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1. Low temperature electrical transport in microwave plasma fabricated free-standing graphene and N-graphene sheets

Author

E Valcheva, K Kirilov, N Bundaleska, A Dias, E Felizardo, M Abrashev, N Bundaleski, O M N D Teodoro, Th Strunskus, Zh Kiss’ovski, L L Alves, and E Tatarova

Subjects
free-standing graphene sheets, microwave plasma-based synthesis, N-doping, low temperature conduction mechanism, variable range hopping, Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, TA401-492, Chemical technology, TP1-1185
Abstract

In this paper, the electrical transport in free-standing graphene and N-graphene sheets fabricated by a microwave plasma-based method is addressed. Temperature–dependent resistivity/conductivity measurements are performed on the graphene/N-graphene sheets compressed in pellets. Different measurement configurations reveal directional dependence of current flow—the room-temperature conductivity longitudinal to the pellet’s plane is an order of magnitude higher than the transversal one, due to the preferential orientation of graphene sheets in the pellets. SEM imaging confirms that the graphene sheets are mostly oriented parallel to the pellet’s plane and stacked in agglomerates. The high longitudinal electrical conductivity with values on the order of 10 ^3 S/m should be noted. Further, the current flow mechanism revealed from resistivity-temperature dependences from 300K down to 10K shows non-metallic behavior manifested with an increasing resistivity with decreasing the temperature $\left.d\rho /dT\lt 0\right)$ usually observed for insulating or localized systems. The observed charge transport shows variable range hopping at lower temperatures and thermally activated behaviour at higher temperatures. This allows us to attribute the charge transport mechanism to a partially disordered system in which single graphene sheets are placed predominantly parallel to each other and stacked together.

Published
2023
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2. Prospects for microwave plasma synthesized N-graphene in secondary electron emission mitigation applications

Author

Nenad Bundaleski, Miroslav Abrashev, Uroš Cvelbar, Elena Tatarova, Evgenia Valcheva, D. Tsyganov, Janez Zavašnik, J. Kissovski, N. Bundaleska, E. Felizardo, A. Dias, A.M. Botelho do Rego, Ana Maria Ferraria, Julio Henriques, Amélia Almeida, Thomas Strunskus, Orlando M. N. D. Teodoro, DF – Departamento de Física, and CeFITec – Centro de Física e Investigação Tecnológica

Subjects
Materials science, chemistry.chemical_element, lcsh:Medicine, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Article, Secondary electrons, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, law, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Science, Plasmon, 010302 applied physics, Multidisciplinary, Methylamine, Graphene, Physics, Doping, lcsh:R, technology, industry, and agriculture, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Ion source, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Secondary emission, lcsh:Q, 0210 nano-technology, Carbon
Abstract

PTDC/NAN-MAT/30565/2017 D01-284/2019 (INFRAMAT) IBB BASE 2020-2023 UID/FIS/00068/2019. The ability to change the secondary electron emission properties of nitrogen-doped graphene (N-graphene) has been demonstrated. To this end, a novel microwave plasma-enabled scalable route for continuous and controllable fabrication of free-standing N-graphene sheets was developed. High-quality N-graphene with prescribed structural qualities was produced at a rate of 0.5 mg/min by tailoring the high energy density plasma environment. Up to 8% of nitrogen doping levels were achieved while keeping the oxygen content at residual amounts ( 1%). The synthesis is accomplished via a single step, at atmospheric conditions, using ethanol/methane and ammonia/methylamine as carbon and nitrogen precursors. The type and level of doping is affected by the position where the N-precursor is injected in the plasma environment and by the type of precursors used. Importantly, N atoms incorporated predominantly in pyridinic/pyrrolic functional groups alter the performance of the collective electronic oscillations, i.e. plasmons, of graphene. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the synergistic effect between the electronic structure changes and the reduction of graphene $-plasmons caused by N doping, along with the peculiar “crumpled” morphology, leads to sub-unitary (textless 1) secondary electron yields. N-graphene can be considered as a prospective low secondary electron emission and plasmonic material. publishersversion published

Published
2020
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3. Simultaneous Synthesis and Nitrogen Doping of Free-Standing Graphene Applying Microwave Plasma

Author

J. Kissovski, N. Bundaleska, E. Felizardo, Miroslav Abrashev, Elena Tatarova, Ana Maria Ferraria, A. Dias, A.M. Botelho do Rego, Julio Henriques, and D. Tsyganov

Subjects
Materials science, Scanning electron microscope, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Infrared spectroscopy, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Technology, Article, law.invention, symbols.namesake, microwave plasma, N-graphene, atmospheric pressure, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, General Materials Science, Physics::Chemical Physics, lcsh:Microscopy, lcsh:QC120-168.85, Atmospheric pressure, lcsh:QH201-278.5, Graphene, lcsh:T, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Nitrogen, Ion source, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, plasma synthesis, lcsh:TA1-2040, symbols, lcsh:Descriptive and experimental mechanics, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, 0210 nano-technology, Raman spectroscopy, lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), Carbon, lcsh:TK1-9971
Abstract

An experimental and theoretical investigation on microwave plasma-based synthesis of free-standing N-graphene, i.e., nitrogen-doped graphene, was further extended using ethanol and nitrogen gas as precursors. The in situ assembly of N-graphene is a single-step method, based on the introduction of N-containing precursor together with carbon precursor in the reactive microwave plasma environment at atmospheric pressure conditions. A previously developed theoretical model was updated to account for the new reactor geometry and the nitrogen precursor employed. The theoretical predictions of the model are in good agreement with all experimental data and assist in deeper understanding of the complicated physical and chemical process in microwave plasma. Optical Emission Spectroscopy was used to detect the emission of plasma-generated &lsquo, &lsquo, building units&rsquo, &rsquo, and to determine the gas temperature. The outlet gas was analyzed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to detect the generated gaseous by-products. The synthesized N-graphene was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies.

Published
2020

4. N-Graphene-Metal-Oxide(Sulfide) hybrid Nanostructures: Single-step plasma-enabled approach for energy storage applications

Author

E. Felizardo, Elena Tatarova, Ana Paula Soares Dias, Janez Zavašnik, A.M. Botelho do Rego, Th. Strunskus, J. Kissovski, Uroš Cvelbar, Miroslav Abrashev, Amélia Almeida, M.M. Almeida, N. Bundaleska, Maria de Fátima Montemor, Ana Maria Ferraria, Luís L Alves, D. Tsyganov, Patricia Almeida Carvalho, and Neelakandan M. Santhosh

Subjects
Supercapacitor, chemistry.chemical_classification, Nanostructure, Materials science, Sulfide, Graphene, General Chemical Engineering, Oxide, Hybrid nanostructures, Nanotechnology, General Chemistry, Plasma afterglow, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Energy storage, law.invention, Plasma-based synthesis, chemistry.chemical_compound, N-graphene, Microwave plasmas, chemistry, law, Electrode, Environmental Chemistry
Abstract

Hybrid graphene-based nanostructures are considered promising materials for energy storage applications. However, the synthesis of high-quality hybrid graphene nanostructures at high yields is challenging. In the present work we propose a novel, single-step microwave plasma-enabled approach to synthetize customizable hybrid graphene-based nanostructures at high-yield while preserving their quality. Hybrid N-graphene (nitrogen-doped graphene) metal-based nanostructures, for instance, can be produced at a rate of ∼ 19 mg/min. The high energy density region of a microwave plasma provides sufficient energy and “building particles” fluxes towards the low-energy density plasma afterglow for the processes of assembly and growth of N-graphene sheets. Simultaneously, a controlled jet of metal-oxide(-sulfide) microparticles is sprayed into the plasma afterglow region where they bind to N-graphene sheets. Methane/methylamine are used as carbon and nitrogen precursors, combined with micron-sized MnO2 and oxy-MnS particles to synthesize the hybrid structures. As a result, nano-sized (∼10–30 nm) MnOx particles decorated N-graphene (4.6 at. N%) and oxidized metal sulfide anchored N-graphene sheets (3.1 at. N%) are produced at atmospheric conditions. High structural quality and distribution of metal-based nanostructures on N-graphene sheets are revealed using transmission and scanning electron microscopes and other advanced spectroscopic techniques. Finally, an electrode for supercapacitor based on the N-graphene-metal-oxide(sulfide) hybrid nanostructures is developed with promising specific capacitances (∼273 F.g−1 at 0.5 A.g−1). The described chemically engineered process is one of the fastest approaches reported for designing the high-quality hybrid nanostructures produced at a high-yield, and as such, is expected to provide a high impact on the design of electrode materials for sustainable energy storage systems.

Published
2022
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5. Microwave plasma-based direct synthesis of free-standing N-graphene

Author

Elena Tatarova, Ana Maria Ferraria, Miroslav Abrashev, E. Felizardo, D. Tsyganov, J. Kissovski, A.M. Botelho do Rego, A. Dias, Julio Henriques, and N. Bundaleska

Subjects
Materials science, Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, Infrared spectroscopy, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, symbols.namesake, law, Physics::Chemical Physics, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Atmospheric pressure, Graphene, Plasma, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Nitrogen, Ion source, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Yield (chemistry), symbols, 0210 nano-technology, Raman spectroscopy
Abstract

Free-standing N-graphene was synthesized using a microwave plasma-based method at atmospheric pressure conditions through a single step and in a controllable manner. Using ethanol and ammonia as precursors, N-graphene with low relative amount of bonded oxygen and low level of saturated sp3 carbon bonds was produced. Adjusting the injection position of the nitrogen precursor in the plasma medium leads to selectivity in terms of doping level, nitrogen configuration and production yield. A previously developed theoretical model, based on plasma thermodynamics and chemical kinetics, was further updated to account for the presence of nitrogen precursor. The important role of HCN attachment to the graphene sheets as the main process of N-graphene formation is elucidated. The model predictions were validated by experimental results. Optical Emission Spectroscopy was used to detect the emission of plasma generated “building units” and to determine the gas temperature. The plasma outlet gas was analyzed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to detect the generated gaseous by-products. The synthesized N-graphene was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies.

Published
2020
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6. Towards large-scale in free-standing graphene and N-graphene sheets

Author

N. Bundaleska, B. Arnaudov, B. Gonçalves, Orlando M. N. D. Teodoro, Miroslav Abrashev, Th. Strunskus, E. Valcheva, Elena Tatarova, Luís L Alves, Johannes Berndt, Eva Kovacevic, Ana Maria Ferraria, A. Dias, Julio Henriques, A.M. Botelho do Rego, E. Felizardo, Uroš Cvelbar, Nenad Bundaleski, Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), Groupe de recherches sur l'énergétique des milieux ionisés (GREMI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Laboratoire des collisions atomiques et moléculaires (LCAM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Physics, University of Sofia, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear [Lisboa] (IPFN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), and Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, Fabrication, Scanning electron microscope, lcsh:Medicine, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Article, law.invention, symbols.namesake, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, law, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], Spectroscopy, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, lcsh:Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Multidisciplinary, Material Science, Graphene, lcsh:R, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, symbols, lcsh:Q, 0210 nano-technology, Raman spectroscopy, Microwave
Abstract

One of the greatest challenges in the commercialization of graphene and derivatives is production of high quality material in bulk quantities at low price and in a reproducible manner. The very limited control, or even lack of, over the synthesis process is one of the main problems of conventional approaches. Herein, we present a microwave plasma-enabled scalable route for continuous, large-scale fabrication of free-standing graphene and nitrogen doped graphene sheets. The method’s crucial advantage relies on harnessing unique plasma mechanisms to control the material and energy fluxes of the main building units at the atomic scale. By tailoring the high energy density plasma environment and complementarily applying in situ IR and soft UV radiation, a controllable selective synthesis of high quality graphene sheets at 2 mg/min yield with prescribed structural qualities was achieved. Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Near Edge X-ray-absorption fine-structure spectroscopy were used to probe the morphological, chemical and microstructural features of the produced material. The method described here is scalable and show a potential for controllable, large-scale fabrication of other graphene derivatives and promotes microwave plasmas as a competitive, green, and cost-effective alternative to presently used chemical methods.

Published
2017
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7. Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

Author

Klionsky, D.J. Abdelmohsen, K. Abe, A. Abedin, M.J. Abeliovich, H. Arozena, A.A. Adachi, H. Adams, C.M. Adams, P.D. Adeli, K. Adhihetty, P.J. Adler, S.G. Agam, G. Agarwal, R. Aghi, M.K. Agnello, M. Agostinis, P. Aguilar, P.V. Aguirre-Ghiso, J. Airoldi, E.M. Ait-Si-Ali, S. Akematsu, T. Akporiaye, E.T. Al-Rubeai, M. Albaiceta, G.M. Albanese, C. Albani, D. Albert, M.L. Aldudo, J. Algül, H. Alirezaei, M. Alloza, I. Almasan, A. Almonte-Beceril, M. Alnemri, E.S. Alonso, C. Altan-Bonnet, N. Altieri, D.C. Alvarez, S. Alvarez-Erviti, L. Alves, S. Amadoro, G. Amano, A. Amantini, C. Ambrosio, S. Amelio, I. Amer, A.O. Amessou, M. Amon, A. An, Z. Anania, F.A. Andersen, S.U. Andley, U.P. Andreadi, C.K. Andrieu-Abadie, N. Anel, A. Ann, D.K. Anoopkumar-Dukie, S. Antonioli, M. Aoki, H. Apostolova, N. Aquila, S. Aquilano, K. Araki, K. Arama, E. Aranda, A. Araya, J. Arcaro, A. Arias, E. Arimoto, H. Ariosa, A.R. Armstrong, J.L. Arnould, T. Arsov, I. Asanuma, K. Askanas, V. Asselin, E. Atarashi, R. Atherton, S.S. Atkin, J.D. Attardi, L.D. Auberger, P. Auburger, G. Aurelian, L. Autelli, R. Avagliano, L. Avantaggiati, M.L. Avrahami, L. Azad, N. Awale, S. Bachetti, T. Backer, J.M. Bae, D.-H. Bae, J.-S. Bae, O.-N. Bae, S.H. Baehrecke, E.H. Baek, S.-H. Baghdiguian, S. Bagniewska-Zadworna, A. Bai, H. Bai, J. Bai, X.-Y. Bailly, Y. Balaji, K.N. Balduini, W. Ballabio, A. Balzan, R. Banerjee, R. Bánhegyi, G. Bao, H. Barbeau, B. Barrachina, M.D. Barreiro, E. Bartel, B. Bartolomé, A. Bassham, D.C. Bassi, M.T. Bast, R.C., Jr. Basu, A. Batista, M.T. Batoko, H. Battino, M. Bauckman, K. Baumgarner, B.L. Bayer, K.U. Beale, R. Beaulieu, J.-F. Beck, G.R., Jr. Becker, C. Beckham, J.D. Bédard, P.-A. Bednarski, P.J. Begley, T.J. Behl, C. Behrends, C. Behrens, G.M.N. Behrns, K.E. Bejarano, E. Belaid, A. Belleudi, F. Bénard, G. Berchem, G. Bergamaschi, D. Bergami, M. Berkhout, B. Berliocchi, L. Bernard, A. Bernard, M. Bernassola, F. Bertolotti, A. Bess, A.S. Besteiro, S. Bettuzzi, S. Bhalla, S. Bhattacharyya, S. Bhutia, S.K. Biagosch, C. Bianchi, M.W. Biard-Piechaczyk, M. Billes, V. Bincoletto, C. Bingol, B. Bird, S.W. Bitoun, M. Bjedov, I. Blackstone, C. Blanc, L. Blanco, G.A. Blomhoff, H.K. Boada-Romero, E. Böckler, S. Boes, M. Boesze-Battaglia, K. Boise, L.H. Bolino, A. Boman, A. Bonaldo, P. Bordi, M. Bosch, J. Botana, L.M. Botti, J. Bou, G. Bouché, M. Bouchecareilh, M. Boucher, M.-J. Boulton, M.E. Bouret, S.G. Boya, P. Boyer-Guittaut, M. Bozhkov, P.V. Brady, N. Braga, V.M.M. Brancolini, C. Braus, G.H. Bravo-San-Pedro, J.M. Brennan, L.A. Bresnick, E.H. Brest, P. Bridges, D. Bringer, M.-A. Brini, M. Brito, G.C. Brodin, B. Brookes, P.S. Brown, E.J. Brown, K. Broxmeyer, H.E. Bruhat, A. Brum, P.C. Brumell, J.H. Brunetti-Pierri, N. Bryson-Richardson, R.J. Buch, S. Buchan, A.M. Budak, H. Bulavin, D.V. Bultman, S.J. Bultynck, G. Bumbasirevic, V. Burelle, Y. Burke, R.E. Burmeister, M. Bütikofer, P. Caberlotto, L. Cadwell, K. Cahova, M. Cai, D. Cai, J. Cai, Q. Calatayud, S. Camougrand, N. Campanella, M. Campbell, G.R. Campbell, M. Campello, S. Candau, R. Caniggia, I. Cantoni, L. Cao, L. Caplan, A.B. Caraglia, M. Cardinali, C. Cardoso, S.M. Carew, J.S. Carleton, L.A. Carlin, C.R. Carloni, S. Carlsson, S.R. Carmona-Gutierrez, D. Carneiro, L.A.M. Carnevali, O. Carra, S. Carrier, A. Carroll, B. Casas, C. Casas, J. Cassinelli, G. Castets, P. Castro-Obregon, S. Cavallini, G. Ceccherini, I. Cecconi, F. Cederbaum, A.I. Ceña, V. Cenci, S. Cerella, C. Cervia, D. Cetrullo, S. Chaachouay, H. Chae, H.-J. Chagin, A.S. Chai, C.-Y. Chakrabarti, G. Chamilos, G. Chan, E.Y.W. Chan, M.T.V. Chandra, D. Chandra, P. Chang, C.-P. Chang, R.C.-C. Chang, T.Y. Chatham, J.C. Chatterjee, S. Chauhan, S. Che, Y. Cheetham, M.E. Cheluvappa, R. Chen, C.-J. Chen, G. Chen, G.-C. Chen, G. Chen, H. Chen, J.W. Chen, J.-K. Chen, M. Chen, M. Chen, P. Chen, Q. Chen, Q. Chen, S.-D. Chen, S. Chen, S.S.-L. Chen, W. Chen, W.-J. Chen, W.Q. Chen, W. Chen, X. Chen, Y.-H. Chen, Y.-G. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y.-J. Chen, Y.-Q. Chen, Y. Chen, Z. Chen, Z. Cheng, A. Cheng, C.H.K. Cheng, H. Cheong, H. Cherry, S. Chesney, J. Cheung, C.H.A. Chevet, E. Chi, H.C. Chi, S.-G. Chiacchiera, F. Chiang, H.-L. Chiarelli, R. Chiariello, M. Chieppa, M. Chin, L.-S. Chiong, M. Chiu, G.N.C. Cho, D.-H. Cho, S.-G. Cho, W.C. Cho, Y.-Y. Cho, Y.-S. Choi, A.M.K. Choi, E.-J. Choi, E.-K. Choi, J. Choi, M.E. Choi, S.-I. Chou, T.-F. Chouaib, S. Choubey, D. Choubey, V. Chow, K.-C. Chowdhury, K. Chu, C.T. Chuang, T.-H. Chun, T. Chung, H. Chung, T. Chung, Y.-L. Chwae, Y.-J. Cianfanelli, V. Ciarcia, R. Ciechomska, I.A. Ciriolo, M.R. Cirone, M. Claerhout, S. Clague, M.J. Cl� ria, J. Clarke, P.G.H. Clarke, R. Clementi, E. Cleyrat, C. Cnop, M. Coccia, E.M. Cocco, T. Codogno, P. Coers, J. Cohen, E.E.W. Colecchia, D. Coletto, L. Coll, N.S. Colucci-Guyon, E. Comincini, S. Condello, M. Cook, K.L. Coombs, G.H. Cooper, C.D. Cooper, J.M. Coppens, I. Corasaniti, M.T. Corazzari, M. Corbalan, R. Corcelle-Termeau, E. Cordero, M.D. Corral-Ramos, C. Corti, O. Cossarizza, A. Costelli, P. Costes, S. Cotman, S.L. Coto-Montes, A. Cottet, S. Couve, E. Covey, L.R. Cowart, L.A. Cox, J.S. Coxon, F.P. Coyne, C.B. Cragg, M.S. Craven, R.J. Crepaldi, T. Crespo, J.L. Criollo, A. Crippa, V. Cruz, M.T. Cuervo, A.M. Cuezva, J.M. Cui, T. Cutillas, P.R. Czaja, M.J. Czyzyk-Krzeska, M.F. Dagda, R.K. Dahmen, U. Dai, C. Dai, W. Dai, Y. Dalby, K.N. Valle, L.D. Dalmasso, G. D'amelio, M. Damme, M. Darfeuille-Michaud, A. Dargemont, C. Darley-Usmar, V.M. Dasarathy, S. Dasgupta, B. Dash, S. Dass, C.R. Davey, H.M. Davids, L.M. Dávila, D. Davis, R.J. Dawson, T.M. Dawson, V.L. Daza, P. de Belleroche, J. de Figueiredo, P. de Figueiredo, R.C.B.Q. de la Fuente, J. De Martino, L. De Matteis, A. De Meyer, G.R.Y. De Milito, A. De Santi, M. de Souza, W. De Tata, V. De Zio, D. Debnath, J. Dechant, R. Decuypere, J.-P. Deegan, S. Dehay, B. Del Bello, B. Del Re, D.P. Delage-Mourroux, R. Delbridge, L.M.D. Deldicque, L. Delorme-Axford, E. 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Edelstein, C.L. Edinger, A.L. Eichinger, L. Eisenberg, T. Eisenberg-Lerner, A. Eissa, N.T. El-Deiry, W.S. El-Khoury, V. Elazar, Z. Eldar-Finkelman, H. Elliott, C.J.H. Emanuele, E. Emmenegger, U. Engedal, N. Engelbrecht, A.-M. Engelender, S. Enserink, J.M. Erdmann, R. Erenpreisa, J. Eri, R. Eriksen, J.L. Erman, A. Escalante, R. Eskelinen, E.-L. Espert, L. Esteban-Martínez, L. Evans, T.J. Fabri, M. Fabrias, G. Fabrizi, C. Facchiano, A. Færgeman, N.J. Faggioni, A. Fairlie, W.D. Fan, C. Fan, D. Fan, J. Fang, S. Fanto, M. Fanzani, A. Farkas, T. Faure, M. Favier, F.B. Fearnhead, H. Federici, M. Fei, E. Felizardo, T.C. Feng, H. Feng, Y. Feng, Y. Ferguson, T.A. Fernández, Á.F. Fernandez-Barrena, M.G. Fernandez-Checa, J.C. Fernández-López, A. Fernandez-Zapico, M.E. Feron, O. Ferraro, E. Ferreira-Halder, C.V. Fesus, L. Feuer, R. Fiesel, F.C. Filippi-Chiela, E.C. Filomeni, G. Fimia, G.M. Fingert, J.H. Finkbeiner, S. Finkel, T. Fiorito, F. Fisher, P.B. Flajolet, M. Flamigni, F. Florey, O. 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Zhang, J. Zhang, J.-P. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, M.-Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, X.D. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhao, M. Zhao, W.-L. Zhao, X. Zhao, Y.G. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y.-X. Zhao, Z. Zhao, Z.J. Zheng, D. Zheng, X.-L. Zheng, X. Zhivotovsky, B. Zhong, Q. Zhou, G.-Z. Zhou, G. Zhou, H. Zhou, S.-F. Zhou, X.-J. Zhu, H. Zhu, H. Zhu, W.-G. Zhu, W. Zhu, X.-F. Zhu, Y. Zhuang, S.-M. Zhuang, X. Ziparo, E. Zois, C.E. Zoladek, T. Zong, W.-X. Zorzano, A. Zughaier, S.M.

Published
2016

8. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

Author

Klionsky, D.J. Abdelmohsen, K. Abe, A. Abedin, M.J. Abeliovich, H. Arozena, A.A. Adachi, H. Adams, C.M. Adams, P.D. Adeli, K. Adhihetty, P.J. Adler, S.G. Agam, G. Agarwal, R. Aghi, M.K. Agnello, M. Agostinis, P. Aguilar, P.V. Aguirre-Ghiso, J. Airoldi, E.M. Ait-Si-Ali, S. Akematsu, T. Akporiaye, E.T. Al-Rubeai, M. Albaiceta, G.M. Albanese, C. Albani, D. Albert, M.L. Aldudo, J. Algül, H. Alirezaei, M. Alloza, I. Almasan, A. Almonte-Beceril, M. Alnemri, E.S. Alonso, C. Altan-Bonnet, N. Altieri, D.C. Alvarez, S. Alvarez-Erviti, L. Alves, S. Amadoro, G. Amano, A. Amantini, C. Ambrosio, S. Amelio, I. Amer, A.O. Amessou, M. Amon, A. An, Z. Anania, F.A. Andersen, S.U. Andley, U.P. Andreadi, C.K. Andrieu-Abadie, N. Anel, A. Ann, D.K. Anoopkumar-Dukie, S. Antonioli, M. Aoki, H. Apostolova, N. Aquila, S. Aquilano, K. Araki, K. Arama, E. Aranda, A. Araya, J. Arcaro, A. Arias, E. Arimoto, H. Ariosa, A.R. Armstrong, J.L. Arnould, T. Arsov, I. Asanuma, K. Askanas, V. Asselin, E. Atarashi, R. Atherton, S.S. Atkin, J.D. Attardi, L.D. Auberger, P. Auburger, G. Aurelian, L. Autelli, R. Avagliano, L. Avantaggiati, M.L. Avrahami, L. Azad, N. Awale, S. Bachetti, T. Backer, J.M. Bae, D.-H. Bae, J.-S. Bae, O.-N. Bae, S.H. Baehrecke, E.H. Baek, S.-H. Baghdiguian, S. Bagniewska-Zadworna, A. Bai, H. Bai, J. Bai, X.-Y. Bailly, Y. Balaji, K.N. Balduini, W. Ballabio, A. Balzan, R. Banerjee, R. Bánhegyi, G. Bao, H. Barbeau, B. Barrachina, M.D. Barreiro, E. Bartel, B. Bartolomé, A. Bassham, D.C. Bassi, M.T. Bast, R.C., Jr. Basu, A. Batista, M.T. Batoko, H. Battino, M. Bauckman, K. Baumgarner, B.L. Bayer, K.U. Beale, R. Beaulieu, J.-F. Beck, G.R., Jr. Becker, C. Beckham, J.D. Bédard, P.-A. Bednarski, P.J. Begley, T.J. Behl, C. Behrends, C. Behrens, G.M.N. Behrns, K.E. Bejarano, E. Belaid, A. Belleudi, F. Bénard, G. Berchem, G. Bergamaschi, D. Bergami, M. Berkhout, B. Berliocchi, L. Bernard, A. Bernard, M. Bernassola, F. Bertolotti, A. Bess, A.S. Besteiro, S. Bettuzzi, S. Bhalla, S. Bhattacharyya, S. Bhutia, S.K. Biagosch, C. Bianchi, M.W. Biard-Piechaczyk, M. Billes, V. Bincoletto, C. Bingol, B. Bird, S.W. Bitoun, M. Bjedov, I. Blackstone, C. Blanc, L. Blanco, G.A. Blomhoff, H.K. Boada-Romero, E. Böckler, S. Boes, M. Boesze-Battaglia, K. Boise, L.H. Bolino, A. Boman, A. Bonaldo, P. Bordi, M. Bosch, J. Botana, L.M. Botti, J. Bou, G. Bouché, M. Bouchecareilh, M. Boucher, M.-J. Boulton, M.E. Bouret, S.G. Boya, P. Boyer-Guittaut, M. Bozhkov, P.V. Brady, N. Braga, V.M.M. Brancolini, C. Braus, G.H. Bravo-San-Pedro, J.M. Brennan, L.A. Bresnick, E.H. Brest, P. Bridges, D. Bringer, M.-A. Brini, M. Brito, G.C. Brodin, B. Brookes, P.S. Brown, E.J. Brown, K. Broxmeyer, H.E. Bruhat, A. Brum, P.C. Brumell, J.H. Brunetti-Pierri, N. Bryson-Richardson, R.J. Buch, S. Buchan, A.M. Budak, H. Bulavin, D.V. Bultman, S.J. Bultynck, G. Bumbasirevic, V. Burelle, Y. Burke, R.E. Burmeister, M. Bütikofer, P. Caberlotto, L. Cadwell, K. Cahova, M. Cai, D. Cai, J. Cai, Q. Calatayud, S. 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Savaraj, N. Saveljeva, S. Schaefer, L. Schaible, U.E. Scharl, M. Schatzl, H.M. Schekman, R. Scheper, W. Schiavi, A. Schipper, H.M. Schmeisser, H. Schmidt, J. Schmitz, I. Schneider, B.E. Schneider, E.M. Schneider, J.L. Schon, E.A. Schönenberger, M.J. Schönthal, A.H. Schorderet, D.F. Schröder, B. Schuck, S. Schulze, R.J. Schwarten, M. Schwarz, T.L. Sciarretta, S. Scotto, K. Scovassi, A.I. Screaton, R.A. Screen, M. Seca, H. Sedej, S. Segatori, L. Segev, N. Seglen, P.O. Seguí-Simarro, J.M. Segura-Aguilar, J. Seiliez, I. Seki, E. Sell, C. Semenkovich, C.F. Semenza, G.L. Sen, U. Serra, A.L. Serrano-Puebla, A. Sesaki, H. Setoguchi, T. Settembre, C. Shacka, J.J. Shajahan-Haq, A.N. Shapiro, I.M. Sharma, S. She, H. Shen, C.-K.J. Shen, C.-C. Shen, H.-M. Shen, S. Shen, W. Sheng, R. Sheng, X. Sheng, Z.-H. Shepherd, T.G. Shi, J. Shi, Q. Shi, Q. Shi, Y. Shibutani, S. Shibuya, K. Shidoji, Y. Shieh, J.-J. Shih, C.-M. Shimada, Y. Shimizu, S. Shin, D.W. Shinohara, M.L. Shintani, M. Shintani, T. Shioi, T. Shirabe, K. Shiri-Sverdlov, R. Shirihai, O. Shore, G.C. Shu, C.-W. Shukla, D. Sibirny, A.A. Sica, V. Sigurdson, C.J. Sigurdsson, E.M. Sijwali, P.S. Sikorska, B. Silveira, W.A. Silvente-Poirot, S. Silverman, G.A. Simak, J. Simmet, T. Simon, A.K. Simon, H.-U. Simone, C. Simons, M. Simonsen, A. Singh, R. Singh, S.V. Singh, S.K. Sinha, D. Sinha, S. Sinicrope, F.A. Sirko, A. Sirohi, K. Sishi, B.J.N. Sittler, A. Siu, P.M. Sivridis, E. Skwarska, A. Slack, R. Slaninová, I. Slavov, N. Smaili, S.S. Smalley, K.S.M. Smith, D.R. Soenen, S.J. Soleimanpour, S.A. Solhaug, A. Somasundaram, K. Son, J.H. Sonawane, A. Song, C. Song, F. Song, H.K. Song, J.-X. Song, W. Soo, K.Y. Sood, A.K. Soong, T.W. Soontornniyomkij, V. Sorice, M. Sotgia, F. Soto-Pantoja, D.R. Sotthibundhu, A. Sousa, M.J. Spaink, H.P. Span, P.N. Spang, A. Sparks, J.D. Speck, P.G. Spector, S.A. Spies, C.D. Springer, W. Clair, D.S. Stacchiotti, A. Staels, B. Stang, M.T. Starczynowski, D.T. Starokadomskyy, P. Steegborn, C. Steele, J.W. Stefanis, L. Steffan, J. Stellrecht, C.M. Stenmark, H. Stepkowski, T.M. Stern, S.T. Stevens, C. Stockwell, B.R. Stoka, V. Storchova, Z. Stork, B. Stratoulias, V. Stravopodis, D.J. Strnad, P. Strohecker, A.M. Ström, A.-L. Stromhaug, P. Stulik, J. Su, Y.-X. Su, Z. Subauste, C.S. Subramaniam, S. Sue, C.M. Suh, S.W. Sui, X. Sukseree, S. Sulzer, D. Sun, F.-L. Sun, J. Sun, J. Sun, S.-Y. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Sundaramoorthy, V. Sung, J. Suzuki, H. Suzuki, K. Suzuki, N. Suzuki, T. Suzuki, Y.J. Swanson, M.S. Swanton, C. Swärd, K. Swarup, G. Sweeney, S.T. Sylvester, P.W. Szatmari, Z. Szegezdi, E. Szlosarek, P.W. Taegtmeyer, H. Tafani, M. Taillebourg, E. Tait, S.W.G. Takacs-Vellai, K. Takahashi, Y. Takáts, S. Takemura, G. Takigawa, N. Talbot, N.J. Tamagno, E. Tamburini, J. Tan, C.-P. Tan, L. Tan, M.L. Tan, M. Tan, Y.-J. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, M. Tang, D. Tang, D. Tang, G. Tanida, I. Tanji, K. Tannous, B.A. Tapia, J.A. Tasset-Cuevas, I. Tatar, M. Tavassoly, I. Tavernarakis, N. Taylor, A. Taylor, G.S. Taylor, G.A. Taylor, J.P. Taylor, M.J. Tchetina, E.V. Tee, A.R. Teixeira-Clerc, F. Telang, S. Tencomnao, T. Teng, B.-B. Teng, R.-J. Terro, F. Tettamanti, G. Theiss, A.L. Theron, A.E. Thomas, K.J. Thomé, M.P. Thomes, P.G. Thorburn, A. Thorner, J. Thum, T. Thumm, M. Thurston, T.L.M. Tian, L. Till, A. Ting, J.P.-Y. Ting, J.P.Y. Titorenko, V.I. Toker, L. Toldo, S. Tooze, S.A. Topisirovic, I. Torgersen, M.L. Torosantucci, L. Torriglia, A. Torrisi, M.R. Tournier, C. Towns, R. Trajkovic, V. Travassos, L.H. Triola, G. Tripathi, D.N. Trisciuoglio, D. Troncoso, R. Trougakos, I.P. Truttmann, A.C. Tsai, K.-J. Tschan, M.P. Tseng, Y.-H. Tsukuba, T. Tsung, A. Tsvetkov, A.S. Tu, S. Tuan, H.-Y. Tucci, M. Tumbarello, D.A. Turk, B. Turk, V. Turner, R.F.B. Tveita, A.A. Tyagi, S.C. Ubukata, M. Uchiyama, Y. Udelnow, A. Ueno, T. Umekawa, M. Umemiya-Shirafuji, R. Underwood, B.R. Ungermann, C. Ureshino, R.P. Ushioda, R. Uversky, V.N. Uzcátegui, N.L. Vaccari, T. Vaccaro, M.I. Váchová, L. Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, H. Valdor, R. Valente, E.M. Vallette, F. Valverde, A.M. Van den Berghe, G. Van Den Bosch, L. van den Brink, G.R. van der Goot, F.G. van der Klei, I.J. van der Laan, L.J.W. van Doorn, W.G. van Egmond, M. van Golen, K.L. Van Kaer, L. Campagne, M.L. Vandenabeele, P. Vandenberghe, W. Vanhorebeek, I. Varela-Nieto, I. Vasconcelos, M.H. Vasko, R. Vavvas, D.G. Vega-Naredo, I. Velasco, G. Velentzas, A.D. Velentzas, P.D. Vellai, T. Vellenga, E. Vendelbo, M.H. Venkatachalam, K. Ventura, N. Ventura, S. Veras, P.S.T. Verdier, M. Vertessy, B.G. Viale, A. Vidal, M. Vieira, H.L.A. Vierstra, R.D. Vigneswaran, N. Vij, N. Vila, M. Villar, M. Villar, V.H. Villarroya, J. Vindis, C. Viola, G. Viscomi, M.T. Vitale, G. Vogl, D.T. Voitsekhovskaja, O.V. von Haefen, C. von Schwarzenberg, K. Voth, D.E. Vouret-Craviari, V. Vuori, K. Vyas, J.M. Waeber, C. Walker, C.L. Walker, M.J. Walter, J. Wan, L. Wan, X. Wang, B. Wang, C. Wang, C.-Y. Wang, C. Wang, C. Wang, C. Wang, D. 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Published
2016

9. Vacuum ultraviolet radiation emitted by microwave driven argon plasmas

Author

Elena Tatarova, E. Felizardo, Julio Henriques, and S. Espinho

Subjects
010302 applied physics, education.field_of_study, Electron density, Argon, Chemistry, Population, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Ion, symbols.namesake, Stark effect, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, symbols, Emission spectrum, Atomic physics, 0210 nano-technology, education, Microwave
Abstract

Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation emitted by microwave driven argon plasmas has been investigated at low-pressure conditions (0.36 mbar). A classical surface-wave sustained discharge at 2.45 GHz has been used as plasma source. VUV radiation has been detected by emission spectroscopy in the 30–125 nm spectral range. The spectrum exhibits atomic and ionic argon emissions with the most intense spectral lines corresponding to the atomic resonance lines, at 104.8 nm and 106.7 nm, and to the ion lines, at 92.0 nm and 93.2 nm. Emissions at lower wavelengths were also detected, including lines with no information concerning level transitions in the well-known NIST database (e.g., the atomic line at 89.4 nm). The dependence of the lines' intensity on the microwave power delivered to the launcher was investigated. The electron density was estimated to be around 1012 cm−3 using the Stark broadening of the hydrogen Hβ line at 486.1 nm. The main population and loss mechanisms considered in the model for the excited a...

Published
2017
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10. Vacuum ultraviolet emission from hydrogen microwave plasmas driven by surface waves

Author

S. Espinho, Elena Tatarova, and E. Felizardo

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Range (particle radiation), Hydrogen, Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 02 engineering and technology, Plasma, Radiation, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Surface wave, 0103 physical sciences, Atomic physics, 0210 nano-technology, Intensity (heat transfer), Microwave
Abstract

The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation emitted by hydrogen surface-wave-driven plasmas operating at microwave frequency (2.45 GHz) and low-pressure conditions (0.1–2 mbar) was investigated, in particular the influence of microwave power and gas pressure on the intensity of the emissions. The strong emission of Lyman H2 and Werner H2 molecular bands in the 80–125 nm spectral range was detected, while the most intense atomic emissions observed correspond to Lyman-α and Lyman-β lines at 121.6 nm and 102.6 nm respectively. An increase of the atomic lines and molecular bands intensities with increasing microwave power at pressure 0.1 mbar was observed. At 2 mbar the VUV spectra are entirely dominated by molecular bands. Theoretical predictions, as obtained from a collisional-radiative model, were validated by the experimental results.

Published
2016
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11. Extreme ultraviolet radiation emitted by helium microwave driven plasmas

Author

Luís L Alves, S. Espinho, E. Felizardo, and Elena Tatarova

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Materials science, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Plasma, Radiation, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Ion, chemistry, Physics::Plasma Physics, Extreme ultraviolet, 0103 physical sciences, Atomic physics, Helium, Microwave, Intensity (heat transfer)
Abstract

The extreme ultraviolet radiation emitted by helium microwave-driven (2.45 GHz) plasmas operating at low-pressure conditions was investigated. Novel data regarding emitted spectral lines of excited helium atoms and ions in the 20–33 nm wavelength range and their intensity behavior with variation of discharge operational conditions are presented. The intensity of all the spectral emissions was found to strongly increase with the microwave power delivered to the plasma. Furthermore, the intensity of the ionic spectral emissions decreases by nearly one order of magnitude as the pressure was raised from 0.2 to 0.5 mbar.

Published
2016
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12. Energetic Hydrogen Atoms in High Frequency Plasmas

Author

Carlos M. Ferreira, Francisco Dias, Boris F. Gordiets, E. Felizardo, and Elena Tatarova

Subjects
History, Mean kinetic temperature, Hydrogen, Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Rotational temperature, Kinetic energy, Spectral line, Computer Science Applications, Education, Excited state, Principal quantum number, Atomic physics, Doppler broadening
Abstract

Generation of energetic hydrogen atoms, with energy in the range 4-8 eV, was detected throughout the volume of a surface wave generated (500 MHz) plasma column in H2 at pressure p = 0.01 mbar. The Hβ, Hγ, Hδ, and H, line profiles were found to be bi-Gaussian towards the plasma column end. The kinetic temperatures corresponding to the Doppler broadening of the Hβ, Hγ, Hδ, lines are higher than the rotational temperature of the hydrogen molecular Fulcher-α band and the wall temperature. At pressure p = 0.2 mbar, the kinetic temperature of excited H (n = 4-7) atoms, as determined from the fitting of the spectral lines with a single-Gaussian profile, increases with upper level principal quantum number. The experimental results have been analyzed in the framework of a global self-consistent kinetic model describing this surface wave sustained plasma column.

Published
2014
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13. Vacuum ultraviolet emission from microwave Ar-H2 plasmas

Author

S. Espinho, Cristina Ferreira, Francisco Dias, E. Felizardo, and Elena Tatarova

Subjects
Range (particle radiation), Argon, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Hydrogen, Chemistry, Resonance, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Atomic physics, Spectral line, Microwave, Intensity (physics)
Abstract

Vacuum ultraviolet emission from Ar-H2 wave driven microwave (2.45 GHz) plasmas operating at low pressures (0.1–1 mbar) has been investigated. The emitted spectra show the presence of the Ar resonance lines at 104.8 and 106.7 nm and of the Lyman-α,β atomic lines at 121.6 nm and 102.6 nm, respectively. The increase of the hydrogen amount in the mixture results in an abrupt increase of the Werner and Lyman molecular bands intensity. The Lyman-β intensity shows little changes in the range of 5%–30% of hydrogen in the mixture while the Lyman-α intensity tends to decrease as the percentage of hydrogen increases.

Published
2013
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14. Microwave plasma source operating with atmospheric pressure air-water mixtures

Author

E. Felizardo, Boris F. Gordiets, M. Lino da Silva, Cristina Ferreira, Julio Henriques, and Elena Tatarova

Subjects
Atmospheric pressure, Chemistry, Ionization, Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, Relative density, Plasma diagnostics, Plasma, Atomic physics, Ion source, Microwave, Afterglow
Abstract

The overall performance of a surface wave driven air-water plasma source operating at atmospheric pressure and 2.45 GHz has been analyzed. A 1D model previously developed has been improved in order to describe in detail the creation and loss processes of active species of interest. This model provides a complete characterization of the axial structure of the source, including the discharge and the afterglow zones. The main electron creation channel was found to be the associative ionization process N + O → NO+ + e. The NO(X) relative density in the afterglow plasma jet ranges from 1.2% to 1.6% depending on power and water percentage, according to the model predictions and the measurements. Other types of species such as NO2 and nitrous acid HNO2 have also been detected by mass and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. The relative population density of O(3P) ground state atoms increases from 8% to 10% in the discharge zone when the input microwave power increases from 200 to 400 W and the water percentage from 1% to 10%. Furthermore, high densities of O2(a1Δg) singlet delta oxygen molecules and OH radicals (1% and 5%, respectively) can be achieved in the discharge zone. In the late afterglow the O2(a1Δg) density is about 0.1% of the total density. This plasma source has a flexible operation and potential for channeling the energy in ways that maximize the density of active species of interest.

Published
2012
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15. Energetic hydrogen atoms in wave driven discharges

Author

Julio Henriques, Francisco Dias, Elena Tatarova, Cristina Ferreira, E. Felizardo, and Boris F. Gordiets

Subjects
Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Energetic neutral atom, Hydrogen, Chemistry, Surface wave, Excited state, chemistry.chemical_element, Physics::Atomic Physics, Atomic physics, Plasma acceleration, Space charge, Doppler broadening, Ion
Abstract

Doppler broadened Hγ emission was detected in high frequency (350 and 500 MHz) hydrogen surface wave sustained discharges, revealing the presence of fast excited H atoms with kinetic energies in the range 4–9 eV. Spatially resolved measurements of the Doppler-broadened emission indicate that these fast atoms are predominantly formed near the wall, which suggests that their generation may result from acceleration of H+ ions in the radial dc space charge field followed by recombination at the wall and the return of the neutral atom to the gas phase.

Published
2011
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16. Microwave air plasma source at atmospheric pressure: Experiment and theory

Author

E. Felizardo, Elena Tatarova, Cristina Ferreira, Boris F. Gordiets, Francisco Dias, Mario J. Pinheiro, and Julio Henriques

Subjects
Amplitude, Atmospheric pressure, Chemistry, Surface wave, General Physics and Astronomy, Atmospheric-pressure plasma, Plasma diagnostics, Plasma, Atomic physics, Microwave, Water vapor
Abstract

An experimental and theoretical investigation of the axial structure of a surface wave (2.45 GHz) driven atmospheric plasma source in air with a small admixture (1%) of water vapor has been performed. Measurements of the gas temperature and of the intensities of the O(777.4 nm), O(844.6 nm), and O(630 nm) atomic lines and the NO(γ) molecular band versus input power and axial position were carried out. Amplitude and phase sensitive measurements have also been performed to derive the surface wave dispersion characteristics. The experimental results are analyzed in terms of a one-dimensional theoretical model based on a self-consistent treatment of particle kinetics, gas dynamics, and wave electrodynamics. The predicted gas temperature and emission line intensities variations with power and axial position are shown to compare well with experiment. “Hot” excited O atoms (with kinetic energy ∼2 eV) have been detected.

Published
2010
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17. Hot and super-hot hydrogen atoms in microwave plasma

Author

Boris F. Gordiets, Elena Tatarova, Francisco Dias, Cristina Ferreira, E. Felizardo, and M. Lino da Silva

Subjects
Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Hydrogen, Chemistry, Principal quantum number, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Emission spectrum, Atomic physics, Population inversion, Kinetic energy, Microwave, Ion source
Abstract

“Super-hot” (kinetic energy ∼4–8 eV) and “hot” (kinetic energy ∼0.3 eV) H atoms were detected in a surface wave (500 MHz) generated H2 plasma column, at pressure p=0.01 mbar, from the analysis of the Hβ, Hγ, Hδ, and He emission line profiles. These profiles were found to evolve from single Gaussian to bi-Gaussian toward the plasma column end. Population inversion between the levels 5→4 and 6→4 was detected. At pressure p=0.2 mbar, super-hot atoms were not detected and the temperature of the hot atoms was found to increase with the upper level principal quantum number.

Published
2009
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18. Spectroscopic investigation of wave driven microwave plasmas

Author

Francisco Dias, S Sander Nijdam, Elena Tatarova, Gmw Gerrit Kroesen, RG Ruud Wijtvliet, E. Felizardo, Cristina Ferreira, Eddie van Veldhuizen, and Elementary Processes in Gas Discharges

Subjects
Hydrogen, Chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Balmer series, Population inversion, Spectral line, symbols.namesake, Excited state, symbols, Hydrogen line, Emission spectrum, Atomic physics, Doppler broadening
Abstract

The study of the emission of “mixed gas” plasmas reveals many surprising results, especially when hydrogen is one of the gases. Anomalous, even extreme, hydrogen line broadening was found in a number of mixed discharge plasmas excited via direct current dc or radio frequency rf electric fields. 1–5 The Balmer line spectra emitted by these discharges have typical multimode behavior, with widely broadened “wings” “fast” hydrogen and a sharp top “slow” hydrogen. The results have usually been explained in terms of Doppler shift and broadening due to the acceleration of charges such as H + ,H 2 , and H3 ions in the high dc electric fields present in the sheath regions of these discharges. The acceleration of hydrogen ions in these dc fields is followed by neutralization and generation of fast excited H atoms. This is the origin of the “wings” in the spectra. Strikingly excessive Balmer- line broadening has been observed in He– H210% microwave discharge, 6 but this has not yet been confirmed by other research groups. On the contrary, measurements of H line profiles emitted by microwave discharges under similar conditions have not revealed excessive broadening. 7–10 Nevertheless, selective hydrogen line broadening has been detected in microwave discharges and their afterglows when there is no significant broadening of noble gas lines or hydrogen molecular lines. 8,9,11 A possible explanation for such selective heating of H atoms may be connected with the main creation processes of excited H atoms, namely, ion conversion and electron impact dissociation. Furthermore, hyperthermal hydrogen atoms have surprisingly been detected at atmospheric pressure Ar– H2 microplasma jets, where the Hn =3 temperatures were found to range from 12,000 to 19,600 K. 12 It is now clear that hydrogen line broadening causes controversy so that more experimental observations are currently needed in order to try to elucidate the mechanisms and processes behind this phenomenon in different types of discharges. The aim of this experimental work is to address some of these problems. This article presents spectroscopic measurements in He– H2 and Ar– H2 low-pressure plasmas generated by a surface wave of frequency / 2 = 2.45 GHz. Results on the line shape and the emission intensities of excited hydrogen and helium atoms, and the emission intensities of the Q-branch of the Fulcher- band d 3 uv =1 →a 3 g v =1 are presented and discussed. Different temperatures are determined from the measured hydrogen and helium emission line shapes and the rotational distribution of hydrogen molecular lines. Furthermore, the population distribution of excited H atoms is determined from measurements of the relative intensities of transitions within the Balmer series.

Published
2009
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19. Microwave plasma torches driven by surface waves

Author

E. Felizardo, Boris F. Gordiets, Elena Tatarova, Julio Henriques, Francisco Dias, and Carlos M. Ferreira

Subjects
Argon, Atmospheric pressure, Plasma torch, Chemistry, Excited state, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Rotational temperature, Plasma diagnostics, Emission spectrum, Plasma, Atomic physics, Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract

The axial structure of air and nitrogen–argon plasma torches driven by surface waves at atmospheric pressure is studied by means of optical emission spectroscopy and radiophysics. The rotational temperature of the Q1-branch of the OH (A2+Σ+, v' = 0 → X 2Π, v'' = 0) rotational band in the range 306–315 nm has been determined as a measure of the gas temperature. This temperature is around 3500 K along the main part of the air plasma torch and sharply drops to about 1000 K in the post-discharge zone. In the N2–Ar mixture, the Doppler temperatures (6000–8000 K) of the Hα and Hβ lines are higher than the OH rotational temperature (~4000 K). 'Hot' excited O(3p5P) oxygen atoms with temperature of approximately 20000 K have been detected in the air plasma torch.

Published
2008
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20. Microwave plasma enabled synthesis of free standing carbon nanostructures at atmospheric pressure conditions

Author

Miroslav Abrashev, A. Dias, E. Felizardo, Elena Tatarova, Julio Henriques, Francisco Dias, N. Bundaleska, J. Kissovski, and D. Tsyganov

Subjects
Materials science, Plasma parameters, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, symbols.namesake, law, 0103 physical sciences, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 010302 applied physics, Atmospheric pressure, Graphene, Plasma, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Ion source, Chemical engineering, chemistry, 13. Climate action, symbols, 0210 nano-technology, Raman spectroscopy, Carbon, Microwave
Abstract

An experimental and theoretical study on microwave (2.45 GHz) plasma enabled assembly of carbon nanostructures, such as multilayer graphene sheets and nanoparticles, was performed. The carbon nanostructures were fabricated at different Ar–CH4 gas mixture composition and flows at atmospheric pressure conditions. The synthesis method is based on decomposition of the carbon-containing precursor (CH4) in the “hot” microwave plasma environment into carbon atoms and molecules, which are further converted into solid carbon nuclei in the “colder” plasma zones. By tailoring of the plasma environment, a controlled synthesis of graphene sheets and diamond-like nanoparticles was achieved. Selective synthesis of graphene flakes was achieved at a microwave power of 1 kW, Ar and methane flow rates of 600 sccm and 2 sccm respectively, while the predominant synthesis of diamond-like nanoparticles was obtained at the same power, but with higher flow rates, i.e. 1000 and 7.5 sccm, respectively. Optical emission spectroscopy was applied to detect the plasma emission related to carbon species from the ‘hot’ plasma zone and to determine the main plasma parameters. Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy have been applied to characterize the synthesized nanostructures. A previously developed theoretical model was further updated and employed to understand the mechanism of CH4 decomposition and formation of the main building units, i.e. C and C2, of the carbon nanostructures. An insight into the physical chemistry of carbon nanostructure formation in a high energy density microwave plasma environment is presented.

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22. Plasma-Driven Tuning of Dielectric Permittivity in Graphene.

Author

Tatarova E, Dias A, Dankov P, Kissovski J, Botelho do Rego AM, Bundaleska N, Felizardo E, Abrashev M, Ferraria AM, Strunskus T, Shvalya V, Santhosh NM, Ivanov IV, Košiček M, Zavašnik J, Alves LL, Gonçalves B, and Cvelbar U

Abstract

Materials with tunable negative electromagnetic performance, i.e., where dielectric permittivity becomes negative, have long been pursued in materials research due to their peculiar electromagnetic (EM) characteristics. Here, this promising feature is reported in materials on the case of plasma-synthesized nitrogen-doped graphene sheets with tunable permittivity over a wide (1-40 GHz) frequency range. Selectively incorporated nitrogen atoms in a graphene scaffold tailor the electronic structure in a way that provides an ultra-low energy (0.5-2 eV) 2D surface plasmon excitation, leading to subunitary and negative dielectric constant values in the Ka-band, from 30 up to 40 GHz. By allowing the tailoring of structures at atomic scale, this novel plasma-based approach creates a new paradigm for designing 2D nanomaterials like nanocarbons with controllable and tunable permittivity, opening a path to the next generation of 2D metamaterials., (© 2024 The Authors. Small published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Published
2024
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23. Simultaneous Synthesis and Nitrogen Doping of Free-Standing Graphene Applying Microwave Plasma.

Author

Tsyganov D, Bundaleska N, Henriques J, Felizardo E, Dias A, Abrashev M, Kissovski J, Botelho do Rego AM, Ferraria AM, and Tatarova E

Abstract

An experimental and theoretical investigation on microwave plasma-based synthesis of free-standing N-graphene, i.e., nitrogen-doped graphene, was further extended using ethanol and nitrogen gas as precursors. The in situ assembly of N-graphene is a single-step method, based on the introduction of N-containing precursor together with carbon precursor in the reactive microwave plasma environment at atmospheric pressure conditions. A previously developed theoretical model was updated to account for the new reactor geometry and the nitrogen precursor employed. The theoretical predictions of the model are in good agreement with all experimental data and assist in deeper understanding of the complicated physical and chemical process in microwave plasma. Optical Emission Spectroscopy was used to detect the emission of plasma-generated ''building units'' and to determine the gas temperature. The outlet gas was analyzed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to detect the generated gaseous by-products. The synthesized N-graphene was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies.

Published
2020
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24. Towards large-scale in free-standing graphene and N-graphene sheets.

Author

Tatarova E, Dias A, Henriques J, Abrashev M, Bundaleska N, Kovacevic E, Bundaleski N, Cvelbar U, Valcheva E, Arnaudov B, do Rego AMB, Ferraria AM, Berndt J, Felizardo E, Teodoro OMND, Strunskus T, Alves LL, and Gonçalves B

Abstract

One of the greatest challenges in the commercialization of graphene and derivatives is production of high quality material in bulk quantities at low price and in a reproducible manner. The very limited control, or even lack of, over the synthesis process is one of the main problems of conventional approaches. Herein, we present a microwave plasma-enabled scalable route for continuous, large-scale fabrication of free-standing graphene and nitrogen doped graphene sheets. The method's crucial advantage relies on harnessing unique plasma mechanisms to control the material and energy fluxes of the main building units at the atomic scale. By tailoring the high energy density plasma environment and complementarily applying in situ IR and soft UV radiation, a controllable selective synthesis of high quality graphene sheets at 2 mg/min yield with prescribed structural qualities was achieved. Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Near Edge X-ray-absorption fine-structure spectroscopy were used to probe the morphological, chemical and microstructural features of the produced material. The method described here is scalable and show a potential for controllable, large-scale fabrication of other graphene derivatives and promotes microwave plasmas as a competitive, green, and cost-effective alternative to presently used chemical methods.

Published
2017
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