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The RAON (Rare Isotope Accelerator complex for ON-line experiments) is currently in the stage of commissioning under the Rare Isotope Science Project (RISP) launched in 2011. RAON will utilize an advanced rare isotope beams produced with a high power target by the Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) facility, aiming to deliver high purity and intense, neutron-rich rare isotope beams to the post-accelerator and experimental facilities. The RAON ISOL facility consists of a target/ion source module surrounded by movable shielding blocks in a bunker, remote handling facilities for the target operation, a pre-mass separator, a RFQ cooler buncher, an EBIS charge breeder, and an A/q separator. The installation and alignment of the ISOL facility were completed in June 2021. The target/ion source module allows us to bombard a thick target with a 70 MeV proton beam of RAON, producing a variety of rare isotope beams. Rare isotope beams extracted from the target/ion source can be transported to a pre-mass separator at energies of up to 60 keV, and will be cooled in a RFQ-CB. Cooled ion beams can be sent to two different experimental facilities, such as a Mass Measurement System and a Collinear Laser Spectroscopy in ISOL experimental hall. Alternatively, for post-acceleration of ion beams, the singly charged ion beam of interest can be bunched to 1 0 8 ions in RFQ-CB and then delivered to the EBIS charge breeder through the EBIS branch system. The preparation of multi charged ion beams for the post-acceleration using the superconducting LINAC of SCL3 will be carried out through the EBIS charge breeder and A/q separator to match the energy of 10 keV/u with A/q < 6 with the requirement of RAON Injector. The first commissioning experiment of the ISOL system started in March 2021 using the 133Cs and 120Sn stable beams produced from the target container combined with the surface ion source and laser Ion source. The stable beam experiments have demonstrated the overall functioning of the RAON ISOL system, and we are planning to carry out the first RI beam test using the SiC target with 70 MeV proton of cyclotron in the coming months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) charge breeder is used to produce highly charged ions in the Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) system of the Rare isotope Accelerator complex for ON-line experiments (RAON). Beam tests of the EBIS are performed using stable Cs and Sn ion beams. 133 Cs 1 + ions from a test ion source were injected into the EBIS to measure the breeding effect with the electron beam. The resulting relative abundance of 133 Cs 27 + was 25.0%, and the extraction energy was 49.3 keV/q. A charge breeding test of the 120Sn ions from the Target Ion Source (TIS) of the ISOL system was also carried out. The charge fraction of 120 Sn 24 + was 23.0%, and the energy was 50 keV/q. These results fulfilled the input beam condition of the RFQ accelerator (A/q < 6 and 10 keV/u). Additionally, 133 Cs 27 + ions were extracted with a pulse length up to 10 ms (FWHM) by the preliminary pulse-stretching experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial communities in soil A horizons derive their carbon from several potential sources: organic carbon (C) transported down from overlying litter and organic horizons, root-derived C, or soil organic matter. We took advantage of a multi-year experiment that manipulated the 14C isotope signature of surface leaf litter inputs in a temperate forest at the Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee, USA, to quantify the contribution of recent leaf litter C to microbial respiration and biomarkers in the underlying mineral soil. We observed no measurable difference (4 years) old (which fell after (or prior to) the manipulation and therefore did not differ between plots) are not supported because the 14C signatures of the PLFA compounds (averaging 200-220‰) is much higher that of the 2004-5 leaf litter (115‰) or pre-2000 litter. A mesocosm experiment further demonstrated that C leached from 14C-enriched surface litter or the O horizon was not a detectable C source in underlying mineral soil microbes during the first eight months after litter addition. Instead a decline in the 14C of PLFA over the mesocosm experiment likely reflected the loss of a pre-existing substrate not associated with added leaf litter. Measured PLFA Δ14C signatures were higher than those measured in bulk mineral soil organic matter in our experiments, but fell within the range of 14C values measured in mineral soil roots. Together, our experiments suggest that root-derived C is the major (>60%) source of C for microbes in these temperate deciduous forest soils. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

Almost all of the population of our country is at risk of earthquakes and it is of great importance that the structures are constructed to be earthquake resistant. Iron and concrete designs are the main determinant parameters of earthquake resistance of buildings. Although the ready-mixed concrete system has become widespread in our country and improvements in concrete quality have been achieved, the fact that we encounter more damage in similar earthquakes compared to developed countries shows that we have not achieved the desired quality yet. For this purpose, in order to prevent abuse of ready-mixed concrete inspections of buildings constructed by The Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (MEU) within the scope of building inspection, a system for monitoring concrete samples electronically (EBIS) was put into use for the first time in the world. In this study, in 2019, all the results which were tested in Isparta province were sampled and evaluated. The samples used consist of 12650 ready-mixed concrete samples in C25/30, C30/37, C35/45 concrete classes, all of which were taken with Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags. Although the results obtained show that there is no problem in the compressive strength results of ready-mixed concrete used in controlled buildings in Isparta, points to be considered in concrete quality have been encountered and these issues have been emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A pepperpot emittance meter was used to measure the transverse emittance of multiply charged beams from REXEBIS, an Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) used for charge breeding of radioactive ion beams. The emittance meter is equipped with a Micro Channel Plate (MCP), a phosphor screen and a CCD camera for detection of the ion signal. The pulsed beam structure of low duty cycle imposes challenging constraints on the detector settings. In this article we give a careful analysis of the optimal operating parameters of the pepperpot emittance meter for ion beams of varying intensities. Emittance values for mass-separated and non-separated beams for different operating modes of the EBIS are presented. Furthermore we report on aberrations created in our injection ∕ extraction system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transitional medicine/science is shifting the medical research paradigm from compound-based to evidence-based drug/device discovery. It is increasing interdisciplinary collaborations, enhancing usage of advanced technologies, and facilitating therapeutics reaching patients faster. The fundamental theme of evidence-based discovery is to apply what is revealed in preclinical experimentation and to bring the resulting safety and efficacy to clinics. In the medical fields, a contract research organization (CRO) works like a hired agent who has corresponding knowledge and experience to conduct and complete tasks for a sponsor. The relationship is business, and the contract is for deliverables. The increasingly high volume of sponsored outsourcing work has made this for-profit business boom in the past decade. Location boundaries are being blurred under globalization in the sciences and cross-border regulatory reviews. Getting from bench to bedside is a winding road with many obstacles and high hurdles. Efficient teamwork becomes essential to materialize ideas and bring them to the market. The professionals within team communities include drug/device makers and CROs. It has become increasingly obvious that CROs play pivotal roles in the chain of discovery/design, developing product to market through in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo testing during preclinical experimentations and clinical trials. Project management teams are responsible for nurturing the materialization in a collaborative manner and enhancing the productivity of the pipelines. CROs have many functional aspects and specialties, and no one organization is fully capable of serving, i.e., integrated services, with expertise in each step of the chain to the needs of a variety of sponsors. Instead of competition among the CROs themselves, the continuously expanding market demands can be shared by Expertise-Based Integrated Services among allied CROs, in contrast to the few large CROs. Empirically, the data generated from the chosen CROs should meet the regulatory requirements for approval. A quality assurance unit from the sponsor should be vigilant in performing audits and inspections of the candidate CROs prior to contracting. Subsequently, close monitoring and well-organized project management guard the path to the successful filing of the applications. A strategic alliance of translational medicine with CROs ensures proven therapeutics for disease treatment and prevention to be connected with patient populations in a timely and cost-effective manner. The unbiased data generated through CROs' services can be used for a patient-driven approach in drug discovery and device control design. Thereafter, findings from the merged efforts can promote and complete the feedback loop for refining existing medicines and exploring new medicines. A matchmaking business may emerge and evolve from the procurement department of the inventor in translational medicine and the business development sector of the CROs to generate a new landscape in translational medicine.

Abstract The recent test of a prototype of beam debuncher device for Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS), designed within the EMILIE (Enhanced Multi-Ionization of short-Lived Ions for EURISOL) project, is presented in this paper. For a singly ionized Li + 1 ion, high efficiency trapping times up to 1 s were established and a uniform ion extraction with intensity variation of less than 30% was achieved. The test gives promising results regarding the future introduction of debuncher devices to EBIS facilities. Highlights • The ion beam debuncher prototype performances were tested. • Uniform beam extraction with less than 30% intensity variation. • The trapping times with no losses up to 1 s were achieved. • Fully continuous beam extraction demonstrated, even during the ions injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post-accelerator of isotope separation on-line (ISOL) system for rare isotope science project (RISP) is a superconducting linear accelerator (SC-linac) with a DC equivalent voltage of around 160 MV. An isotope beam extracted from the ISOL is in a charge state of and its charge state is increased to by charge breeding with an electron beam ion source (EBIS). The charge breeding takes tens of ms and the pulse width of extracted beam from the EBIS is tens of s, which operates at up to 30 Hz. Consequently a large portion of radio frequency (rf) time of the post SC-linac is unused. The post-linac is equipped also with an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source for stable ion acceleration. Thanks to the large phase acceptance of SC-linac, it is possible to accelerate simultaneously both stable and radioisotope ions with a similar charge to mass ratio by sharing rf time. This operation scheme is implemented for RISP with the addition of an electric chopper and magnetic kickers. The facility will be capable of providing the users of the ISOL and in-flight fragmentation (IF) systems with different beams simultaneously, which would help nuclear science users in obtaining a beam time as high-precision measurements often need long hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Korea, a heavy ion accelerator facility called RAON is being designed to produce various rare isotopes for the Rare Isotope Science Project (RISP) (Jeong, 2016) [1], (Moon, 2014) [2]. This facility is designed to use both In-flight Fragment (IF) and Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) techniques in order to produce a wide variety of RI beams for nuclear physics experiments. An Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) will be used for charge breeding of Rare Isotope (RI) beams in the ISOL system. The charge-to-mass ratio (q/A) of the RI beams after charge breeding is ≥1/4. The highly charged RI beams will be accelerated by a linac post-accelerator and delivered to a low energy (∼18 MeV/u) experimental hall or the IF system. The RAON EBIS will use a 3 A electron gun and a 6 T superconducting solenoid for high capacity, high efficiency, and short breeding time. In front of the charge breeder, an RFQ cooler-buncher will be used to deliver a bunched beam with small emittance to the EBIS charge breeder. The main design of the RAON EBIS has been carried out on the basis of several beam analyses and technical reviews. In this paper, current progress of the development of the RAON EBIS charge breeder will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we discuss the possibilities of using a charge breeding scheme based on an Electron Beam Ion Source for beam preparation of a radioactive 11C beam for hadron therapy. Test measurements under extreme operating conditions were conducted at the REX-ISOLDE facility to explore the limitations of the charge breeder for high-intensity, low-repetition-rate, molecular CO+ beams. Based on our findings, we discuss different possible scenarios of coupling a charge breeder with either a medical synchrotron or linear accelerator. This paper is a highly condensed version of an exhaustive report on the topic [1], which we would like to refer to for further details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common class of fungicides are the ethylene bisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs) which decompose into ethylene bis-isothiocyanate sulfide (EBIS). EBIS is the primary fungitoxic component which is effective on various life stages of oomycete fungi, including zoospores (primary infection agents of oomycete fungal diseases). It is hypothesized that increased fungicide effectiveness can occur if zoospores are attracted to the toxicant (site of fungicide deposition) through chemotaxis using zoospore attractants (ZAs). Several probe studies proved this hypothesis when a ZA was formulated with EBDC products. A highly effective zoospore attractant is isovaleraldehyde (IVA), but IVA is volatile and dissipates rapidly in the environment. Therefore, various precursors for IVA and EBIS were studied to characterize the transient production and decline of EBIS and IVA from precursor material. First-order kinetic material balances and a stochastic modeling tool are created to fully exploit the conditions when the overlap of EBIS and IVA is maximized. A metric is proposed (measure of the overlap of fungicide and ZA residue) as an indirect measure of the potential for preventative fungicide efficacy when ZAs are included within the formulation. Therefore, fungicide formulations containing a ZA can be designed through model deployment that considers the production and decline patterns of both the fungicide and ZA, and the daily environmental dew cycle responsible for achieving the maximum concentration overlap when zoospores are the most infectious (e.g., mobile in the presence of dew) for enhanced crop disease control. It is found that the poly-IVA produrg investigated provides the maximum overlap of EBIS and IVA residues for many different EBDC formulations investigated. This modeling approach, and the examples provided for EBIS and IVA material balances, can be expanded for different fungicides and ZAs allowing for cause/effect to be inferred from multiple interacting factors, and formulations can be designed for optimal release characteristics that maximize the overlap of fungitoxic material and zoospore attractant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the NSCL a reaccelerator with design end energy of 3 MeV/u for U, called ReA3, is approaching the end of construction. ReA3 will be coupled to a gas stopper at the NSCL fragmentation facility to provide rare-isotope beams of nuclides not available at ISOL facilities in this energy range. An Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) will be used to provide highly charged ions at an energy of about 12 keV/u. The charge breeder is followed by a room-temperature radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ) and a series of superconducting linear accelerator structures. Initial commissioning results from the EBIT and its charge-over-mass separator are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: TITAN (TRIUMF''s Ion Traps for Atomic and Nuclear science) is a novel online facility for high-precision mass measurements on short-lived isotopes. TITAN is the only such facility that employs an Electron-Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) charge-state breeder to produce highly charged ions for their use to increase the precision of mass measurements. We describe the recently commissioned TITAN EBIT and present the results of first injection, charge breeding, and extraction tests performed with stable and radioactive ions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper we report on our results from the design study of an advanced Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) based Charge Breeder (ECB). The ECB should fulfill the requirements of the HIE-ISOLDE upgrade, and if possible be adapted for ion injection into TSR@ISOLDE, as well as serve as an early prototype of a future EURISOL ECB. Fulfilling the HIE-ISOLDE/TSR@ISOLDE specifications requires simultaneous increase in electron beam energy, current and current density in order to provide the requested beams with proper charge state, high intensity and with a specified pulse repetition rate. We have carried out a study on the technical requirements of the ECB. The obtained parameters were optimized to comply with technical limitations arising from the electron beam technology and plasma physics in an ECB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The transformation of radioactive ions from 1+ to n + in the low-energy stage of a post-accelerator – also called charge breeding, has become a mature technique. Several machines using the method are in operation or under construction. This paper will present and evaluate on-line and off-line results from two different breeder types, the EBIS and the ECRIS-based systems. Notable on-line results, in terms of versatility, efficiency and beam purity among other things, have been achieved with the trap-EBIS charge breeding system for REX-ISOLDE, a post-accelerator operational since 2001. These will be compared with breeding results of stable and radioactive beams obtained with ECRIS at a number of facilities using or developing ECRIS breeders. Finally an outlook will be given of the predicted evolution of the charge breeders and how they can meet the requirements of future radioactive beam facilities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

REXEBIS is the charge breeder of the REX-ISOLDE postaccelerator. Radioactive 1+ ions produced at ISOLDE are accumulated, phase-space cooled and bunched in REXTRAP, and thereafter injected into the EBIS with an energy of up to 60 keV.The REXEBIS produced the first charge bred ions in August 2001 and has been running nearly non-stop from September to December 2001. It has delivered stable 39K10+ and 23Na7+ beams generated in the test ion-source in front of REXTRAP with a current of 12 pA for K10+ and a Na7+ current exceeding 70 pA (6×107 p/s). Stable 27Al7+ and 23Na6+ (about 10 pA) and also the first radioactive 26Na7+ and 24Na7+ beams (just 0.4 pA or 5×105 p/s), from the ISOLDE separator have been charge bred and accelerated for tests of the experimental setup. Despite some problems with the LaB6 cathode (one total breakdown after about 1500 h of operation), displaying slow changes of the emission conditions, the EBIS is working remarkably stable.We report about the first ion injections, ion source details, cathode conditions as well as other commissioning results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The numerous forthcoming post-accelerators for radioactive ions produced with the isotope separator on-line (ISOL) technique all have a need for an efficient method to accelerate the precious primary ions. By including an Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) as a charge breeder after the radioactive ion production stage, a short and compact linear accelerator can be employed as a result of the increased ion charge-to-mass ratio.In view of the constraints on a post-accelerator for radioactive beams, an EBIS appears to be an attractive solution. It is independent of the element injected, and an overall efficiency as high as 30% for the peak charge state can be attained. The mean charge state of the extracted ion beam is easily varied by changing the breeding time and the beam has excellent properties (time structure and emittance) for LINAC injection. Furthermore, the extraction of a bunched beam improves the signal-to-noise ratio for low-intensity beams and the UHV inside the source permits the mass separation of very weak radioactive beams from the residual gas contamination. With a high electron-beam density, the breeding time can be kept short, so decay losses are minimized. To obtain a high efficiency for a charge breeding EBIS, it is advantageous if the beam from the ISOL system is bunched and has its emittance reduced before injection. To achieve this a Penning trap can be introduced in front of the EBIS. The space-charge limit of the Penning trap restricts the number of ions per bunch to a couple of orders of magnitude lower than the constraint set by the EBIS. A positive side effect though, is that a mass selection can take place inside the trap.In this article the above listed features will be discussed. As an example, the charge breeding system for the REX-ISOLDE post-accelerator will be introduced. In addition, future possible developments of an EBIS leading to shorter breeding times, the acceptance of a continuous beam, and an increased number of charge-bred ions, will be discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) will be utilized for charge breeder in the RAON heavy ion accelerator facility. The vacuum system for the RAON EBIS charge breeder is crucial part for the achievable charge state, breeding efficiency, and purity of the charge-bred beam. A strict vacuum level of about 10−11 mbar is required in the ion trap. The pumping system of the RAON EBIS charge breeder consists of turbo pumps (TMPs), cryo-pumps, and non-evaporable getter (NEG) ZAO modules. The material for the ion trap structures and vacuum chamber was chosen and handled carefully to satisfy the vacuum requirements in the manufacturing step with vacuum firing at 1050 °C for 2 h. A vacuum test of the ion trap section has been performed with baking, and final vacuum level reached 2.3 × 10−11 mbar. In this paper, the vacuum system of the RAON EBIS and test procedures and results are presented and discussed. • Electron Beam Ion Source charge breeder for the RAON heavy ion accelerator. • UHV system for the EBIS charge breeder. • Enhancement vacuum environment using high compression ratio TMP and NEG ZAO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The German treatment monitoring and reporting system EBIS for out-patient centres treating clients with substance-related problems and disorders was set up in 1980. A parallel system for in-patient treatment was added in 1993 under the name of SEDOS. Together they are based nation-wide on more than 600 specialised treatment centres which collect diagnosis- and treatment-related data as well as information on socio-economic and family background. As part of the data relate to the end of treatment, also evaluative elements are included. In EBIS and SEDOS, aggregated data are the basis of the national and regional statistics produced, which offers a very high level of data protection for the clients treated. The revision of the national system implementing the Treatment Demand Indicator Protocol as the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction standard has already been started.Copyright © 1999 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]