spectrometer data provided the significant progress in the study of the light nuclei isotope composition of GCR from H to Be in the energy range ∼0.1–1 GeV/nucleon. This makes it possible to estimate the contribution of local (∼100 pc) young (∼106 years) interstellar sources (LISS) into GCR fluxes from supernova explosions. The analysis of boron (B) isotope fluxes in the GCR has so far been carried out only in the energy range ∼0.08–0.17 GeV/nucleon in the space experiments Voyager, Ulysses, ACE. In the present contribution the attempt was done to determine the 11B/10B ratio in the energy range ∼0.1–1.0 GeV/nucleon for the first time on the base of 2006–2014 PAMELA data using the measurements of the detected nuclei rigidities, velocities and ionization losses in a multilayer calorimeter. The new PAMELA results are consistent with existing as experimental data and those expected from simulations. However the statistical and systematic measurement uncertainties do not allow to separate the local boron source contributions into GCR fluxes. The preliminary results of the boron isotope flux analysis in GCR (10B, 11B spectra and 11B/10B ratio dependences on the rigidity and energy) are presented as well as the existing measurement data and simulation results.

Paper presents results of isotope studies of primary igneous and sedimentary rocks of Mawson and Menzies series from the southern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica. Obtained data show that igneous protholith crystallization of Mawson orthogneiss occurred at 3164,2±9,2-3163,2±7,8 Ma ago. The Mawson orthogneiss were a basement for Menzies series sediment. The maximum time of sediment deposition is estimated to be in the range of 3,0-3,1 Ga. Sediment protholith involves an admixture of Paleoarchean material.

The results are presented from measuring the isotopic composition of lithium and beryllium nuclei in galactic cosmic rays with energies of up to ~1 GeV/nucleon, obtained with the best statistical and methodical reliability in the PAMELA orbital experiment in 2006–2014. The time-of-flight analysis of nuclei in a scintillation telescope and an analysis of the distributions of ionization losses of the nuclei in the tracker and multilayer calorimeter of the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer with the rigidity known from measuring the path in the magnet gap are used. The analysis uses the results from GEANT4 modeling of the distribution of the time of flight and the ionization losses of nuclear isotopes in the calorimeter with a rigidity step of 0.2 GV, which are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental distributions. Nuclear charges are determined from the scintillation telescope data of the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer. The spectra of 6Li, 7Li, 7Be, 9Be, and 10Be isotopes are obtained, depending on their rigidity, energy, and ratios. The results from measurements are compared to existing experimental and calculated data. Based on new data on the isotopic composition of Li and Be nuclei, the contribution from local light-nucleus sources from recent (~1 million years) nearby (~100 ps) supernova explosions to the intensity of galactic cosmic rays is estimated for the first time.

This work presents results of isotope studies of primary igneous and sedimentary rocks of Mawson and Menzies series from the southern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica. The data obtained show that the crystallization of the protolith of Mawson orthogneisses occurred at 3164.2 ± 9.2--3163.2 ± 7.8 Ma ago. The Mawson orthogneisses were the basement for accumulation of the deposits of the Menzies series. The maximum time of the deposition is estimated to be in a range of 3.0--3.1 Ga. The protolith of Menzies sedimentary deposits contains an admixture of the Paleoarchean material.

In this communication, we report geochemical and Sm-Nd isotope data of Banded Iron Formation (BIF) from Kola-Karelia (Fennoscandian shield), East-European Platform and Bundelkhand craton, N-E India. The BIFs from Kola-Karelia (Algoma type), and Bundelkhand Craton (Algoma type), north-central India, and East-European Platform (Superior type) characterized by alternate domains of quartz-rich and iron-rich layers. Except for magnetite and hematite, orthopyroxene, amphibole, and garnet are the other dominant minerals present the BIF’s. The shale-normalized REE spectra of iron-rich layers of Bundelkhand, Kola-Karelia and East European BIFs are similar. The eNd[t] for silica-rich layers is higher compared to the iron-rich layers for all studied samples. The higher eNd[t] values (around +5.0) for silica-rich layers from Kola-Karelia, Bundelkhand BIF and East European Platform suggest a juvenile source for silica. The lower eNd[t] values (−5 to +2) for iron-rich layers from the same samples implies continental source for the iron. The present study suggests that the sedimentation mechanisms of silica and iron for Algoma as well as Superior types BIFs are similar despite spatial diversity.

The article presents the results of U-Pb in zircon and Nd-isotope study of the adakite granites of the Goryachinsky pluton, exposed along the Baikal coast in the section of termination of the package of shear tectonic plates of the Baikal-Muya belt. The Early Cambrian age of granitoids, which is unusual for the Northern Baikal region, is 545 ± 6 Ma. According to the authors, new geological and isotopic data indicate the formation of the studied granitoids at the final stage of the Late Baikal shear tectogenesis, which caused the manifestation of adakite magmatism within the Baikal-Muya belt.

Results are presented for the first time from the PAMELA orbital experiment of 2006–2014. Observations record 2H isotopes with energies above ~50 MeV/nucleon and 3He isotopes with energies above ~90 MeV/nucleon in solar flares. Time-of-flight analysis of nuclei that have rigidities known from orbital experiments with the scintillation telescope of the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer is used for isotope selection, along with data on their ionization losses in the strip detectors of the tracker. The spectra of 1Н and 4Не in solar cosmic rays are used in GEANT4 simulation of the 2H and 3Не nuclei generation in solar matter to assess the spatial scale of the region of isotope generation. Additional acceleration of the 2H and 3Не nuclei during flares is likely revealed.

New results of U–Pb zircon and Nd–isotope analyses of the Goryachinskiy Pluton adakite granites have been obtained. The pluton is exposed along the Baikal coast in the section where a section of sheared tectonic sheets of the Baikal–Muya Belt wedges out. The determined Early Cambrian (545 ± 6 Ma) age of the granitoids is unusual in the Northern Baikal region. These new geological and isotopic data are interpreted as an indication of the formation of the granitoids studied at the final stage of the Late Baikal strike–slip tectonics, which caused the pulse of the adakite magmatism within the Baikal–Muya belt.

This paper presents the results of U–Pb isotope–geochronological study on zircons from subalkali gabbros and granodiorites of the Dogaldyn intrusive massif located in the Karalon–Mamakan zone of the Baikal–Muya belt. The ages of 254 ± 2 and 256 ± 1 Ma yielded for rocks of the two main intrusion phases do not differ significantly from each other and correspond to the Late Permian period. The Nd-isotope and geochemical data indicate the relationship between the primary melts of intraplate rocks from the Dogaldyn Massif and various sources, including plume–mantle and ancient crustal ones. The manifestations of Late Permian intraplate magmatic activity in the Baikal–Muya belt could have been induced by the Iberian superplume framed by the Siberian trap province.

We present a study of the solar-cycle variations of >80 MeV proton flux intensities in the lower edge of the inner radiation belt, based on the measurements of the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) mission. The analyzed data sample covers an ~8 year interval from 2006 July to 2014 September, thus spanning from the decaying phase of the 23rd solar cycle to the maximum of the 24th cycle. We explored the intensity temporal variations as a function of drift shell and proton energy, also providing an explicit investigation of the solar-modulation effects at different equatorial pitch angles. PAMELA observations offer new important constraints for the modeling of low-altitude particle radiation environment at the highest trapping energies., accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters

We present a study of the east-west anisotropy of trapped-proton fluxes in low-Earth orbit based on the measurements of the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) experiment. The differential intensities of eastward- and westward-traveling protons detected in the South Atlantic Anomaly region were estimated as a function of equatorial pitch angle and drift shell, for six energy bins between 80 MeV and 2 GeV. We found that, as a consequence of the strong atmospheric gradient coupled with the large gyroradius in this energy range, the intensities of eastward fluxes exceed those of westward fluxes by a factor of ∼10-20. However, the reported directional asymmetry also depends on the sign of the local flux gradient, resulting in more intense westward fluxes beyond the radial distances where the inner belt peaks. PAMELA observations can be used to improve the description of the near-Earth radiation environment at lowest altitudes and highest trapping energies, where current theoretical and empirical models are affected by the largest uncertainties.

Precise time-dependent measurements of the Z = 2 component in the cosmic radiation provide crucial information about the propagation of charged particles through the heliosphere. The PAMELA experiment, with its long flight duration (2006 June 15-2016 January 23) and the low energy threshold (80 MeV/n) is an ideal detector for cosmic-ray solar modulation studies. In this paper, the helium nuclei spectra measured by the PAMELA instrument from 2006 July to 2009 December over a Carrington rotation time basis are presented. A state-of-the-art three-dimensional model for cosmic-ray propagation inside the heliosphere was used to interpret the time-dependent measured fluxes. Proton-to-helium flux ratio time profiles at various rigidities are also presented in order to study any features that could result from the different masses and local interstellar spectra shapes.

The work presents the K–Ar isotope age (54–65 Ma) and isotope–geochemical composition of the post-subduction volcanics which compose the basalt nappes in the Bolshaya Garmanda River valley (North Okhotsk Region). It is established that the age of the Garmanda volcanics differs from that of the rocks of the Kytyima Formation, in the composition of which these volcanics were earlier studied. The isotope contents of Sr and Nd and low concentrations of heavy rare earth elements (HREE) relative to the MORB composition indicate the moderately depleted composition of the mantle source. The enrichment of the volcanics with large-ion lithophilic elements (LILE) can be explained by the role of fluids captured by the melts in the course of melting of the continental crust transformed as a result of the subduction metasomatism.

The paper present new data on the geology of the Karalon gold ore field in northern Buryatia, including its regional position and a brief description of the mineralization, gold–sulfide and gold–quartz–low-sulfide ore objects, host rocks, and complexes, which are components that make up juvenile Late Neoproterozoic Earth’s crust formed in the course of rifting. Paleozoic dike series are characterized, as well as the ore-controlling complex of beresite–listvenite metasomatic rocks. Regularities in the emplacement of gold objects and their control are generalized. Veins and veinlets of gold–quartz mineralization are hosted in gently and steeply dipping structures in the ore field, which formed prior to the intrusive Dogaldyn massif of subalkaline rocks 252 Ma ago.

One unsolved problem of Archean metallogeny of the Russian part of the Fennoscandian Shield is related to the period of formation of orogenic gold deposits, the age of which was previously considered Early Proterozoic. Comprehensive studies identified the complex evolution of ores from the Novye Peski deposit and the first Neoarchean Sm–Nd isochron isotopic age (2583 ± 16 Ma) of the formation of orogenic gold of the Karelian Craton. A significant positive eNd(t) value of +4.7 of gold-bearing metasomatites probably points to the link between the ore-forming fluid and the deep mantle source.

Preliminary results of measurements of the solar modulation of the isotopic hydrogen and helium content in galactic cosmic rays are presented for the first time. These data were obtained between 2006 and 2014 in the PAMELA international orbital experiment via measuring the time of flight of nuclei in the Pamela scintillation telescope and via analyzing, in the multilayered calorimeter of the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer, ionization losses of nuclei whose rigidity was known from trajectory measurements and which traversed the instrument without undergoing nuclear interactions. The results of these measurements are compared with existing experimental and calculated data, which are quite scanty.

The Kichera zone of the Baikal–Muya Belt consists of alternating tectonic plates with rocks of different metamorphic facies. Garnet–cordierite–sillimanite gneiss from the tectonic fragment in granite–gneiss of the Baikal massif with an age of 755 ± 15 Ma from the Goremyka plate and two-pyroxene schist of the granulite complex with an age of 617 ± 5 Ma from the Boguchan plate were studied. Thermobarometric studies of these key metamorphic rocks were carried out using the avPT (THERMOCALC) and TWEEQU (TWQ 2.01) methods. The P–T parameters estimated for the cordierite⎯sillimanite gneiss of the Goremyka plate correspond to the boundary between the amphibolite and granulite facies. Granulites of the Boguchan plate belong to the HT–LP type. Exhumation of metamorphic rocks could be caused by extension upon the evolution of the Late Baikal rifting.

The Paleoarchean age (3.34 Ga) of subalkali granite magmatism first established for the Kukhtui uplift of the Okhotsk Massif suggests a formation time of the mature continental K-rich crust in this region as early as the Paleoarchean. According to the geological structural, mineralogical–geochemical, geochronological, and isotopic–geochemical data, the Kukhtui uplift can be considered as the most ancient Paleoarchean province in Russia: the ancient consolidation core of the sialic protocrust of the Okhotsk–Omolon Craton.

New isotopic-geochemical data are reported on the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene ultrapotassic volcanic rocks of the alkaline–ultrabasic complex of the Valagin Ridge, Eastern Kamchatka. The high Mg, low Ca and Al contents at high K/Na ratios in these rocks make them similar to the Mediterranean-type lamproites and ultrapotassic rocks. The low contents of high-field strength (HFSE) and heavy rare-earth (HREE) elements relative to the MORB composition, and the low Sr and high Nd isotopic ratios indicate the formation of their primary melts from a depleted mantle source. The enrichment of the ultrapotassic rocks in the large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) can be explained by the fluid influx in melts during melting of subsided oceanic crust.

The first results of U–Pb SIMS geochronological and Nd–Sr isotope–geochemical studies of the Yurovka Complex metavolcanics and granitoids of the Luktur Complex belonging to the Yurovka Swell yielded a Paleoproterozoic age of their formation pointing to a considerable Paleoproterozoic continental crust formation event. These data allow us to reconsider existing ideas about the similarity of the composition and age of the basement of the Yurovka Swell and that of the Paleoarchaean Kukhtui Swell of the Okhotsk Massif.

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (3He/4He, 40Ar/36Ar, 34S/32S, 65Cu/63Cu, 62Ni/60Ni, 87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd, 206–208Pb/204Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.

Analysis of the isotopic composition of nuclei in galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in the orbital experiment of the PAMELA collaboration makes it possible to study the problems of the origin and propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. The data of the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer, due to their high statistical and methodological accuracy, ensured significant progress in the study of the isotopic composition of light nuclei from H to Be in GCR in the energy range ~ 0.1-1 GeV/nucleon and for the first time made it possible to estimate the contribution to GCR of Local Interstellar Sources (LIS) from close (∼ 100 pc) of recent (~ million years) supernova explosions. To date, the isotopic composition of beryllium nuclei in GCR has been measured only for 7Be./9Be, 10Be/9Be ratios in the energy range of ∼ 100 MeV/nucleon in the space experiments IMP 7/8, Voyager, Ulysses, ACE/CRIS and for 10Be/9Be in balloon experiment with a superconducting magnet ISOMAX-98 for energies 0.2-1.0 and 1.1-2.0 GeV/nucleon. In this work, using flight data PAMELA 2006-2014, on the rigidity of the detected nuclei and their velocity (time-of-flight analysis and ionization losses in the multilayer calorimeter of the instrument), a new analysis of the isotopic composition of beryllium nuclei in the energy range of ~ 0.1-1.4 GeV/nucleon has been carried out. The results of isotopic analysis of beryllium nuclei in GCR (spectra 7Be, 9Be, 10Be and 7Be/9Be, 10Be/9Be - ratio depending on the rigidity and energy of nuclei) in comparison with the existing measurement and calculation data will be presented.

We studied the Sm–Nd, Rb–Sr, and Re–Os isotope compositions of mantle xenoliths (eclogites and peridotites) from diamondiferous kimberlites of the Catoca cluster of the Kasai Craton. In the eclogites, the primary strontium isotope composition 87Sr/86Sr varies from 0.7056 to 0.7071, and the neodymium isotope composition εNd, from 1.8 to 2.6. The 187Re/188Os and 187Os/188Os ratios range from 135 to 80 and from 1.3110 to 1.9709, respectively, which indicates a significant portion of radiogenic 187Os: γOs = 129-147. These isotope values exceed the values assumed for model reservoirs (primitive upper mantle (PUM) and bulk silicate Earth (BSE)) and those of chondrites. The isotope composition of the studied systems indicates the formation of eclogites from a rhenium-enriched source, namely, the subducted oceanic crust transformed as a result of metasomatism and/or melting under upper-mantle conditions.

Garnet-bearing aluminous gneisses in the Vasil’kovka area of the Orekhov–Pavlograd zone of the Ukrainian Shield were studied using the THERIAK-DOMINO, THERMOCALC, and WINTWQ software and mineral geothermobarometry methods. The stability fields of parageneses formed at the initial, peak, and post-peak metamorphic stages have been estimated: T = 500–650 °C and P > 7 kbar, T = 800–850 °C and P ≈ 8 kbar, and T = 600–670 °C and P = 4.0–5.5 kbar, respectively. A “clockwise” PT path has been established. Based on the aluminous gneiss, the age of metamorphism is determined as Paleoproterozoic (2014 ± 11 Ma). Unique regularly oriented acicular goethite microinclusions were described in garnet. In contrast to other known oriented Ti-bearing mineral inclusions in garnet, these goethite inclusions suggest not only extremely high P and T values (necessary for the formation of oriented Ti-bearing inclusions) but also a high oxygen fugacity. The obtained data broaden the concepts of the ways and conditions of formation of regularly oriented mineral phases in garnet.

In the innovation economy the higher vocational education is getting inseparable from the concept of «educated person», i.e. becomes universal in nature. The ever-increasing demand for higher education among the population leads to the problem of accessibility of quality higher education.The paper focuses on the financial aspect of the access to higher education.The concept of the financial affordability is clarified; the affordability index calculated on the median salary basis is proposed. A method for calculatiing the higher education affordability index for ten leading Russian and ten leading American universities is described. Based on the data obtained it is concluded that the access to quality higher education is higher in the Russian Federation than in the USA. However, the education at the most cost expensive US University is financially more affordable than the similar education for Russian students.Measures to improve the financial affordability of higher education based on educational loans are proposed.

Geochemical and Sm–Nd isotope–geochemical studies of synnyrite and syenite from the Synnyr massif and high-K syenite from the Tas massif of the Late Paleozoic (eastern Siberia) corresponding to one of the largest provinces of high-K and ultrapotassic magmatism worldwide are performed. It is shown that their formation was controlled by transformation of the Precambrian continental crust of the Siberian Craton and Central Asian Mobile Belt under the influence of the Siberian mantle plume.

This report presents data on the geological structure and location of the orthopyroxenite inclusion in gneissic enderbites of the Bug granulite–gneiss domain. Three stages of orthopyroxenite formation were identified on the basis of studies of the mineral composition along with the U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotope systems of zircons.

The first results from measuring the spectra of solar neutrons with energies of ~10-1000 MeV in the solar flares of 2006-2015 observed by the PAMELA international space experiment are presented. The PAMELA neutron detector with 3He counters and a moderator with an area of 0.18 m2 allows us to estimate the flux of solar neutrons during solar flares. Solar neutrons with energies of ~10-1000 MeV likely occurred in 21 out of the 24 analyzed flares of 2006-2015. © 2017, Allerton Press, Inc.

The PAMELA magnetic spectrometer was launched onboard the Resurs-DK1 satellite into a near-polar Earth orbit with an altitude of 350-600 km, in order to study fluxes of cosmic ray particles and antiparticles in the wide energy range of ~80 MeV to hundreds of GeV. The results from observations of electron and positron fluxes in 2006-2016 are presented.

The PAMELA experiment has measured cosmic ray particles and antiparticles fluxes at Earth orbit from June 2006 till January 2016 onboard the Resurs-DK1 satellite. Measurements were carried out during the solar minimum of 23 solar cycle with negative polarity A < 0 of heliospheric magnetic field till the beginning of 24 cycle with positive polarity A > 0. In this paper, the results of observations of electron and positron fluxes are presented in wide energy range from several hundreds MeVs till several TeVs These measurements provide important information to study cosmic ray sources and propagation in Galaxy and heliosphere.

A useful parametrization of the energy spectrum of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) near Earth is offered by the so-called force-field model which describes the shape of the entire spectrum with a single parameter, the modulation potential. While the usefulness of the force-field approximation has been confirmed for regular periods of solar modulation, it was not tested explicitly for disturbed periods, when \GCR\ are locally modulated by strong interplanetary transients. Here we use direct measurements of protons and α -particles performed by the \PAMELA\ space-borne instrument during December 2006, including a major Forbush decrease, in order to directly test the validity of the force-field parameterization. We conclude that (1) The force-field parametrization works very well in describing the energy spectra of protons and α -particles directly measured by \PAMELA\ outside the Earths atmosphere; (2) The energy spectrum of \GCR\ can be well parameterized by the force-field model also during a strong Forbush decrease; (3) The estimate of the \GCR\ modulation parameter, obtained using data from the world-wide neutron monitor network, is in good agreement with the spectra directly measured by \PAMELA\ during the studied interval. This result is obtained on the basis of a single event analysis, more events need to be analyzed.

Large-scale anisotropy or so-called sidereal-diurnal wave has been detected in the PAMELA satellite experiment in the time interval of 2006–2014. The magnitude of anisotropy has been measured simultaneously for the Southern and Northern Hemispheres in the equatorial coordinate system. The results confirm the data of ground-based experiments.

The results of measuring albedo deuteron fluxes in the vicinity of the Earth are presented. The data were obtained in the PAMELA experiment conducted aboard the Resurs DK-1 artificial Earth satellite. High-precision detectors of the instrument setup allow us to identify albedo deuterons and measure their spectra in the energy interval from 70 to 600 MeV/nucleon at altitudes of 350-600 km for different geomagnetic latitudes.

An analysis of the isotopic composition of nuclei in galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in the orbital experiment of the PAMELA collaboration allows us to study the problems of the origin and propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. Due to the high statistical and methodological accuracy, the data of the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer provided significant progress in studying the isotopic composition of light nuclei from H to Be in the GCR in the energy region of ∼ 0.1-1 GeV / nucleon and for the first time made it possible to estimate the contribution of local sources from close ones to the GCR (∼ 100 pc) of recent (∼ 106 yrs) supernova explosions. To date, the isotopic composition of carbon nuclei in the GCR has been measured only for the 13C / 12C ratio in the energy region ∼ 0.05-0.13 GeV / nucleon in the VOYAGER 1.2 space experiment and the upper limit for the 14C / 12C ratio was estimated in the ACE / CRIS experiment for energies 0.12-0.43 MeV / nucleon. In this work, using PAMELA flight data 2006-2014, on the rigidity of the detected nuclei and their speed (time-of-flight analysis and ionization losses in the multilayer calorimeter of the device), an attempt was made to determine the isotopic composition of carbon nuclei in the energy region of ∼ 0.1-1 GeV / nucleon. The half-life of 14C nuclei is 5730 years and can be detected in the case of a supernova explosion in the last ∼ 5 104 years at a distance of ∼ 100 200 pc. The results of isotope analysis of carbon nuclei in GCR (spectra 12C, 13C, 14C and 14C / 12C - ratio depending on the rigidity and energy of the nuclei) in comparison with the existing measurement data will be presented.