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Samson Occom and his son-in-law, Joseph Johnson, were arguably two of the most enmeshed Indigenous figures of early New England’s missionary circles and produced radically nativist spaces and languages within and beside the discourses of White evangelical religion. Highly visible through their writings and their relationships with prominent evangelical figures, this chapter explores the deep investments Occom and Johnson made in education, religion, and politics in New and Old England while also gesturing toward the silences obscuring Indigenous peoples in English records and in the colonial imagination. Passionately convinced that Christianity had something real and important to offer their Native kin, these Mohegan men spent their lives traversing the Northeast, the Atlantic world, and the precarious terrain between Native and colonial spaces. By foregrounding these Indigenous figures rather than the Euro-American religious leaders and missionaries in religious histories of the Northeast especially among Native nations, the authors propose a reorientation for New England’s evangelical movement, putting Indigeneity and the Indigenous figures who left an indelible mark on the Native and colonial religious landscape of the eighteenth century at the center.

Objective: A series of studies report elevated rates of autism and autistic characteristics among gender-diverse youth seeking gender services. Although youth with the co-occurrence present with complex care needs, existing studies have focused on co-occurrence rates. Further, clinical commentaries have emphasized provider-centered interpretations of clinical needs rather than key stakeholder-driven clinical approaches. This study aimed to employ community-based participatory research methodologies to develop a key stakeholder-driven clinical group program. Method: Autistic/neurodiverse gender-diverse (A/ND-GD) youth (N = 31), parents of A/ND-GD youth (N = 46), A/ND-GD self-advocates (N = 10), and expert clinical providers (N = 10) participated in a multi-stage community-based participatory procedure. Needs assessment data were collected repeatedly over time from A/ND-GD youth and their parents as the youth interacted with one another through ongoing clinical groups, the curriculum of which was developed progressively through the iterative needs assessments. Results: Separate adolescent and parent needs assessments revealed key priorities for youth (e.g., the importance of connecting with other A/ND-GD youth and the benefit of experiencing a range of gender-diverse role models to make gender exploration and/or gender affirmation more concrete) and parents (e.g., the need for A/ND-related supports for their children as well as provision of an A/ND-friendly environment that fosters exploration of a range of gender expressions/options). Integration and translation of youth and parent priorities resulted in 11 novel clinical techniques for this population. Conclusions: With generally high acceptability ratings for each component of the group program, this study presents a community-driven clinical model to support broad care needs and preferences of A/ND-GD adolescents.

Despite research exploring autism in gender-diverse adolescents, no studies have elicited these individuals' perspectives. In-depth interviews with 22 well-characterized autistic gender-diverse adolescents revealed critical themes, including: recollections of pre-pubertal gender nonconformity; vivid experiences of gender dysphoria; a fear of social gender expression due to perceived animosity toward transgender people; and specific challenges that result from the interplay of gender diversity and neurodiversity. During the ~ 22 month study social gender affirmation increased in six participants and gender dysphoria attenuated in four participants. Given the ethical imperative to understand and prioritize the voiced perspectives and needs of autistic gender minority adolescents as well as the discovery of shared themes and experiences in this population, results should inform clinical research approaches and priorities.

The first nonpathologizing book for parents on trans and gender-nonconforming young people, Stephanie Brill and Rachel Pepper's The Transgender Child: A Handbook for Families and Professionals, urges unconditional love and acceptance of both trans youth and gender-nonconforming children. The authors encourage parents not only to support their young people but also to become advocates on their behalf.

The title of this jointly authored essay is meant to evoke new strategies in Native literary studies: the reaching back across time from the contemporary present to the historical past, the examination of the relationship between the academic fields of early and contemporary Native literature, and the growing recognition of the importance of alternative textualities. These strategies are joined by a network of relationships: intellectual, geographical, and textual, all of which gesture toward land as the glue that binds Native communities. Our collaboration is similarly linked. As scholars, we are situated at opposite ends of the field of Native studies: temporally, Fitzgerald in the present, reaching back through the centuries to uncover Native voices and communities; Wyss situated in the early American period, recovering Native voices that for too long have been left out of contemporary literary histories. Spatially, we are situated differently as well, with Wyss working on New England material culture and Fitzgerald working on fiction from Louise Erdrich, Diane Glancy, and Sophia Alice Callahan. In this essay, we raise the following questions: How do we see each other at the edges of Native literary studies? Perhaps more importantly, where do we meet? How do these two subfields, early and contemporary, intersect, even while recognizing that increasingly, they are part and parcel of the same intellectual and textual moment? How do they inform each other, and what are the implications of this for the broader field and beyond? Scholars in contemporary Native studies draw a number of important connections between the past and the present through

I study the determinants of market entry timing and ask: How do early-movers differ from later entrants in their knowledge base? This question is at the core of first-mover theory, yet has remained...

This paper explores the experiences of harassment and violence endured by seven gender non‐conforming youth in US high schools. Based on a larger research project, it opens an inquiry into the school‐based lives of gender‐variant teens, a group heretofore ignored by most academics and educators. Breaking violence down into two main types (physical and sexual), this work uses informants’ voices, along with ‘doing gender’ theory, to analyze the experiences of butch lesbian girls, trans teenagers, and genderqueer youth. The author also examines the impact of this violence on their self‐esteem, academic achievement, substance use and sexual lives. This paper points out the similarities and differences between gender identity groups and suggests specific areas for school‐based and cultural reform that would protect such teens.

Beginning in early 1994, UNICEF Zambia made a commitment to emphasize the use of participatory methods in conducting its business. Specifically, this has meant adopting and experimenting with a participatory methodology named VIPP (Visualization in Participatory Programmes) which had been used in a wide variety of group events, ranging from planning and review meetings to training and team building. Three years later, a process evaluation was commissioned to examine the question: How has this initiative been accepted and what effect is it having on UNICEF-supported programmes in Zambia? Employing a widely-utilized framework for evaluating training effectiveness, the evaluation team traced the history of VIPP implementation in Zambia through document reviews and interviews. In addition, the evaluators collected data from three different programme sites in Zambia where VIPP had been used. Several participatory evaluation techniques were used to conduct this evaluation, the first exercise of its kind for assessing VIPP application in Africa. Through this evaluation exercise, the evaluation team has gained knowledge about the strategic benefits and application of VIPP that will help with future planning for VIPP in Zambia and that will also inform other UNICEF offices and organizations about the experience of implementing a participatory methodology for programme and organisational purposes. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

The effects of weed strip management on the diversity and abundance of predators of aphids and their potential alternative prey were studied in a commercial apple orchard in Switzerland. In April 1992, selected weeds were sown in strip from between tree rows and along the border in one part of the orchard (the other served as a control). In both parts of the orchard, visual controls and beating tray samples on the apple trees were carried out from March to November in the years 1992 and 1993. At the same time, yellow trap samples and sweep net samples were taken in the ryegrass and weed strips. No significant difference in species diversity could be found between the strip-managed area and the control area, neither for predators of aphids nor for alternative prey. However, the strip-managed area was colonised by predators and alternative prey in significantly higher numbers than the control. The possible factors influencing the effect of the weed strips on predators and on the alternative prey are discussed.

Aphids and their predators were studied in an apple orchard near Berne, Switzerland. To augment the density of the predators of aphids weed strips were sown in tramlines and along the border parallel to the first and the last row of trees in one half of the orchard (the other half served as control) in April 1992. Weekly visual observations, monthly beating-tray samples, branch samples in winter, and assessment of the density of spider webs and their trapping efficiency on randomly chosen trees were carried out in 1993. During 1993, significant differences in the number of aphids, aphidophagous insects, and spiders were observed on the apple trees within both the strip-managed area and the control area. The impact on aphids by the aphidophagous insects was important during the flowering time of weeds in spring and summer. In autumn, however, spiders (i.e. Araniella spp.) were the dominant predators of aphids on the trees ; during this time of the year they were more abundant within the strip-managed area of the orchard. With a higher density of webs, spiders significantly reduced the number of aphids able to return from their summer host plants. Consequently, less hatching aphids were found on branch samples of the strip-managed area compared to the control area. The effects of the weed strips on spiders and aphidophagous insects, and the resulting impact of predation on the aphids are discussed.

A pedobiological investigation was performed on a soil erosion research area of the Geographical Institute of the University of Basel from April to November 1989. The site belongs to, and is cultivated by, the Agricultural School Centre “Kantonale Landwirtschaftliche Schule” Stickhof/Eschikon in Lindau near Zurich (northern Switzerland). In a cropping experiment with corn (Zea mays), the influence of four tillage systems on earthworm populations was studied. Aspects of soil physics and soil chemistry were integrated into the investigation. The earthworms were extracted by means of the hand sorting method at six dates in 1989 chosen to represent typical periods of corn cropping. The four tested tillage systems had an influence on earthworm species composition, abundance, and biomass: (1) The consequence of tillage itself was a reduction of about 50% of abundance (number of individuals m−2) and 30% of biomass (g live w m−2), but these losses were equalized during the following months. (2) The minimum tillage (strip zone tillage with a rotary cultivator and simultaneous seeding) caused a higher soil compaction, a negative selection of horizontally burrowing (“endoge”) species, and a subsequent diminution of their abundance. (3) Ploughing had a disadvantageous effect on vertically burrowing (“anecique”) species. (4) The winter catch crop cover enhanced the food supply and hence the earthworm biomass. An undersown cover had an additional favourable effect on earthworms.

Resume Vingt-neuf patients presentant une septicemie a bacteries anaerobies d'origine digestive ont ete etudies. Dans 8 cas, une flore aerobie etait associee. Vingtquatre septicemies etaient communautaires, revelant une pathologie digestive. Cinq etaient nosocomiales, dont 2 par echec d'antibioprophylaxie. Vingt-sept pourcent des souches etaient resistantes a la cefoxitine et 37 % aux ureidopenicillines. L'association amoxicilline — acide clavulanique etait constamment active sur les anaerobies et les souches aerobies associees. L'incidence et la gravite de ces septicemies semblent en diminution du fait de l'utilisation large des imidazoles et des inhibiteurs de beta-lactamases en antibiotherapie prophylactique et empirique.

The organic market has grown exponentially in Europe during the last ten years. However, the organic fruit industry in European states still has a relatively low market share of less than 1-5% compared with organic vegetables, milk and eggs that have achieved market shares of close to 10% of the total market. As well, conventional fruit growers still hesitate to respond to the generally good organic market demand. A major reason for this behaviour is the continuing high production risk due to less availability of effective management tools for the control of pests, diseases, weed and biennial bearing. The key pests and diseases in apple and pear include scab, sooty blotch, and fire blight as well as rosy apple aphid, pear sucker and codling moth, as well as post-harvest diseases like Gloeosporium rot. Another reason that holds up organic fruit expansion is that in fruit production, in contrast to milk or wheat, new and organic-specific marketing attempts are necessary for organic cultivars, less cosmetic “beauty”, etc.) but are presently scarce. In an ideal organic production system, all possible measures that lead to improved stability and self-regulation of the agro-ecological system have to be implemented (e.g. resistant cultivars, bio-diversity areas, lower planting densities, measures to avoid inoculum build-up, soil fertility). At present, most organic orchards have almost the same design as found in conventional production and often do not include system stabilising elements. Therefore, organic fruit production still depends largely on direct pest and disease control methods. In the last decade effective compounds and techniques have been developed such as Neem preparations, granulosis viruses, and mating disruption to control pests. Some new plant protection techniques e.g. clay powders, resistance inducers, better spray technique and spray timing models have been introduced. The introduction of new equipment, compounds, cultivars and decision support systems will further improve yield stability. However, for other limiting factors, such as weed competition, crop load regulation and market demands in respect to quality, innovative solutions have to be developed. The challenge for the future is to build up a credible (“true-organic”) and high quality multi-factor oriented organic fruit production that combines single factor solutions to a self-regulating, and possibly even organic pesticide-free, production system. Progress in this direction will lead to innovative organic production and marketing concepts that are clearly different from conventional ones. To achieve these goals, creative efforts along the whole chain involving producers, consumers, retailers, advisory services and researchers are essential.

Cor triatriatum dexter is a rare congenital malformation in which a membrane divides the right atrium into two chambers. The membrane represents a persistence of the right sinus venosus valve (RSV). Normally the RSV regresses between the 9th and 15th week of gestation, as the cephalic portion forms the crista terminalis and the caudal portion develops into the Eustachian and Thebesian valve. Any failure in the regression process may result in remnants of RSV as a simple muscle bar, a Chiari-network or a fenestrated or unfenestrated membrane (cor triatriatum dexter). We describe a patient with cor triatriatum dexter in whom diagnosis was made several years after successful valvulotomy procedure for severe congenital valvular pulmonary stenosis.

Cor triatriatum dexter is a rare congenital malformation in which a membrane divides the right atrium into two chambers. The membrane represents a persistence of the right sinus venosus valve (RSV). Normally the RSV regresses between the 9th and 15th week of gestation, as the cephalic portion forms the crista terminalis and the caudal portion develops into the Eustachian and Thebesian valve. Any failure in the regression process may result in remnants of RSV as a simple muscle bar, a Chiari-network or a fenestrated or unfenestrated membrane (cor triatriatum dexter). We describe a patient with cor triatriatum dexter in whom diagnosis was made several years after successful valvulotomy procedure for severe congenital valvular pulmonary stenosis.

Bradyarrhythmias are the cause of syncope in 3 to 10% of cases. Marked bradycardia or asystole can be due to impaired function of the sinus node (sick sinus syndrome), high degree AV block or neurocardiogenic disorders (carotid sinus syndrome, vasovagal syncope). A precise history, ECG and 24-h. Holter recordings are the most helpful tools in diagnosis of bradyarrhythmia-induced syncope. An association between symptoms and documented ECG is essential for proper diagnosis. Sometimes an event-recorder may be helpful for this purpose. If a patient has normal physical examination, ECG, Holter, stress test, tilt-table test and echocardiography, no further electrophysiological investigation is needed. If the noninvasive tests show pathologic results that do not clearly explain the cause of syncope (sinus bradycardia, first-degree AV block, fascicular block, structural heart disease), then electrophysiological studies are recommended, which will also rule out ventricular tachyarrythmias in the differential diagnosis. If all diagnostic tests in a patient with syncope are normal, the prognosis is fairly good despite 30% recurrence rate. Treatment for symptomatic bradyarrhythmias is implantation of a pacemaker. The selection of an appropriate pacemaker system is very important. Dual-chamber systems (DDD) provide physiological stimulation by maintaining AV synchrony; thus, they should be preferred whenever possible.

Gas threshold pressure tests and gas tracer tests have been performed at the Grimsel Test Site to study two-phase flow processes in a shear zone. In addition, capillary pressure and gas permeability measurements were carried out in the laboratory on drillcore samples. The laboratory investigations were complemented by assessing the pore structure of the shear zone material. The interpretation of the field tests with numerical models indicated that the structural and two-phase flow parameters to be determined are highly correlated with one another and, consequently, the parameter estimates can be rather uncertain. The joint interpretation of field and laboratory results, however, led to a more stringent description of the two-phase flow processes, expressed by a better overall fit of the test data and smaller uncertainty ranges of the estimated parameters. The results showed that the gas mobility in the shear zone was very high even at high water saturation and gas flow was limited to the narrow zones of brittle deformation along the shear zone.

A 41-year-old musician developed severe refractory hypertension 13 years after radiotherapy of the retroperitoneum because of a teratocarcinoma of the right testis. An angiography revealed severe stenoses of both renal arteries. After percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of both renal arteries, blood pressure valves returned to the normal range. Radiation-induced injury of arteries may provoke premature atherosclerosis, which cannot be differentiated morphologically from common atherosclerosis. Patients who develop severe hypertension some years after radiotherapy of the retroperitoneum should therefore be screened for the presence of renovascular hypertension.

New therapeutic schemes have been proposed recently for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Among these, methotrexate at low doses is recommended as basic therapy, already shortly after the diagnosis is established. We report on a 68-year-old female with rheumatoid arthritis who developed bilateral pneumocystis-carinii pneumonia with a lethal course and bilateral sinusitis maxillaris with candida lusitaniae. Various opportunistic infections have been described in the literature after low-dose methotrexate. It is our view that the use of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis should still be considered cautiously until further data on the risk-benefit ratio of long-term use become available.

Retroperitoneal sarcomas are rare tumors representing 0.1% to 0.2% of all malignant tumors. They are usually revealed by an abdominal mass (33%), possibly associated with pain (41%). Edema of the lower limbs is reported in 10% of cases. Acute renal failure with anuria by bilateral ureteral compression, associated with invasion of the inferior vena cava has not been previously reported.

A sample of 150 applicants for insurance indemnity for psychiatric disability discriminates from a general township population by older age and lesser education, and from an outpatient group by older age, only. In the sample of the insurance applicants, there were diagnosed more neuroses and less other non psychotic psychiatric disturbances and less oligophrenics than in the outpatient group. 22 insurance applicants proved to be able to work. Among the disabled no subgroup such as foreigners, females or single people proved to be more susceptible to disability than others. Neurosis was the most frequent diagnosis among the disabled. The depressive syndrome and, equally, personality disorder tended to lead to disability mainly in the more than 50 years old.