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Early childhood events are rarely remembered in adulthood. In fact, memory for these early experiences declines during childhood itself. This holds regardless of whether these memories of autobiographical experiences are traumatic or mundane, everyday experiences. Indeed, what people tend to remember from their childhoods involves relatively innocuous experiences, ones often devoid of emotion. In this article, I provide an overview of the types of memories adults recall from their childhoods and the ages at which these memories are believed to have been formed. Along the way, I provide a brief exegesis of the neurobiological and cognitive underpinnings of early memory development. I will show that changes and growth in neural interconnectivity as well as the development of various cognitive structures (e.g., the inception of the cognitive self) help propel the emergence of a mature autobiographical memory system, one that can and does serve as a reconstructive base for remembering events that occur in later childhood and adulthood. During the course of this review, I detail the nature of early memories, their fragility, and the adaptive consequences of forgetting and supplanting these memories with newer, more age‐appropriate experiences throughout childhood. In this article, I provide an overview of the types of memories adults recall from their childhoods and the ages at which these memories are believed to have been formed. I detail the fragility of early memories and the adaptive consequences of forgetting and supplanting these memories with newer, more age‐appropriate experiences throughout childhood. This includes a brief exegesis of the neurobiological and cognitive underpinnings of early memory development where I show that changes and growth in neural interconnectivity as well as the development of various cognitive structures (e.g., the inception of the cognitive self) help propel the emergence of a mature autobiographical memory system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PRACTICE IMPACT STATEMENTThis study examines the autobiographical memories of 84 individuals convicted of sexual offences. Our results indicate that despite their adverse childhoods, chaotic families, and compromised social competence, justice-involved clients can engage meaningfully in longform narrative interviews that contain probing personal and reflective questions about their early lives. In fact, many participants expressed gratitude that they were invited to engage and share their experiences in this way. This pioneering interdisciplinary study has important practical implications for providers of psychotherapeutic treatment who work with custodial and community samples of people convicted of sexual offences. We conclude by emphasising the value of narrative therapy and present directions for future research.Most therapeutic approaches offered in correctional settings emphasise a cognitive behavioural approach intended to dismantle cognitive distortions. Our results suggest that the willingness and ability of justice-involved individuals to participate in narrative therapy has been likely underestimated. Accordingly, this study will help clients and clinicians alike to make the treatment experience more personalised and meaningful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bullying is a social phenomenon that involves the repetition of aggressive, intentional and harmful behaviors directed at a specific person. Currently, one in three children is a victim of bullying. The present study aimed to analyze the relationship between the quality of the relationship with teachers, memories of childhood care and bullying in adolescents. The sample consisted of 416 adolescents aged between 12 and 17 years old. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Cuestionario de Evaluación de la Violencia entre Iguales en la Escuela y en el Ocio, the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment and the Early Memories of Warmth and Safeness Scale. The results demonstrated that bullying behaviors are more often perpetrated by males and with higher levels of aggression in private schools. They also revealed that students who perceive higher levels of support, understanding, trust and openness from teachers tend to be less likely to be targets of bullying. The results also demonstrated a relationship between positive memories of childhood care and students' perceptions of greater support, understanding, trust and openness from their teachers. An analysis of the results was discussed considering attachment theory due to the implications of memories of primary care and the quality of teacher–student relationships regarding bullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the interplay between historical events and personal memory, as reflected in literature and film about the radical movements in Kolkata during the 1970s. Topics include the depiction of revolutionary politics and its impact on individuals in films like Kaalbela and Calcutta My Love, the representation of historical memory in Akhtaruzzaman Elias's novel Khwabnama, and the critique of nationalist histories and the role of marginalized voices in shaping collective memory.

People-place dynamics matter for well-being and for 69% of emerging adults in the US, the university is a pivotal place at a pivotal time. Research suggests that low childhood neighborhood affordances contribute to internalizing symptoms, but we know less about the impact of the university context. This study asked: how does university place attachment impact internalizing symptoms beyond the effects of childhood neighborhood affordances? Two-hundred and seventy-five university students self-reported on perceived childhood neighborhood affordances, university attachment, and current internalizing symptoms. Higher university attachment coincided with higher perceived neighborhood affordances and lower depression and social anxiety symptoms while controlling for demographic factors and parent-child relationship quality. Further, there was an indirect effect of neighborhood affordances via university attachment on social anxiety, but not depressive symptoms. Findings suggest that university place attachment contributes meaningfully to internalizing symptoms in emerging adulthood and that childhood neighborhood affordances may impact attachment to novel life-spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gambling patterns among young people are diverse, yet factors that affect changes in their gambling behaviour as they mature remain poorly understood. This study explores gambling trajectories and related sources of influence during childhood, early adolescence and later adolescence, and amongst adolescents at different levels of gambling risk. Qualitative interviews and online communities with 89 Australians aged 12–17 years explored their gambling experiences, from childhood to the present. Reflexive thematic narrative analysis revealed that children often learn how to gamble through their parents. Parents, peers, sports interests, advertising and simulated gambling continue to transfer gambling knowledge and skills throughout adolescence. Gambling is further reinforced through social rewards and is highly normalised through advertising. At-risk/problem gambling adolescents tended to report positive early memories of gambling, but also harmful parental gambling. They reported having friendship groups where betting is highly normalised. They purposefully honed their betting knowledge to demonstrate skill, and also gambled with in-game items (skins). Conversely, non-gamblers reported very little exposure to parental gambling, mirrored their parents’ negative attitudes to gambling, were unlikely to have friends who gambled, and reported less interest in professional sport. Reducing youth gambling and gambling harm requires measures to tackle multiple layers of influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This piece of creative nonfiction originates from a desire to salvage characters and situations that are slowly disappearing in Romania, for natural and social reasons, from aging to emigration. For decades, especially as part of the processes of industrialization and urbanization during socialism, children left villages in search of opportunities to study and work in towns and cities around the country. Their own children would return to these villages during their school holidays and would stay with their grandparents, men and women born in the first half of the 20th century. I was one of these grandchildren. Until I was 18 years old, I spent the whole summer break with my grandmother. In this piece, I draw upon my childhood memories and conversations with persons of my age about the days they spent in the countryside when they were children, their relationship to their grandparents and village life in socialist Romania. My aim is to take the readers back in time, to a summer day in the late 1980s that an 11‐year‐old girl spends in her grandmother's company in a southern Romanian village. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood experiences have an important effect on mobile phone addiction, but the relationship between positive childhood experiences and mobile phone addiction and its underlying mechanisms should be explored further. This study aims to explore a model linking early memories of warmth and safeness to mobile phone addiction via the mediating role of alexithymia and moderating role of negative coping styles. A total of 379 Chinese college students (M age = 19.80 years, SD = 1.38; 240 females) completed a questionnaire consisting of the Early Memories of Warmth and Safeness Scale, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Mobile Phone Addiction Scale, and Negative Coping Styles Scale. Results indicate that early memories of warmth and safeness are negatively correlated with mobile phone addiction, and alexithymia plays a mediating role in the link between early memories of warmth and safeness and mobile phone addiction. In addition, negative coping styles significantly moderate the relationship between early memories of warmth and safeness and alexithymia, specifically, the negative association between early memories of warmth and safeness and alexithymia is highly significant at high (vs. low) negative coping styles levels. The findings suggest that early memories of warmth and safeness are an important protective factor against mobile phone addiction, which enrich the literature on mobile phone addiction and provide empirical support for the prevention of mobile phone addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early 2000, before Vladimir Putin became known on the world stage--even before he had been elected president of Russia--he gave an interview to three Russian journalists who asked him the types of questions that constitute an Adlerian lifestyle personality questionnaire: that is, to describe himself and his family while growing up, and to relate early memories or recollections. Interpreting his responses shows that Putin, who grew up an only child, mythologized the perceived heroic role that his soldier-father had played in World War II in defense of the Soviet empire and had also set a goal for himself to be a leader of "hooligans" (his word) when he was younger and then of a more accepting conservative Russian or Soviet society. With regard to Putin's current behavior, in which he likely sees himself as a kind of czar invading Ukraine, and given that the interview was conducted over 20 years ago, the purpose of this article is to show the longitudinal value of using Adlerian interpretive methods to assess personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the use of artificial intelligence-generated images in Adlerian work with clients' early recollections. The history of AI, the current advances in the use of AI in health care, the risks and benefits of AI, and the directions for future studies and possible clinical use are addressed. A case example with the use of Midjourney-generated images is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conveys how young adults reflect upon their childhood experiences and memories of outdoor play, friluftsliv and outdoor places. Inspired by a phenomenological approach, we conducted walking interviews in nature areas where they used to play as children, revisiting the same informants and places as in a research project 14 years earlier. Today the respondents emphasise the experience of freedom encompassing joy, wonder and communication with surrounding nature and people, associating it with autonomy and self-determination. Joy, wonder and communication in someone's experience are subjective existential categories often used to characterise friluftsliv in outdoor education. Personally meaningful to the young adults, these experiences have become important parts of who they are today. These results differ from previous research on outdoor play as it highlights freedom, joy and wonder. Based on this, we argue for facilitating self-directed outdoor play, and emphasize conscious choice of location for outdoor pedagogical work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book "Ethics of Appropriation" by Jens Balzer deals with the issue of cultural appropriation. Balzer critically discusses cultural exploitation and can be associated with Critical Whiteness Studies. He defines appropriation as the appropriation of something foreign for personal profit and criticizes the separation of cultures and the creation of stereotypes. Balzer points out that there are good and bad forms of appropriation and sheds light on the problem of representations in film and music that can involve racism and exploitation of minorities. He calls for a critical engagement with one's own privileges and tries to create understanding for the historical classification of childhood memories. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "INVINCIBLE: WE'RE STILL HERE!" is a research project conducted by Indigenous youth in care. The project aims to share their personal stories and artwork to inspire and support other Indigenous children and youth in care. The youth created graphic novels, poems, video stories, artwork, and journals to express their experiences and emotions in the foster care system. The project also provided opportunities for the youth to learn new skills, be creative, and showcase their talents. The article emphasizes the importance of giving Indigenous youth in care a voice and empowering them to be proud of their identities and stories. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: The present study assessed the associations between caregivers' adverse experiences with childhood caregivers, adult and parental reflective functioning (RF), and emotion socialization strategies with their preschoolers in an effort to illuminate the unique and joint contribution of adult and parental RF in caregiving. Background: Parental RF is defined as parents' ability to reflect on their child's state of mind, whereas adult RF involves parents' capacity to reflect on their own experiences with childhood caregivers. Most research on adult and parental RF has examined these constructs separately, making it unclear whether adult and parental RF play similar or different roles in caregiving. Method: Participants were 64 preschooler–caregiver dyads from Head Start programs (Mchildage = 4; 81% Black). A multimethod approach was used, including self‐report, interview, and observational measures. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were employed to evaluate whether adult and parental RF accounted for unique or joint variance in caregivers' emotion socialization behaviors after accounting for caregivers' adverse experiences with childhood caregivers. Adult RF also was tested as a moderator of the relation between caregivers' adverse experiences with childhood caregivers and emotion socialization strategies. Results: Adult and parental RF each demonstrated unique associations with particular emotion socialization strategies. Adult RF also moderated the association between caregivers' exposure to maladaptive parenting in childhood and emotion socialization behaviors. Conclusion and implications: Findings suggest that both types of RF are important for caregivers' ability to validate children's emotions and that reflecting on caregiving received in childhood can act as a protective mechanism and help promote effective caregiving behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gendered experience of public space during childhood and adolescence, both in the global North and in the global South, creates asymmetries and inequalities between girls and boys in terms of levels of autonomy, opportunities for play and socialising, and sense of social safety. Young Architecture students, who grew up in a variety of settlements in Greece, were asked questions about the neighbourhood they lived in when they were 12 years old, an age that coincides with the end of middle childhood and the beginning of adolescence. The submissions included texts and/or maps, images, and free-hand drawings, describing everyday spaces and destinations, favourite journeys, places, and experiences. This paper focuses on the answers of girl students. The essays and visual boards (n = 50) reveal the matrix of different girlhoods, in conjunction to five different typologies of neighbourhoods: downtown districts, dense urban residential neighbourhoods, low-density urban residential areas, suburbs, and rural environments. Four main determinants, in terms of physical design, emerge as contributing to happy girlhoods: mixed uses on the ground floor, including commercial; traffic-calmed streets; availability of unprogrammed spaces close to home; and contact with nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this qualitative study was to explore, through a responsive caregiving lens, young adults' childhood memories about food and physical activity and their perceptions about how these memories have influenced their current lifestyle behaviors and hopes for the future development of these behaviors for their own children. Using a rigorous qualitative description methodology, fifteen participants for the in-depth interviews were recruited from among students, 19 years of age or older, attending a university in Atlantic Canada. Four main themes were identified as childhood memories of food and eating, childhood memories of physical activity, current health behaviors, and hopes for their children's health behaviors. Four sub-themes each were identified with memories of food and eating and with physical activity. Engagement with family and positive experiences were identified as supportive of positive health behaviors, as opposed to memories of pressure and negative experiences. Most participants noted efforts to adapt or improve their eating and physical activity while a few continued to be challenged with cautious eating and/or disdain for physical activity. The memories also contributed toward hopes for their children regarding eating and physical activity. It is suggested that universities offer a variety of economical options for nutritious foods, physical activity, and lifestyle counseling. This will benefit students during their studies and contribute toward positive caregiving styles for the next generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers a view of working with early recollections (ERs) in therapy while incorporating encouragement, reconstruction, and movement between the past, present, and future. Adler saw ERs as stories representing individuals' "life stories," meaning their lifestyles (personalities). As metaphoric narratives, ERs also reflect current experiences and emotions. Working with ERs in therapy provides the therapist and client with opportunities for encouragement, growth, and awareness. Engaging with ERs invites varied, creative paths for development and insight. They may be used as an ongoing and interactive tool for assessment and therapeutic interventions. This article presents a process of moving from the past to the present and back to the past by reconstructing an ER. Using the client's wisdom from the present in the reconstruction opens a significant window to future change and allows the client to expand their perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the narrator's nostalgic and tumultuous childhood memories, highlighting their deep longing for a different life and their complex relationship with their surroundings and family. Topics include the narrator's reflections on old man Povaliy's harshness, their dreams of escaping to a better life, and the poignant transition from a cramped apartment to a new beginning.

In the modern history of Yunnan, a landlocked province in the southwest of China, the Kunming — Haiphong Railway profoundly shaped its geographic, political, and socioeconomic landscapes. Yunnan based artist Cheng Xinhao's recent art and research projects To the Ocean investigates modernity and (post)coloniality of Yunnan through intellectual reflections on the history of the Kunming — Haiphong Railway, bodily experience with the current railroad, and spiritual conversations with himself about childhood memories and geographical imaginations. By analyzing Cheng's visual works and writings in the project To the Ocean, this essay focuses on Cheng's three encounters on the Kunming — Haiphong Railway — the Wujiazhai Railway Bridge, Bisezhai Station, and China-Vietnam Railway Bridge — to elaborate the iterative power of colonial modernity, socialist revolution, and postsocialism in shaping the landscapes of the Tonkin — Yunnan cross-border area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Misophonia, a disorder of decreased sound tolerance, can cause significant distress and impairment. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) may be helpful for improving symptoms of misophonia, but the key mechanisms of the disorder are not yet known. Aims: This case series aimed to evaluate individual, formulation-driven CBT for patients with misophonia in a UK psychology service. Method: A service evaluation of one-to-one therapy for patients with misophonia (n =19) was conducted in a specialist psychology service. Patients completed an average of 13 hours of therapy with a focus on the meaning applied to their reactions to sounds and associated behaviours. Primary outcome measures were the Misophonia Questionnaire (MQ) and the Amsterdam Misophonia Scale (A-MISO-S). Repeated measures t -tests were used to compare scores from pre-treatment to follow-up, and reliable and clinically significant change on the MQ was calculated. Results: Scores significantly improved on both misophonia measures, with an average of 38% change on the MQ and 40% change on the A-MISO-S. From pre-treatment to follow-up, 78% of patients showed reliable improvement on the MQ and 61% made clinically significant change. Conclusions: Limitations included a lack of control group, small sample size, and the use of an outcome measure that had not been thoroughly validated for a treatment-seeking sample. These results suggest that one-to-one, formulation-driven CBT for misophonia is worth exploring further using experimental design. Potential mechanisms to explore further include feared consequences of escalating reactions, the role of safety-seeking behaviours and the impact of early memories associated with reactions to sounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the potential for using childhood memories shared on social media as a means of interrogating experiences of twentieth-century social historical geographies of home and family life. In so doing, the paper discusses briefly the value of children's perceptions as guests in others' homes as an insightful source of data, before exploring the value of social media as a place for sharing these recollections and accessing them as a researcher. The paper draws data from a thread on the popular UK-based parenting website and internet discussion space, 'Mumsnet', asking contributors to share the 'weirdest' thing they saw at someone else's house when they were a child. This paper positions social media research as an ethically, epistemologically and ontologically sound approach to creating data for geographical research, which has become well-established in other sub-disciplines. The paper seeks to explore what it is to remember intimate childhood experience alongside those whose memories might reflect or conflict with your own. Further, the paper addresses the way in which a social media thread created new narratives and uncovered long-buried memories which provide an insightful lens for exploring a particular domestic historical geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I was born on July 4, 1941, in East Knoyle, Wiltshire. Some symbolic import might be gained from the fact that East Knoyle was also the birthplace of Christopher Wren and close to Philip Webb's mansion "Clouds"; also symbolic, given my later life in the United States, was the date itself. My family moved back to Essex later that year. My memories of the war must date from late 1944 and the first months of 1945: air-raid sirens, the huddle beneath the kitchen table (a steel Morrison shelter), the whining of V-2s toward the end of the war, and even once a shock wave that pushed me to the pavement. Also, a few weeks of evacuation to my grandparents in Warwickshire, close to Coventry, which had sustained the better part of the 1941 blitz, and to another shelter, dug in the back garden, of reinforced concrete, damp and cool and a favorite hideout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used innovative transdisciplinary methods to describe the nature and extent of early childhood memories recalled by 84 adults convicted of sexual offences. The timing of the memories, level of detail recalled and way memories were recollected were largely consistent with extant memory research. One important finding, however, was that more than 30% of our participants recalled particularly traumatic and distressing childhood experiences – a much higher proportion than previously observed in nonoffending samples. The extent to which these memories laid the foundation for subsequent emotional content and feature in the evolution of cognitive schemata is not yet well understood. With that in mind, we consider the implications of our findings for the event centrality in self-narratives. We recommend the inclusion of treatment modalities that maximise as yet unrecognised and undervalued narrative inclinations and story-telling abilities of a complicated population of individuals with rich lived experience that stands to benefit greatly from such approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Made in Taiwan' is a platform and archive of life-course interviews of people who grew up in Taiwan, designed to teach about Taiwan, one childhood memory at a time. We hope that it will spark conversations about childhood memories around the world and inspire similar projects elsewhere that bring together university instructors, undergraduate students, and local communities in an effort to learn from one another, experience knowledge production as a collective project, encounter the university as an active player in and a resource for the community, and empower undergraduate students to conduct their own investigations into other people's lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper critically examines Nona Fernández’s La dimensión desconocida (2016), within the broader context of Chilean literature and memory narratives, offering a unique exploration of silence, memory, and the interplay between reality and imagination. Fernández’s narrative is deeply rooted in her engagement with The Twilight Zone television series, using it as a symbolic lens to navigate the liminal spaces between sound and silence, memory and forgetting. The sustained vacillation between the narrator and implied author’s work as an investigative reporter and her childhood memories, firmly scaffolded to the dystopian imagination of parallel worlds presented through its interface with The Twilight Zone series, provides a compelling exposé of the present moment. The article analyzes the structural intricacies of the novel, divided into four sections corresponding to different ‘zones’, drawing parallels between the narrative structure and the episodes of the show. Through this, Fernández skillfully addresses the complexities of memory work, intertwining personal recollections with journalistic investigations into the crimes of the Pinochet era. The significance of Fernández’s work lies not solely in its recording of a traumatic past but in its exploration of the temporal indeterminacy inherent in all exercises in memory that recall violent events. Through her intricate narrative and thematic choices, Fernández contributes significantly to the ongoing discourse on memory narratives and the ethical responsibilities associated with remembering historical trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literary works of all kinds, particularly those categorised as life writings, have explored and narrativized poignant memories of grandmothers and their comfort cuisines. This article examines the relationship between food and grandmothers in Salt and Pepper and Silver Linings: Celebrating our Grandmothers (2019) by Abhirami Girija Sriram and Babitha Marina Justin, a compilation of bittersweet memories of forty-four young women about their grandmothers. Despite the cultural differences, what is common in all the writings are anecdotes of grandmothers cooking, feeding or eating. These accounts of the daily labour of food preparations are not merely fond recollections of childhood memories. Rather, they serve as narratives that shed light on the presence of social, cultural and gender disparities that dictate the assignment of food responsibilities and food obligations to femininity and its effects in the lives of older women. This essay, therefore, is an attempt to analyse the 'gender performativity' of the grandmothers especially through the means of food. It also looks into the culinary habits of the grandmothers which granted them a sense of empowerment when coupled with the privileges of their age and the culinary metaphors employed to convey the same. The paper further explores the elements of 'culinary nostalgia' in the book and the features that categorise it as a 'feminised food memoir' based on the concepts by Mark Swislocki and Nandini Dhar respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article, titled "A Mass of Remembrance," recounts the author's experience attending Mass in Imperia, Italy on the anniversary of his youngest brother's birth. Despite not understanding much of the service due to language barriers and hearing difficulties, the author found comfort in the familiar rituals of the Mass. The author reflects on his relationship with his brother, who struggled with addiction and eventually passed away from lung cancer. The article concludes with the author's thoughts on remembrance and the missed opportunities to connect with his brother. [Extracted from the article]