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Objective: To study main clinical and laboratory peculiarities of the course of urinary tract disease among children aged from newborns to 3 years old.Methods: Research design is a prospective controlled clinical research. 102 (60.71±3.77 %) children having urinary tract infection without accompanying abnormalities of the urinary system development were included in the first group. 66 (39.29±3.77 %) children having infection of the urinary tract amid congenital kidney defect.Results: Comparative evaluation of the results of complex examination of both groups showed that urinary tract infection is characterized by intoxication, pain and dysuric syndroms. The presence of accompanying kidneys and urinary tract abnormality development defined the latent course of the disease in every second child (59.09%) and supports the early development of renal infection (during first six months after birth).Conclusions: It’s necessary to conduct the search of diagnostics markers and predictors of the infection of the urinary tract among children of the first years of life, especially if there is an abnormality of the organs of urinary system.

Summary:The review covers the findings of the epidemiological trial on urinary tract infections (UTI) incidence, acute and chronic pyelonephritis in children of Primorsky territory. The significant impact of environmental climatic and heliogeophysical risk factors on pyelonephritis morbidity in children was detected. The most significant factors of UTI development in Primorsky territory were defined. Clinical and laboratory features of this pathology in children at the present day are represented. The ideas of pathogenesis of bacterial inflammation in urinary tract have been broaden. The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its type 2 soluble receptor in persistence and in progression of the inflammation process, which can lead to non-reversible sclerotic changes in kidney tissue, was determined. The role of nitrogen oxide in pathogenetic mechanisms of renal hypertension in children was determined. The complex rehabilitation of patients with local mineral water was considered. The obtained data can be used in further researches, in the work of children›s medical institutions of cities and regions of Primorsky territory.

A patient with infective endocarditis (IE), complicated by the development of the abscess of the spleen, is described. The diagnosis of IE was verified several months after the onset of clinical symptoms (fever, hemorrhagic skin rashes, splenomegaly).The patient suspected hemorrhagic vasculitis and lymphoma of the spleen, which were not confirmed. With transesophageal echocardiography, vegetations on the aortic valve have been identified, and, according to CT, a spleen infarct with suspected abscess. A successful simultaneous operation was performed - aortic valve replacement and splenectomy. An abscess was found in the spleen. The patient is discharged in a satisfactory condition.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the state of the upper gastrointestinal tract (UGIT) in various types of basic treatment of children’s bronchial asthma. There was conducted a clinical-instrumentalsurvey of children with bronchial asthma. They have been receiving a basic anti-inflammatory therapy inhaled glucocorticosteroids (IGCS) (1st group, n=33) or anti-inflammatory cromone drugs (2nd group, n=33) for 3 years and more. Most of the children with the bronchial asthma complained about the gastrointestinal problems, mostly abdominal pain; the heartburn was recorded reasonably oftener in the children of 1st group. While conducting endoscope survey, 97% of children of 1st group were revealed having the UGIT pathology. As the result of microscopy of gastric mucosa bioptic sample, most of the patients of 1st group appeared having fungal infection; the significant lymphoplasmacytic or eosinophilic infiltration in own layer of the gastric mucosa was determined. Moreover, H. pylori was revealed more frequently for the children of 1st group, and the level of invasion was higher. The data given indicate the need for measures limiting the entry of steroids into GIT, as well as the use of medicines that reduce damaging effect of IGCS on the mucous layers.

The development of efficient production of unfractionated heparin (UFH) preparations, which are widely used in clinical practice, is currently a critical problem. According to WHO guidelines, specific and selective methods for monitoring heparin activity in preparations and substances must be used in the quality assurance system for producing pharmaceutical preparations. A clotting method for measuring UFH activity in its preparations and substances according to the coagulation method recommended by the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation was developed based on the created test system. The method was evaluated using the main analytical characteristics. The results obtained from the developed test were shown to be comparable with those from UFH activity determinations using the chromogenic method recommended by the State and European pharmacopoeias. The established accuracy, sensitivity, and precision allowed the validated coagulation method and the created test system to be recommended for inclusion in UFH process monitoring.

The results of the comparative analysis of the condition of immune system of medical workers living and working in different climatic and social conditions in Arkhangelsk and in Revda (Murmansk region) are presented. We have analyzed the results of immunological examination of 107 people working in medical institutions of Arkhangelsk and Revda. We studied the concentration of leukocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, phagocytic index, the phenotypes of T- and B-lymphocytes, cytokines, CEA, immunoglobulins. Doctor's work is associated with activization of the cell-bound and the antibody-producing immune reactions with increase in blood of natural killers and cytotoxic lymphocytes with phenotype CD8+, and also IgA and IgE. This reaction is less expressed among working people in the Polar region and it seems it may be explained by some of inhibiting factors. It is lymphopenia, deficit of mature T- cells with phenotype CD3+, low concentration of IL-6 and CEA, higher level concentration of IL-10. The features of immune background of health workers from Revda can be caused by climate -ecological living conditions.

In the modern world, the introduction of mathematical methods in various subject areas. Today, many disciplines use methods of mathematical statistics, modeling, forecasting, and optimal planning. A student of a technical University majoring in «Mining», as a future engineer, often has to take into account many factors and rely on complex criteria for the effectiveness of ways to achieve final goals. Various modeling methods help you quickly find solutions to various problems. We offer students at the technical University to teach not only the fundamentals of higher mathematics, but also to teach them to build mathematical models and solve applied problems. Mathematical modeling helps students to see mathematics in life and future profession. It contributes to the development of mathematical competence of students, which is one of the components of their professional competence.

Tills paper reviews an update on risk factors for hypertension in children and teenagers and on a role of endothelial dysfunction in the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease.

Since ancient times, the main methods of design belonged to mathematics. Mathematics in Ancient Greece was one of the sections of architecture and was based on the classical geometry of Euclid. And now professional competence of graduates of construction specialties of the University is impossible without the developed mathematical competence. Developing mathematical competence of future architects and civil engineers, we solve applied problems with students, perform professionally - oriented tasks and projects. Any design solutions in architecture and construction should be mathematically justified. Therefore, any architect, civil engineer should know the theoretical foundations of mathematics, be able to build mathematical models, solve applied problems using the methods of mathematical statistics for processing experimental data.

Mathematics and architecture have always been closely interrelated, the main methods of design in architecture has always belonged to mathematics. At the present stage in connection with the development of computer technology and the Internet began a new round in the relationship between mathematics and architecture. A competent architect should have excellent skills in painting and sculpture, as well as a good knowledge of mathematics. We came to the conclusion that the purpose of mathematical training in the University of students of construction specialties is the development of their mathematical competence. This requires: 1) students should be able to solve applied mathematical problems; 2) students should carry out projects related to their future professional activities; 3) students should be able to create mathematical models. We have developed criteria, indicators and levels of development of mathematical competence of students of the University, which allows you to organize control and measuring materials to assess the level of mathematical training of students.

The task of developing effective production of low-molecular-weight heparins (LMH), which are widely used in clinical practice, is timely. The quality assurance system of pharmaceutical preparations under WHO guidance stipulates, in particular, the application of specific and selective quality monitoring of the activity of heparin in preparations and substances. Using a test system based on purified reagents (thrombin, factor Xa, antithrombin III), a technique for the measurement of LMH according to the anti-Xa/anti-IIa chromogenic method recommended by the European Pharmacopoeia has been developed. The proposed technique has been evaluated with respect to the main analytical characteristics. The established accuracy, precision, linearity, and reproducibility allow the validated chromogenic method adapted for the proposed test system to be recommended for introduction into the quality control of LMH production.

An advanced system of data transmission in digital wideband communications channels based on the manipulation with statistical characteristics of random processes has been proposed and investigated.

The possibility of raising the static exchange capacity of strongly acidic ion-exchange materials produced by grafting of styrene onto polypropylene fibers, with the subsequent sulfonation of the products synthesized, was analyzed. The chemical and osmotic stabilities of the sulfonic cation exchangers obtained and their frost resistance in freeze-thaw cycles were studied.

The efficacy of the production technology and the quality of antihemophilic factor VIII preparations depend substantially on the specificity and accuracy of the method of factor VIII activity determination in raw materials, intermediate compounds, and final products. The problems were solved by the development of a single-stage coagulation assay and the corresponding test system for the determination of factor VIII in a cryoglobulin fraction of the human plasma (raw material) and in the concentrate of purified factor VIII. Reference samples of these substances were created and validated using the standard amidolytic method as recommended by the European Pharmacopoeia. The proposed coagulation assay, the test system, and the working reference samples can be implemented in the production technology of antihemophilic drugs.

To evaluate the efficacy of the combined drug furamag (furasidine potassium and magnesium hydroxycarbonate) in combination with the third-generation cephalosporin cefotaxime versus cephalosporin monotherapy for nosocomial urinary tract infections (NUTI).The randomized open-label comparative parallel group clinical trial enrolled 52 male and female patients aged over 18 years with a documented diagnosis of NUTI. Group 1 (a study group) took oral furamag 300 mg/day in combination with intravenous cefotaxime 6 g/day; Group 2 (a control group) received cefotaxime monotherapy. The duration of therapy in both groups was 7 to 10 days until the efficiency levels were achieved.A final efficiency analysis was made in 24 and 25 patients from Groups 1 and 2 who had different forms of NUTI (catheter-associated NUTI, cystitis, pyelonephritis). On day 3 of treatment, most patients were noted to have a decreased systemic inflammatory response; lower C-reactive protein and procalcitonin levels being in the study group patients. The clinical efficiency of antibacterial therapy, which had been evaluated both immediately after treatment termination and during further control, did not substantially differ in the furamag/cefotaxime combination and control groups although there was an obvious tendency towards the more marked effect of combined therapy 7-14 days after treatment (11.8% efficiency differences; p0.05). Analysis of bacteriological efficacy revealed its most pronounced and clinically significant differences between the groups: the cefotaxime/furamag combination led to higher pathogen eradication in all follow-up periods: after 3 days of treatment (82.6%) and following a complete therapy cycle (95.8%) versus the cefotaxime monotherapy group (43.5 and 70.8%, respectively; p0.01). Microbiological results showed that the major NUTI pathogens (Escherichia coli, enterococci) were more susceptible to potassium furasidine (furamag) versus cefotaxime. The in vitro higher activity of furamag versus cefotaxime was attended by the significantly higher eradication of one of the two important NUTI pathogens - Enterococcus faecalis.Furamag used in combination with the third-generation cephalosporin cefotaxime showed a higher bacteriological efficacy and a rapider reduction in the symptoms of a systemic inflammatory response in patients with NUTI. On the basis of the findings, the above combination of furamag and cefotaxime may be recommended as first-line therapy for NUTI when multidrug- resistant nosocomial infection pathogens are widely distributed now.

The study was undertaken to assess commercial thromboplastins for compliance to the WHO guidelines and to substantiate the validity of the results of a prothrombin test carried out using these thromboplastins. The test thromboplastins were shown to meet the WHO guidelines for assessment of thromboplastins. Over 5-8 years of the authors'participation in two external quality control programs (Federal External Quality Control System, Russia; 72 trials; NEQAS, United Kingdom; 60 trials), the international normalized ratio derived through the use of assessed thromboplastins did not differ from that established due to the interlaboratory consensus value of both external quality control systems. It is concluded that correct thromboplastin assessment provide accurate results of determination of prothrombin time.

The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) test is widely used to monitor heparin anticoagulation. The relationship of the APTT to the activity of administered unfractionated heparin was defined in 23 patients on programmed hemodialysis, by using six APTT reagents. A calibration curve was plotted for each reagent. The heparinized and nonheparinized plasma values of APTT depended on the reagent being used. During clinical heparin therapy, an APTT-heparin concentration relationship was also defined by the used reagent. The reagents showed varying heparin sensitivity both in vitro and in vivo studies. APTT was estimated for the therapeutic application of heparin for all the reagents in the examinees. The authors consider it necessary to define an APTT-heparin concentration relationship for each reagent being used.

The Clauss method was recommended by the WHO to measure plasma fibrinogen levels. The purpose of this study was to assess the application of test systems made by the RENAM Research-and-Production Association (Moscow) on different types of clinical laboratory analyzers to measure fibrinogen by the Clauss method. The calibration line is shown to be of major value in obtaining correct results on each coagulometer. The findings suggest the accuracy and reproducibility of the determination of fibrinogen concentrations by the Clauss when the REHAM test systems are used to measure fibrinogen concentrations on various analyzers if accurate calibration lines are obtained.

Characteristics of the clinical process of staphylococcal endocarditis in 115 inpatients and the adequacy of various regimens for their antibiotic therapy within a period of 10 years were analysed. Four clinical criteria for prognosis of staphylococcal endocarditis were determined: intravenous narcomania, splenomegalia, leukocytosis and hemorrhagic skin eruption. The analysis of the Russian and foreign findings showed that the use of betalactams (oxacillin, the 1st and 3rd generation cephalosporins) and lincomycin provided the adequate therapy resulting in eradication of the pathogen in case of oxacillin resistant staphylococci, whereas the use of ciprofloxacin and vancomycin was inexpedient. In case of MRSA it was recommended to use vancomycin and in case of endocarditis due to S. aureus with intermediate resistance to vancomycin (VISA, MIC0.5 mcg/ml) the use of linezolid was recommended.

Plasmin inhibitor (PI) determination is an essential diagnostic method. The purpose of the study was to develop an amidolytic assay for estimating PI activity, by applying the test system made by RENAM (Moscow). The new system is based on purified plasmin (human plasma) with the activity attested by the international standards. The developed method shows precision and accuracy with low and normal PI activity. The pilot clinical trial in patients with sepsis had demonstrated that the PI activity determined by this method is associated with some hemostatic parameters (prothrombin index, thrombin generation) and a patient's status (septic shock, hepatic dysfunction).

A standard assay procedure for estimating antithrombin III activity was derived from the Abildgaard technique as follows: 1) to decrease errors at the preanalytical stage, by using preliminarily defibrinated lyophilized plasma-calibrator and 2) to increase measurement accuracy, by using the concentration of a fibrinogen preparation and simplifying the analytical procedure. The estimation of plasma antithrombin activity in patients with pulmonary thromboembolism or sepsis points to the changes in antithrombin III activity.

To compare clinical and microbiological efficacy of penicillines and macrolids in patients with exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (CB) basing on long-term follow-up after antibacterial treatment.Twenty patients with exacerbated CB or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) received amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (augmentin) while 20 other patients were given macrolides (sumamed or clacide). Clinical efficacy was assessed by the rate of exacerbation regression and duration of recurrence-free period in the course of 12-month follow-up. Bacteriological examination was conducted 3-5 days, 1 month after the treatment and at recurrent exacerbation.Patients on augmentin showed faster regression of exacerbation, earlier remission and higher quality of remission than patients on macrolides. Eradication of etiologically significant pathogens on day 3-5 after therapy with augmentin and macrolides was achieved in 92 and 30% patients, respectively, persistence--in 8 and 70%, respectively. Mean duration of remission was 263 +/- 107.1 and 164.9 +/- 112,2 days, respectively. A correlation was found between duration of recurrence-free period and frequency of eradication and persistence of the agents after antibacterial therapy of CB and COPD.Augmentin promotes a significantly earlier regress of exacerbation symptoms and persistent remission. Eradication potential of augmentin in CB/COPD patients is higher than that of macrolides. Long-term post-exacerbation monitoring (12-month follow-up) discovered that recurrence-free period of augmentin-treated patients is much longer than in patients on macrolides.

It is possible to successfully determine both the activity against activated factor Xa in animals plasma after heparins administration and specific activity against activated factor Xa of new anticoagulants by means of the domestic diagnostic kit "Reachrom-Heparin" developed by the company "Renam". It was compared to the similar kit "Berichrom heparin" (Dade Behring). No statistically significant differences were detected.

To study factor V Leiden, prothrombin (G1691A), 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR, C677T) mutations in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD).We studied 44 patients (38 female, 6 male, mean age 41.6 +/- 11.6 years) with PAPS and CVD. Detection of mutations was carried out using polymerase chain reaction.Heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation was found in 11% patients, heterozygous prothrombin mutation--in 9%, heterozygous and homozygous MTHFR mutation--in 50% and 9%, respectively. The severity of CVD, frequency of clinical manifestations related to non-cerebral arterial and venous thrombosis did not differ between the patients with and without mutations or there was a tendency to less frequent occurrence of these manifestations in patients with mutations. Patients with heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation, heterozygous prothrombin mutation or homozygous MTHFR mutation less frequently developed recurrent ischemic stroke than patients without these mutations (8% versus 44%, p0.02).It is suggested that mutations studied do not play a significant role in development of cerebral and systemic thrombosis in patients with PAPS. The leading role belongs to antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Sometimes these mutations may protect from thrombogenic aPL action. This could underlie less frequent development of recurrent ischemic stroke in patients with mutation.