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Swiss capitalism has changed over time, adopting elements of the coordinated market economy and liberal market economy during specific historical periods. Taking the case of the Swiss banking sector, this article aims to demonstrate how these changes in structure also result in the transformation of the profiles of banking elites. Relying on a prosopography of 301 top bankers distributed among seven benchmark years (1890, 1910, 1937, 1957, 1980, 2000, and 2020), we show continuities and discontinuities in the main resources needed to hold a career as an elite banker in Switzerland at distinct times of capitalism. Our results show a long-term persistence of family capitalism among private banks, the erosion of national institutions such as vocational training and the militia army, and the different forms of internationalisation in the careers of bankers, following waves of globalisation and deglobalisation., Competing Interests: The authors report there are no competing interests to declare., (© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

SCN5A overlap syndromes are clinical entities that express a phenotype combining aspects of different canonical SCN5A-related arrhythmia syndromes or a variable arrhythmic phenotype among individuals carrying the same SCN5A mutation. Here we review the literature addressing SCN5A overlap syndromes as well as the principal mechanisms currently proposed. Among others, a multifactorial determination encompassing an interaction between SCN5A variant(s), other genetic polymorphisms, and possibly environmental factors seems the most plausible hypothesis., (Copyright © 2022 Heart Rhythm Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This article analyzes the specific and critical role of trust in scientists on both the support for and compliance with nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. We exploit large-scale, longitudinal, and representative surveys for 12 countries over the period from March to December 2020, and we complement the analysis with experimental data. We find that trust in scientists is the key driving force behind individual support for and compliance with NPIs and for favorable attitudes toward vaccination. The effect of trust in government is more ambiguous and tends to diminish support for and compliance with NPIs in countries where the recommendations from scientists and the government were not aligned. Trust in others also has seemingly paradoxical effects: in countries where social trust is high, the support for NPIs is low due to higher expectations that others will voluntary social distance. Our individual-level longitudinal data also allows us to evaluate the effects of within-person changes in trust over the pandemic: we show that trust levels and, in particular, trust in scientists have changed dramatically for individuals and within countries, with important subsequent effects on compliant behavior and support for NPIs. Such findings point out the challenging but critical need to maintain trust in scientists during a lasting pandemic that strains citizens and governments., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest.

The gene SCN5A encodes the cardiac sodium channel which, through the conduction of Na+ current into the cell, generates the fast upstroke of the action potential of cardiomyocytes. Pathogenic variants of SCN5A have been causally associated to several hereditary cardiac diseases including, among others, Brugada syndrome, congenital long QT syndrome and sinus node dysfunction. Recently, overlap syndromes have been described that are characterized by the simultaneous expression of mixed clinical phenotypes among two or more hereditary cardiac diseases associated to the gene SCN5A (HCD-SCN5A). For this reason, it is time to rethink about HCD-SCN5A as different expressions of the same complex spectrum encompassing multiple clinical phenotypes with pronounced overlaps instead of as distinct clinical entities., Competing Interests: Les auteurs n’ont déclaré aucun conflit d’intérêts en relation avec cet article.

MYH11 (myosin heavy chain 11) gene is involved in vascular contractility and several autosomal dominant mutations have been linked to thoracic aortic aneurysms. Three male members of the same family were found to carry a heterozygous missense variant in the MYH11 gene and all 3 individuals presented a thoracic aortic aneurysm/dilation. We identified a rare missense variant in the MYH11 gene predicted to be damaging and affecting a conserved amino acid in the myosin tail of the protein. This variant appears to be responsible for our familial case of thoracic aortic aneurysms, as the clinical expression reunited all features of genetic aneurysms., (Copyright © 2020 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: This study sought to identify predictive factors of involved surgical margins in breast-conserving surgery (BCS) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) to help guide the surgical procedure., Materials and Methods: Retrospective study of patients who had BCS after NAC between January 2008 and December 2013., Outcome Measure: tumor-involved margin, defined by tumor cells on ink for invasive cancer and tumor-free margin < 2 mm for DCIS., Results: Ninety-seven patients were included. The median age of patients was 46 years old [28-71]. The initial average tumor size was 47.8 mm [+/- 18.6]. Twelve patients (12.4%) had involved tumor margins on final histology after BCS and NAC. According to the multivariate model including only preoperative variables of positive margins, initial ultrasound tumor size ≤ 27 mm (p = 0.045) and low SBR grade (p = 0.009) were independently associated with tumor-involved margins. According to the multivariate model including pre- and postoperative variables of positive margins, ductal carcinomain situ was also independently associated with tumor-involved margins (p = 0.021)., Conclusion: Initial ultrasound tumor size ≤ 27 mm and low SBR grade were independently associated with tumor-involved margins. These preoperative data were very helpful to guide the surgical procedure in breast cancer., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Les auteurs n’ont déclaré aucun conflit d’intérêts en relation avec cet article.

The profession of genetic counseling (also called genetic counselling in many countries) began nearly 50 years ago in the United States, and has grown internationally in the past 30 years. While there have been many papers describing the profession of genetic counseling in individual countries or regions, data remains incomplete and has been published in diverse journals with limited access. As a result of the 2016 Transnational Alliance of Genetic Counseling (TAGC) conference in Barcelona, Spain, and the 2017 World Congress of Genetic Counselling in the UK, we endeavor to describe as fully as possible the global state of genetic counseling as a profession. We estimate that in 2018 there are nearly 7000 genetic counselors with the profession established or developing in no less than 28 countries.

Objective: To assess the use of French Cancer Institute recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of endometrial cancer., Methods: Retrospective observational study involving 137 patients with endometrial cancer between 2011 and 2013., Results: Both MRI and pathological assessment with correct report as recommended were used for 66.4% of patients with endometrial cancer. For patients with correct preoperative assessment, 44.9% of patients were uncorrectly classified and upgraded on final pathological analysis of hysterectomy concerning lymph node involvement risk. These patients did not have confident surgical assessment, according this risk., Conclusion: To improve relevance of preoperative assessment in endometrial cancer, radiological and pathological expertise is required. However, even performed optimally, preoperative assessment does not allow correct risk stratification of lymph node involvement in endometrial cancer. This ineffective stratification leads to propose sentinel lymph node biopsy with hysterectomy in case of preoperative low risk endometrial cancer assessment., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Although with an 11% prevalence migraine is a major public health problem, many patients are not satisfied with its handling by medical professionals. Migraine is a clinical diagnosis based on typically lateralized throbbing headache with nausea and/or photo- and phonophobia. It can in some be preceded by an aura with transient focal neurological symptoms. There are several "red flags" of clinical presentation, however, that should induce further examination with brain imaging studies. Treatment is based on identifying and avoiding provoking factors, on treating attacks with rescue medication (simple pain killers or triptans), on identifying conditions for a prophylactic treatment by one of several possible substance classes, and most importantly, on establishing a solid therapeutic relationship with the patient.

5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine are clinically used to treat patients with blood neoplasia. Their antileukemic property is mediated by the trapping and the subsequent degradation of a family of proteins, the DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B) leading to DNA demethylation, tumor suppressor gene re-expression and DNA damage. Here we studied the respective role of each DNMT in the human leukemia KG1 cell line using a RNA interference approach. In addition we addressed the role of DNA damage formation in DNA demethylation by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Our data show that DNMT1 is the main DNMT involved in DNA methylation maintenance in KG1 cells and in mediating DNA damage formation upon exposure to 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Moreover, KG1 cells express the DNMT1 protein at a level above the one required to ensure DNA methylation maintenance, and we identified a threshold for DNMT1 depletion that needs to be exceeded to achieve DNA demethylation. Most interestingly, by combining DNMT1 siRNA and treatment with low dose of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, it is possible to uncouple DNA damage formation from DNA demethylation. This work strongly suggests that a direct pharmacological inhibition of DNMT1, unlike the use of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, should lead to tumor suppressor gene hypomethylation and re-expression without inducing major DNA damage in leukemia.

For the last decade, optogenetics has revolutionised the neurosciences by enabling an unprecedented characterisation of the circuits involved in brain diseases, in particular addiction, depression, and obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD) and other anxiety disorders. Recently, the technique has also been used to propose blueprints for novel treatments of these diseases. For many reasons, optogenetics cannot be applied to humans applications anytime soon; we therefore argue that an intermediate step would be novel deep brain stimulation (DBS) protocols that emulate successful optogenetic "treatments" in animal models. Here we provide a roadmap of a translational path to rational, optogenetically inspired DBS protocols to refine existing approaches and expand it to novel indications.

The synthesis and diversification of a densely functionalized azetidine ring system to gain access to a wide variety of fused, bridged, and spirocyclic ring systems is described. The in vitro physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of representative library members are measured in order to evaluate the use of these scaffolds for the generation of lead-like molecules to be used in targeting the central nervous system. The solid-phase synthesis of a 1976-membered library of spirocyclic azetidines is also described.