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The review concerns the major application of materials based on cyanate ester resins in various branches of technology, indicating examples of implementation in modern devices. This article being the first part of the review highlights the cyanate esters implementation in the development of materials for aviation and space technology. The paper presents the most significant properties of polycyanurates in relation to their application. Information about the development of new cyanate ester resin-based composite materials for aircrafts and space shuttles is provided.

The article deals with phraseological units (hereinafter - PU) of the English language containing somatisms, names of food, clothes and furniture, transmitting information about social relations. It is noted that PU are the result of secondary interpretation of knowledge, which leads to the cognitive models of their semantics formation being considered. The main research method is cognitive modeling. The authors reveal that in the course of secondary understanding of information about social relations, metaphorical, metonymic and metaphtonymic cognitive models can be involved. The research shows that when forming the semantics of PU transmitting information about social relations, the metaphorical model SOCIAL - PHYSICAL, MENTAL - PHYSICAL, as well as the models HUMAN BEING - ANIMAL (insect), HUMAN BEING (head) - CONTAINER can be used in the process of secondary interpretation. Metaphorical projection can be based on the following main characteristics: feature and action. The metonymic models involved are PART1 (product) - PART2 (producer), PART (specific manifestation) - WHOLE (phenomenon), PART1 (workplace) - PART2 (position associated with the workplace), PART1 (body part) - PART2 (external manifestation of an emotion), PART2 (cause) - PART1 (effect). The interaction of the EMOTIONAL - PHYSICAL metaphorical model and the PART1 (organ) - PART2 (functional significance) metonymic model was revealed in the metaphtonymic understanding of information about social relations.

The analysis of conditions and possible mechanisms of activation of 96 genes providing a malignant/pluripotent phenotype of Krebs-2 cancer stem cells have been performed. Three stress factors combined into the single concept of "generalized cellular stress", which are supposed to regulate the expression of these genes, are determined. Additionally, for these genes, the presence of binding sites for transcription factors that are being activated in response to factors of generalized cellular stress has been established. The data obtained suggest the existence of a mechanism for the de novo formation of a pluripotent/stem-like phenotype of tumor cells under conditions of generalized cellular stress.

Functional analysis of 167 genes overexpressed in Krebs-2 tumor initiating cells was performed. Genes were assigned to the three functional groups that determine the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. These groups represent the following features of tumor cells: proliferative self-sufficiency, invasive growth and metastasis, and multiple drug resistance. Malignancy of cancer stem cells was found to be provided by the same genes that provide the stemness of normal pluri-/multipotent stem cells. These results suggest that the malignancy is just the ability to maintain the stem cell specific genes expression profile, and, as a consequence, the stemness itself regardless of the controlling effect of stem niches.