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The results of the development of technology for obtaining nanostructured composite powders in two ways – surface reinforcement and cladding are presented. The possibility of manufacturing functional coatings based on the obtained powders by the method of supersonic cold gas-dynamic spraying is shown. The characteristics of the resulting coatings (adhesive strength, microhardness, wear resistance, low porosity) were studied. The real prospect of using the created functional protective coatings for precision engineering is shown.

The article presents the results of research on the development of technology for joining glass-tometal using activated soldering with amorphous solders.

Two methods of adding carrot and beet powders to the sourdough of round cracknel products have been studied, such as adding the dry powders and adding the pre-hydrated ones. The water-retaining properties of carrot and beet powders and the change in the lifting force of yeast when applying non-hydrated and hydrated powders before fermentation were investigated. For the experiment, we used Vitbiokor LLC carrot and beet powders. The average integral particle size in carrot powder was 85-95 microns, in beet powder —95-105 microns. We also used the flour of the highest grade Predportovaya(produced by Saint Petersburg Mill Plant, JSC) and the pressed baking yeast produced by Food Combine, JSC. The particle size of the powders was determined by a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 laser diffraction analyzer. The water-holding capacity of the powders was determined by a hydromodule of 1:10 by centrifugation with the rotational speed 6000rpm-1,for 20 minutes (the carrot powder samples) and for 15 minutes (the beet powder samples). The lifting force of the yeast has been determined with the help of the "pop-up ball" method. The powders were hydrated at a hydromodule of 1:5, at a temperature of 30°C for 60 minutes. The results show that carrot powders aged for 40 minutes and beet powders (33%) aged for 40 minutes have the maximum water retention capacity (43%). It was found that the quantity of carrot and beet powders added does not correlate with the lifting force of the yeast in the sourdough samples. It is higher in the samples with the hydrated powders added, rather than in the ones with the non-hydrated powders. Moreover, this difference was more pronounced in the beet powder samples. The study shows the importance of carrot and beet powders hydration before adding them to the sourdough. It’s also significant to conduct the experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of carrot and beet powders hydration before adding them to the round cracknel products sourdough

This article presents the results of comprehensive innovative research carried out over the past 15 years at the Nanocenter of the NRC “Kurchatov Institute” – CRISM “Prometey” in the following areas: the creation of coatings based on quasicrystals of the Al-Cu-Fe system, laser synthesis technologies, systems electromagnetic protection of technical equipment and biological objects, structural ceramics and composite materials, technologies for surface modification and magnetron sputtering, obtaining powders by melt spraying, hydrogen and alternative energy.

The paper studies a method for producing nanostructured composite powders of the metal – non-metal system. Powders preparation by universal disintegrator-activator technology, processing in planetary ball mills and bowl grinders is shown on the Al–Zn–Sn composition and titanium nitride nanoparticles. Judging by engineering-and-economical performance, the most promising method for obtaining nanostructured composite powders is the method of processing in a bowl grinder.

This paper presents the results on the development of an alloy in the tellurium - copper - cerium system used for the manufacture of functional coatings using the technologies of supersonic cold gas-dynamic spraying. Coatings from the specified alloy are used for the manufacture of photocathodes of photoelectronic devices operating in the UV spectral region.

This paper presents results of a study of complex processes for producing composite powder materials from tungsten carbide and metallic chromium. Technological methods for the formation of functionally gradient coatings with high microhardness up to 426 HV through microplasma spraying technology are disclosed.

This article presents the results of the development of technology for producing clad powder and coatings based on it. The possibility of obtaining a clad powder using high-speed mechanosynthesis in disintegrator plants is shown on the example of the Hadfield steel – aluminum powder composition.

This article explores the characteristic and particular features of manufacturing nanostructured composite coatings with high microhardness from agglomerated powders of Kh20N80-WC system manufactured by high-speed mechanosynthesis. The properties of the functional coatings deposited by both supersonic cold gas-dynamic and microplasma spraying are studied.

The article presents the results of the development of technology for producing composite materials, in particular the production of clad powder materials for wear-resistant coatings. In the proposed method, a clad powder is processed by disintegrator with a new design of the working rotor. Powder particles consist of solid nuclei – core of micron size, surrounded by a cladding layer of soft components. A modified rotor design was used to develop a technology for producing clad powders with desired properties for example Stellite– Aluminum composition. The thickness of the cladding layer is 1.0–2.0 μm, and the firm adhesion of the hard and soft components required for the coating is confirmed. The necessary fraction of the composite powder 50–60 microns for gas-dynamic spraying has been achieved. The obtained experimental set of the plated powder was tested to obtain functional protective coatings using supersonic cold gas-dynamic spraying. Studies have shown that the adhesive strength of the coating was less than 75 MPa and the porosity less than 1.0%. The coating is recommended to protect some components and parts of precision machine-building and power engineering.

The data on the development of an alloy of the Co–Cr–Si–B system doped with rare-earth elements such as cerium, lanthanum, and yttrium, are presented. Technologies have been developed for producing powders from this alloy using the disintegrator DEZI-15 and restoring parts and assemblies of precision engineering using the method of supersonic cold gas-dynamic spraying.

A method has been developed for producing a powder material of the ferromagnetic – diamagnetic system, intended for the manufacture of composite radar absorbing materials and coatings in the ultra-high frequency range. Composite powder material with a polymer diamagnetic matrix reinforced with a ferromagnetic nanocrystalline hardener is obtained by the method of ultrafast mechanosynthesis. The proposed technology of superfast mechanosynthesis allows to obtain a powder composition where each particle is a single mechanically connected system, while reducing the degree of amorphousness (no more than 80%) by maintaining the proportion of nanocrystalline precipitates in the amorphous matrix and, accordingly, increasing the magnetic permeability (up to 90 or more). The composite powder of the ferromagnetic – diamagnetic system thus obtained can be used to obtain radar absorbing materials with high shielding efficiency and a large absorption coefficient (at least 25 dB) in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 40 GHz.

The effect of enzymes of proteolytic action on the amino acid composition of the filtrate and grains of grain wort obtained from UDA-treated rye was studied. The feasibility of using a complex of proteolytic enzymes: neutral and acid proteases is shown. The processing of rye was carried out on the disintegrator DEZI15 with different working elements: three and five-row rotors rotating at a frequency of 120 s1. A control sample of grinding was obtained in a laboratory mill with a rotor-knife working body. According to the data obtained on the Malvern Mastersizer 2000 laser analyzer, the average particle size in the grinding samples was: on a disintegrator with a three-row rotor – 167.5 microns, on a five-row rotor-knife working body – 384.278 microns. As a source of proteolytic enzymes, preparations of the fungal protease Рrо100L and the bacterial protease Protosubtilin GZх A120 were used. The determination of the content of ?-amino nitrogen in the finished wort (mg / dm3) was performed by calorimetry with ninhydrin. The concentration of amino acids was determined using the KNAUER amino acid analyzer: the calculation of aminograms was carried out by comparing the areas of the standard and the sample. It was established that the UDA-treatment allows obtaining a high content of ?-amino nitrogen in the filtrate of rye hydrolysates, and the complex introduction of acidic and neural proteases strengthens this effect. Analysis of the amino acid composition of the filtrate and grains showed the presence of all the essential amino acids in both of these products. The filtrate can be recommended as a nutrient nitrogen-containing medium for the cultivation of microorganisms, followed by the release of secondary metabolites of their vital activity, or as an intermediate in the production of sugar-containing syrups from whole grains with a high content of amino acids. The fraction of the hydrolyzate is of interest as a protein-containing feed additive, and the fine particle size distribution of such a product will allow it to be used not only for feeding cattle, but also in poultry farming.

The paper presents complex studies of nanostructured powder of Cu-Hf-BN alloy system and functional wear and corrosion-resistant coatings based on It are presented. A technology for applying a composite nanostructured coating of the Cu-Ni-Zr-Cr-Hf-BN system onto a steel substrate (steel Kh18Yu5S) was developed using supersonic cold and microplasma deposition techniques. The coatings have elevated level of microhardness (up to 32 GPa), adhesive strength (more than13 MPa), resistance to stress-corrosion crackingand a wide range of operating temperatures from 850 to –196°C.

The technology of obtaining composite cathodes for vacuum magnetron deposition of functional coatings has been developed and masteredin the Scientific Nanotechnological Center of the NRC “Kurchatov Institute” – CRISM “Prometey”. The example of the Ti–Ru system shows the prospects for creating composite cathodes from expensive and hard-deforming materials by means of activated soldering with amorphous solders.

A composition of a precision alloy based on the Ni–Cr–Mo system for wear and corrosion-resistant coatings by supersonic cold gas dynamic spraying has been developed. The optimum coatings composition provides high level of operational properties; its application is very promising for protection of structural and functional elements of marine equipment from aggressive environmental influence.

The results of complex studies on the development of a powder composition Ge–Cr–Zr–Ce–WC, promising for the production of functional cold-resistant coatings by microplasma sputtering, are presented. The coating has high adhesive strength (more than 40 MPa) and microhardness (up to 10–12 GPa) and withstands repeated thermal cycling in the temperature range from –60 to 20°С.

The study demonstrates new applications of Yantarnaya winter rye bred in n. i. Vavilov Horticultural Institute to potable ethanol production. This variety of rye is particularly low in water-soluble pentosans (0.5–0.8%; comparable to the usual 0.5–1.0% pentosan content in wheat). The object of the study was Yantarnaya winter rye containing 0.53% pentosans, while the control material was forage rye with 3.60% pentosans. After the two rye samples were crushed by a dezi­15 disintegrator with 5-row rotors, sieve analysis of the grist showed 97±2% through for forage rye and 95±2% through for Yantarnaya. The grist was mixed with water at a 1∶3 ratio and infusion mashed without exogenous enzymes at 60°c for 2.5 hours during constant agitation. Throughout the process, mash samples were probed by a Visco Basic Plus viscosimeter fitted with the r2 spindle at a shear rate of 50 s−1 and also had their extractivity uptake monitored. The cooked mashes were fermented with reactivated dry Thermosacc yeast (Lallemand), with supplemental nitrogen introduced as DistilaVitevm (Lallemand) additive, at 30°c for 62 hours. Quality criteria of distilled washes were assayed using a Kristall­2000m gas chromatograph, while the components of the ddg such as crude protein, fat, fibre, and ash were determined according to the applicable Russian standards. The experimental results demonstrate considerable applicability of Yantarnaya winter rye to potable ethanol production.

Objective: to study the immunohistochemical expression of proand anti-apoptotic factors — FasL(CD95), TNF-a, p65 NFkB, and granzyme B in the endometrium of patients with adenomyosis. Material and Methods. The endometrial samples, taken during the proliferative phase of the cycle, while carrying out paypel biopsy and hysteroscopy in 41 women aged 37 to 48 years with adenomyosis. The comparison group consisted of 25 women with infertility. The study of TNF-a, Granzym B, NFkB immunohistochemical expression in the development and progression of adenomyosis was performed using monoclonal antibodies. The results of reaction were evaluated by semiquantitative method. Statistical analysis was performed using the software package Biostat Apps MicrosoftR Excel full-featured office Microsoft Office 2010 package. Results. In the comparison group, the expression of TNF-a and NFkB in endometrium was not evident. In the group of patients with adenomyosis, a marked expression of these markers in epithelial and stromal cells was observed. Granzym B expression was detected in the cytoplasm of leucocytes of the stroma of the endometrial functional layer with no statistically significant differences between the groups. Conclusion. Presumably, given the expression peaks of both TNF-a, p65 NFkB, the observed in adenomyosis increase (compared to normal) in expression of these molecules does not mean readiness of epithelial cells of the endometrial functional layer to apoptosis, as is the norm, upon the occurrence of menstruation, but it means readiness of these cells to proliferate. The absence of statistically significant differences in the number of CD56-positive endometrial stromal granulocytes and endometrial NK-cells, determined by Granzym B expression in these cells, is also an indirect evidence of a low level of readiness to apoptosis. And statistically significantly less expression of FasL(CD95) in women with adenomyosis. That is, TNF-a and NFkB at adenomyosis, probably, play the role of cell survival factors.

The experimental results of studies of radioengineering parameters of a composite based on a powder of an AMAG-200 amorphous soft magnetic alloy of various particle-size fractions have been presented. The influence of the volume ratio of the powder particles in the composite on the microwave properties has been analyzed.

Recently, amorphous and nanocrystalline magnetically soft iron alloys have been used to create protective materials that are effective in a broad range of magnetic and electromagnetic fields. These alloys are obtained in strip form by superfast quenching of a plane melt jet on a rapidly spinning cooled disk. In the production of amorphous strip, metal melted in a high-frequency inductor is supplied through a cut on the surface of the cooling disk. The surface layers of the congealing strip in contact with the cooled disk are cooled more rapidly than higher layers in no contact with the disk. As a result, residual compressive stress may be formed on the contact side of the strip, while tensile stress may be formed on the free side. This may lead to anisotropic structure and properties over the strip thickness. In the present work, the structure is investigated by transmission microscopy (planar geometry and cross-sectional geometry) over the thickness of AMAG-200 Fe–Nb–Cu–Si–B alloy strip obtained by spinning. A relation is established between AMAG-200 Fe–Nb–Cu–Si–B alloy strip produced in controlled crystallization and the structure of the amorphous strip obtained by superfast quenching of melt at rates up to 106 K/s. That explains the structural anisotropy over the strip thickness. Heat treatment at 530°C forms excellent magnetic characteristics and decreases the work of destruction on account of the formation of optimal amorphous–nanocrystalline structure in terms of the bulk content and size of the crystallites. A scanning electron microscope is used to study the destruction of strip associated with the structure formed in the strip on superfast quenching from melt and after heat treatment at 530°C. In the state supplied, the surface fracture of the strip on sudden decrease in grain size is ductile; after heat treatment, it is consistently brittle.

The features of soldering of dissimilar materials using amorphous solders (for example, steel–titanium pair) have been investigated. To reduce the soldering temperature below the phase transformation temperature and to retain the advantages of the solution-diffusion junction, compositions for amorphous alloy solders have been developed representing a powder mixture of amorphous solder based on titanium VPr-16 with low-melting solders based on gallium and indium. The efficiency of activated soldering has been tested from the standpoint of mechanical strength using cylindrical butt-soldered samples, the elements of a steel–titanium tube board, and some specific complex structures of heat exchange systems, etc. On the basis of the X-ray spectral analysis of soldered joints using a Camebax micro unit, it is established that the diffusion zone of a soldered joint is about 100 μm. The solder is completely consumed during the formation of the diffusion layer, the independent phase is not retained, which provides high strength properties of the soldered junction. The developed approach to the creation of hard-packed soldered structures from dissimilar materials is basic and has been successfully implemented for a number of other compositions, including the soldering of aluminum, steel, and NiCr; copper and a quasicrystalline Al–Cu–Fe alloy; and titanium and ruthenium. Examples of successful practical implementation of the results are presented.

The paper presents results of experimental biotechnological research that has been carried out at the Nanotechnological Center of the Central Research Institute of Structural Materials Prometey. This includes development of gradient functional coatings (bactericidal, anticorrosion, catalytically active) and defense systems for biological objects against negative influence of magnetic and electromagnetic radiation; high-speed shock wave treatment of medicines, phytomaterials, and alimentary, fodder, and medical products; and laser technologies for creating hybrid biomimetic compositions.

The mechanism of impact fracture of soft magnetic amorphous alloy Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 ribbons in a disintegrator after heat treatment at a temperature from the range 300–700°C and the fractional composition of the formed powder are studied. The temperature ranges of a change in the mechanism of ribbon fracture are determined. The particle size distribution is shown to change weakly within the revealed temperature ranges.

The purpose: to present the modern data of cyclooxygenase role (COX) in the development of chronic endometritis.106 references on the role of COX-1 and COX-2 in the development of chronic endometritis in patients of reproductive age, published in the Medline database, Pubmed, Scopus were analyzed; 14 sources are included in this review. Prostaglandins (PG) play an important role in maintaining inflammatory process in the endometrium. Nevertheless, the production of PG and leukotrienes (LTS) - lipid mediators, which, along with PG, play a major role in the inflammatory process of the inflamed uterus, is not fully understood. Cyclooxygenase-2, the enzyme having various physiological functions, is involved in reproduction, where its role is polyfunctional. It has been established that the inhibition of cyclooxygenase pathways, blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins, eliminates the effects of many pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of chronic endometritis. Conclusion. The role of cyclooxygenase in the development of chronic endometritis is interesting; on the basis of the acquired knowledge, we can plan the use of drugs that inhibit the cyclooxygenase pathway (NSAIDs) in the treatment of chronic endometritis - as a method of pathogenetic therapy. The issue is not fully understood. Further research is needed in this sphere.

Today, when manufacturing and restoring bulk products of almost any shape and complexity degree, additive technologies are in demand, which use metal-powder compositions of various alloys as a building material. In the present work, the possibility of obtaining powder by gas atomization from batch products of high-nitrogen 04Cr20Ni6Mn11Mo2NVNb steel used for selective laser melting is shown, its structure and properties are evaluated.

Morphological analysis of powders obtained by means of the method for the universal disintegrator-activator treatment for production of soft magnetic powder materials based on an amorphous tape of a Fe-Cu-Nb-Si-B alloy (AMAG-200) is presented.