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Introduction: Human alveolar echinococcosis caused by Echinococcus multilocularis is an important zoonotic disease in the northern hemisphere. The life cycle of E. multilocularis is maintained primarily in wild animals and requires an intermediate host (mainly small mammals). Human can become an intermediate host through accidental ingestion of E. multilocularis eggs. Hokkaido Prefecture is the only area of Japan in which human alveolar echinococcosis is endemic. The purposes of this study were to elucidate the land use ecological factors associated with the density of red fox feces along paved roads and the relationship between the distributions of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) populations and fox feces, which determine the level of hazard from eggs. Methods: A series of surveys was conducted in the central part of the Nemuro Peninsula of Hokkaido, excluding urban areas, over a total of 4 years in May–June in 2014 and 2016–2018 when red foxes remain with their cubs around the dens. Transects of 500 m were set up on paved roads, and feces within the transects were counted. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to examine ecological factors including the principal components (PCs) of five land use–type occupancy proportions within 500 m and 1 km, respectively, as explanatory fixed-effect variables. The number of feces in each transect was examined as the response variable using integrated nested Laplace approximation with negative binomial errors with a spatio-temporal autocorrelations structure to separate the effects of similarities of neighboring locations and annual variation. The multivariable models with the lowest widely applicable information criterion values were selected. Results: The feces density was explained by the PC of the 500- m buffer (−0.27, 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles: −0.44, −0.10) characterized by mixed forests (−0.82) and scarcity of residential areas (0.29) and the proximity to the nearest livestock farm house (−0.35, 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles: −0.53, −0.17). This suggested that foxes defecate in the areas where prey is abundant, avoiding humans. Discussion: Policy discussions regarding bait distribution design targeting these conditions should be initiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Orbital hydatid disease, while rare, should be included in the differential diagnosis of unilateral proptosis, particularly in endemic areas. Accurate diagnosis and comprehensive management are essential for effective treatment and favorable long-term outcomes. Case Presentation: A 12-year-old boy presented with a one-month history of diplopia and left-sided proptosis. A CT scan revealed a cystic mass within the left medial rectus muscle. Surgical intervention confirmed the presence of a hydatid cyst following cyst rupture and irrigation with hypertonic saline. The patient underwent a two-month course of albendazole therapy. Initially, the patient experienced persistent exotropia and diplopia, but at the three-year follow-up, he exhibited no diplopia or proptosis and only mild residual exotropia. Conclusion: This case underscores the importance of considering orbital hydatid cysts in the differential diagnosis of unilateral proptosis in endemic regions. Heightened awareness, accurate diagnosis, and a tailored therapeutic approach, including surgical removal and antiparasitic treatment, are crucial for successful management and improved long-term outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hydatid disease is a parasitic infection seen in endemic areas. Musculoskeletal hydatid disease is rarely reported. Purpose: To describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of musculoskeletal hydatid disease and to highlight the specific findings in the diagnosis of hydatid cysts. Material and Methods: The MRI scans of 29 cases diagnosed as musculoskeletal hydatid disease between 2000 and 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The localization, size, appearance (unilocular or multilocular), signal characteristics, rim sign, presence of internal septa and membrane, and gadolinium enhancement pattern of hydatid cysts were evaluated. Results: A total of 29 patients diagnosed with hydatid cyst were included in the study. Of the lesions, 18 were localized in bone and 11 were in soft tissue. The bone hydatid cysts on MRI showed heterogeneous low to intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images in the medullary bone. In 15/18 patients, there was also cortical destruction and extension into the adjacent soft tissue planes. In 8/11 cases where the cyst was located in muscle tissue, the "cyst or cysts within a cyst" appearance was observed on MRI. The rim sign was observed in 7/11 cases and the "water lily" sign was noted in 2/11 cases. Conclusion: MRI provides valuable information for the diagnosis of hydatid disease with its distinctive imaging features. Knowledge of the different patterns of hydatid cysts on MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the urgent problems of surgical parasitology in the Republic of Kazakhstan is liver cystic echinococcosis. The study aimed to analyze the effectiveness and safety of the percutaneous treatment with different techniques in comparison with the results of laparoscopic and "open" surgical methods. Retrospectively, we analyzed the outcome of 485 patients with active echinococcal cysts in the period from January 2017–July 2023. Indications for surgical treatment and the choice of the intervention method were based on this classification. Patients were conditionally divided into 3 groups: Laparoscopy–33, Laparotomy–319, PAIR-133. The duration of the operation in the PAIR was significantly shorter compared to the Laparotomy and Laparoscopy groups (55.4vs.225.2 and 215.3, p = 0.0001). There was no intraoperative blood loss in PAIR, whereas in Laparotomy and Laparoscopy there were 146.0 and 111.0. The postoperative stay of patients in PAIR is significantly shorter than in Laparotomy and Laparoscopy (3.8 compared to 7.5 and 6.4, p = 0.0001). The follow–up time averaged 39.8 months ± 21. There were no statistically significant differences in relapses. Laparotomy and PAIR groups had 11 (3.5 %) and 6 (4.5 %) relapses, respectively. In cystic echinococcosis of the liver types CE1, CE3a regardless of the localization, the optimal volume is a PAIR is characterized by a shorter postoperative stay of the patient, early recovery and cure. In the CE2, CE3b stages, laparoscopic pericystectomy is the most effective and safe in individual patients. In case of an intimate arrangement of cysts to tubular structures, the safest method is laparotomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatidosis (cystic echinococcosis) is one of the major serious parasite infectious diseases that cause poor weight gain and organ condemnation, which contributes to Ethiopia's low cattle industry production. A cross‐sectional study was performed at the Nekemte Municipal Abattoir, Western Ethiopia, from October 2020 to August 2021 with the aim of determining the prevalence of bovine hydatid cysts, assessing the related risk factors, and evaluating the organ level of distributions of the cysts. An antemortem examination and postmortem examination were performed as usual on all 220 chosen slaughtered cattle. We evaluated the organs of systemically selected cattle through visual inspection and palpation. Of the total number inspected, 44 (20%) had one or more hydatid cysts in one or more of their organs. Both age and sex of the cattle were significantly associated with the prevalence of bovine hydatidosis (X2 = 5.928; p = 0.015; and X2 = 4.086; p = 0.043, respectively) among the risk factors evaluated. 44 (20%) of the 220 animals evaluated were positive for hydatidosis. In terms of organ distribution, the liver accounted for 27 (61.4%), the lung for 16 (36.3%), and the spleen for 1 (2.3%). 34 (55.8%) of the 62 cysts counted and characterized were found in the liver, 27 (53.6%) in the lung, and 1 (2.3%) in the spleen. 22 (35.5%) of the 62 cysts collected were calcified, and 31 (50%) were found to be fertile. Of the 31 fertile cysts discovered, 7 (22.6%) were found in the liver, 23 (74.2%) in the lungs, and 1 (2.3%) in the spleen. Hydatidosis is still one of the most critical diseases that need careful consideration for prevention and control measures in the East Welega Zone, even with the moderate level of infection currently detected. This is because there appears to be a socioeconomic environment that is conducive to the disease. Therefore, the installation of regulated, well‐equipped abattoirs, public awareness campaigns, and stray dog control are crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid cyst contamination in food presents a persistent and pervasive threat to public health. Hence, several studies have been published on hydatid cysts in raw meat products. The current study aimed to meta-analyze the prevalence of hydatid cysts in meat. The search was performed in international databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, from January 1, 2000, to February 10, 2024. A meta-analysis of prevalence was conducted using the metaprop command in the subgroups of countries, animals, and WHO regions. Meta-regression of the prevalence of hydatid cysts in meat over time and sanitation services ranking was conducted using a random effects model (restricted maximum–-likelihood). Fifty-seven published references with 130 data reports were included in the study. The lowest and highest prevalence of hydatid cysts in raw meat was observed in Sudan at 0.01%, 95%CI (0.01–0.02) and Italy at 69.86%, 95%CI (68.14–71.55), respectively. The highest prevalence of hydatid cysts was observed in Sheep (12.32%), Cattle (11.85%), and Buffalo (10.65%). The lowest and highest prevalence of hydatid cysts was South-East Asian Reg (2.77%) and European Region (33.21%), respectively. Meta-regression showed that the prevalence of hydatid cysts has significantly decreased over time (p-value = 0.021) and insignificantly decreased with sanitation services ranking (p-value = 0.679). Therefore, in order to maintain the existing conditions and even reduce the burden of hydatidosis, public health education, promotion of hygienic practices, and investment need to be carried out continuously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by difficulties in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors or restricted interests. Although research on the link between ASD and parasitic diseases is limited, immune deficiency and inflammation may contribute to the development of parasitic infections. Case report: We admitted a 14-year-old boy to the hospital who had a known history of ASD because he was presenting with respiratory symptoms, including cough and hemoptysis. During his time in the hospital, after conducting a series of tests and evaluations, we made a critical diagnosis of co-infection of lophomonas, tuberculosis, and hydatid cyst. In response to this diagnosis, we initiated a treatment plan that involved administering appropriate antibiotics as well as preparing for surgical intervention. Conclusion: This case report highlights the complexities and challenges of managing such a rare combination of co-infections with TB, pulmonary hydatid disease and lophomonas in a pediatric patient with underlying developmental considerations such as ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hydatid disease, also known as echinococcosis, is an endemic parasitic infection, most commonly caused by Echinococcus granulosus. It may affect any organ resulting in the formation of hydatid cysts, but most frequently involves liver and lungs. Hydatid cyst arising primarily from axilla is an extremely rare manifestation of this condition, with only a few cases reported in medical literature. Case presentation: Here we present the case of a 32-year-old Indian male farmer, who presented with a painless, slow-growing mass in the left axillary region of 8 months duration. Preoperative imaging led us to the diagnosis of primary axillary hydatid cyst, with no other associated cysts or masses anywhere else in the body. Following antihelmintic therapy, the cyst was surgically excised without rupture. The diagnosis was further confirmed by macroscopic and histopathological examination. Conclusion: This case report highlights the importance of considering hydatid cyst in the differential diagnosis of palpable masses in the axillary region, especially in regions where the disease is endemic. Early recognition and accurate diagnosis are crucial for appropriate management and optimal patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid cysts near the porta hepatis present notable medical challenges due to their intricate positioning and potential influence on crucial structures within the liver and its vicinity. While relatively rare, their presence can lead to intricate medical scenarios because of their proximity to vital liver and bile duct structures, but their occurrence can present complex medical situations due to their proximity to critical structures in the liver and bile ducts. We present an unusual case of a 33-year-old male with no known comorbidities presented to the outpatient department of general surgery with pain, insidious in onset and gradually progressive, in the right hypochondrial region for the past 3 months, along with mild fever, reduced appetite, and weight loss of 3 kg. Managing hepatic cysts, especially when near the porta hepatis, poses significant diagnostic challenges. Imaging scans revealed multiple hypodense lesions suggestive of hepatic cysts, with the largest one measuring 5 cm × 8 cm in segment VI. Native post-contrast lesions were also observed in the right lower lobe. Although hepatic duct dilation was not observed, the presence of a cyst near the porta hepatis an atypical site for hydatid cyst, complicated potential PAIR procedures (puncture, aspirate, injection, re-aspirate), raising concerns about the risk of damaging vital structures like the hepatic artery or major bile duct. A multidisciplinary approach engaged interventional radiology to evaluate PAIRS feasibility. PAIRS was performed successfully, except for the cyst near the porta hepatis to avoid complications. Despite this, the patient continued to experience abdominal discomfort post-operation, although liver function tests improved in the postop period. This case underscores the uncommon occurrence of hydatid cysts near the porta hepatis and highlights the need for additional research to comprehend its prevalence and causes. Further investigation is crucial to enhance our understanding of the epidemiology and optimal management strategies involving PAIRS in such challenging cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid cysts, caused by Echinococcus species, are zoonotic diseases frequently observed in endemic regions worldwide, including Turkey. It is most commonly localized in the liver, followed by the lungs. Anaphylaxis and peritonitis, which develop after cyst rupture, are the most significant complications observed in these patients. Early diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention are extremely important. This study presented an extremely rare case of a hepatic hydatid cyst ruptured into the thorax, which may have high morbidity and mortality. A 24-year-old male patient presented to our emergency department with cough, dyspnea, fever, and allergy symptoms. He had a history of hepatic hydatid cyst surgery 5 years ago. Physical examination revealed urticarial lesions on the skin. The body temperature was 39 °C, and the pulse rate was 120 beats/min. Laboratory tests revealed leukocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein. Contrast-enhanced thoracic and abdominal computed tomography was performed. Diagnostic tests revealed that the patient had a ruptured hepatic hydatid cyst in the right thoracic cavity; hence, he was scheduled for emergency surgery. Laparotomy was performed via a right subcostal incision, and the ruptured cyst was located. It was understood that this cyst had fistulized into the diaphragm during a chronic process and subsequently ruptured acutely into the thorax. Partial cystectomy was performed for a ruptured liver cyst. The diaphragm was repaired, and catheters were placed in the thorax and abdomen for drainage. There were no other postoperative complications. Rupture of hydatid cyst disease is frequently observed in endemic regions. The rupture of a hepatic hydatid cyst into the thorax is an extremely rare event. In patients presenting with pulmonary symptoms who have a history of hepatic hydatid cyst surgery, the abdomen should always be thoroughly evaluated, and emergency surgery should be performed if required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hydatid disease is a zoonotic infection caused by the species Echinococcus that typically affects the liver. Most liver hydatid cysts are asymptomatic at first, but as the cyst grows larger, symptoms, such as compression effects, start to appear. Ultrasonography and computed tomography scans are the widely used diagnostic tools, and surgery is considered the mainstay of treatment. Case presentation: We present an unusual case of a giant pedunculated hydatid cyst causing inferior vena cava syndrome in a 20-year-old male patient from the Oromo ethnic group from a rural area of the country. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography scan confirmed the diagnosis. Our patient underwent radical surgical resection of the cyst and had a good outcome. Conclusion: Hydatid liver cyst diagnosis needs a high index of suspicion for echinococcal etiology when dealing with a giant liver cyst as it results in grave complications without any manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid cyst is a very common disease caused by Ecinococcusgranulosumlarva . It can involve nearly any part of the body but most commonly affected organs are liver and lungs. Ultrasound, Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are valuable radiological investigations to diagnose hydatid cysts. Understanding of disease trend is important for early diagnosis and prevention of its com-plication to occur. We present a case series on a few interesting cases of hydatid cysts in paediatric age group in different organs and stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary embolisms take two forms, depending on whether the cause is thrombotic or non-thrombotic. Although emboli with non-thrombotic causes are rare, they should not be ignored during diagnosis. In such cases, a detailed anamnesis should be taken, existing risk factors should be inquired, and additional tests should be made before making a firm diagnosis. In our case, a hydatid cyst embolism that occluded a large part of the pulmonary artery had been identified as a medium–high-risk pulmonary thromboembolism during hospitalization in an external center and thrombolytic treatment had been started. As the patient’s symptoms were identified as unresolved during an outpatient clinic check-up, a hydatid cyst was diagnosed based on the results of a transthoracic fine needle aspiration biopsy and treatment was started. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct (IPNB) are rare precancerous lesions with implications for the development of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Recognizing IPNB and managing its recurrence pose challenges in clinical practice. We present two cases. Case 1: a 60-year-old man presented with an 8 × 8 × 9 cm hepatic cyst initially suspected to be a hydatid cyst. Histology post-resection revealed an IPNB with foci of adenocarcinoma. Despite negative oncologic margins, recurrence occurred eight years later as an rT2N0 lesion. Surgical resection was performed without adjuvant chemotherapy, resulting in the patient's survival at 48 months post-surgery. Case 2: a 28-year-old female with cognitive impairment was admitted with pulmonary embolism and a liver lesion diagnosed as a simple cyst. Subsequent evaluation revealed adenocarcinoma with local metastases, extensive vascular involvement, and thrombosis. Despite aggressive management, including thrombectomy and chemotherapy, the patient's condition deteriorated, leading to hepatic failure and eventual demise. Conclusion: IPNB represents a rare premalignant subtype with a propensity for progression to CCA. R0 surgical resection typically offers favorable oncological outcomes with a minimal recurrence risk. Surgical intervention for localized resectable recurrence is both safe and feasible. International registries tracking IPNB recurrence are essential for advancing understanding and optimizing diagnosis, management, and treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echinococcosis represents a major public health issue and continues to be endemic in various regions around the world. Hydatid cysts are commonly located in the liver (primary site), followed by the lungs (secondary site). However, they are also found in less typical organs such as the spleen, kidneys, peritoneum, retroperitoneum, pancreas, gallbladder, and various other organs, as well as in striate muscles. Hydatid cysts involving the psoas muscle are rare, and in the past five years, only a few articles have addressed this condition due to its low incidence. Symptoms can be quite vague, and serological testing might return negative, making imaging studies crucial for an accurate diagnosis. Treatment options involve surgery alongside antiparasitic agents. Despite having a low mortality rate, the recurrence of hydatid disease remains high. This paper aims to provide new clinical data through our case presentation, while also offering a review of the cases of hydatid cysts involving the psoas muscle that have been published over the past five years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid disease is a parasitic infestation caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The disease is rare in the head and neck region with varying presentations. We present a rare case of recurrent hydatid disease of the temporal bone with intracranial involvement; and the treatment thereof. Hydatid disease is endemic in few parts of the world, its occurrence in head and neck region is very rare. The commonest causative organism is E. granulosus giving rise to cystic hydatid disease. Most of the former are asymptomatic, but can give rise to symptoms because of their mass effects or rupture. Our case is a 38 year male presenting to ENT department with recurrent left ear discharge, giddiness, headache and facial palsy having operated elsewhere twice in the past. The patient was investigated by Computed Tomography (CT) scanning and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of temporal bones, head and neck regions. Which showed soft tissue attenuation of middle ear cleft and multiple cystic lesions in the middle and posterior cranial fossae indicating intracranial extension of disease. We operated for left subtotal petrosectomy with vestibular labyrinthectomy. During the perioperative period he was treated with Albendazole. Patient remains clinically and radiologically asymptomatic (post surgery 1 year) till date of this manuscript submission. Hence, we report the recurrent hydatid cyst in the temporal bone and skull base, which was managed by combination of surgical and medical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease, which seriously endangers human health. The immune game between parasite and host is not fully understood. Exosomes are thought to be one of the ways of information communication between parasite and host. In this study, we attempted to explore the communication between Echinococcus granulosus and its host through the medium of exosomes. We collected plasma from E.granulosus patients (CE-EXO) and healthy donors (HD-EXO) and extracted exosomes from the plasma. The expression profile of miRNA in plasma was determined by second generation sequencing. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used to annotate the function of target genes of differential miRNAs. Meanwhile, we co-cultured plasma exosomes from healthy donors and plasma exosomes from E.granulosus patients with Jurkat T cells with or without phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation. The expression of CD69 on Jurkat T cells was detected by flow cytometry. The results showed that the miRNA of exosomes between healthy donors and E.granulosus patients was significantly different. GO and KEGG were used to annotate the function of target genes of differential miRNAs. The results indicate that many important pathways are involved in inflammation, metabolism, and immune response after parasite infection, such as p53 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Flow cytometry showed that CE-EXO reduced the expression of CD69 + on Jurkat T cells. Our present results suggest that these differentially expressed miRNAs may be important regulators of parasite-host interactions. Meanwhile, functional prediction of its target genes provides valuable information for understanding the mechanism of host-parasite interactions. These results provide clues for future studies on E.granulosus escape from host immune attack, which could help control E.granulosus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hydatid disease is uncommon in Humans. It rarely affects the bones and joints (0.5–4%). Frequent sites of bony involvement are vertebrae, pelvic bones, upper end of long bones e.g. humerus, femur and tibia. Material and methods: We report a case of 41-year old female with primary Hydatid cyst of the entire right femur. Patient complaint of severe pain and was non ambulatory since the last 2 months. Results: Here, single staged Total Right Femur Replacement was done under General Anaesthesia. Patient was discharged after 6 days of hospital stay in a stable condition where physical rehabilitation was initiated after day one of the surgery, progressing to aided walking, standing and active lower limb exercises. Conclusion: Involvement of the entire femur was a challenging case. There is no consensus/gold standard treatment of severe cases. Given the involvement of the entire Right Femur along with spillage in the neighbouring muscles, patient underwent Total Femur Replacement with Hip and Knee Replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musculoskeletal hydatid disease is rare and can be located anywhere but most commonly the bone and muscles of the spine, pelvis, then the lower limbs. Imaging is essential for its diagnosis, performing the pre-therapeutic assessment, guiding possible percutaneous treatments, and providing post-therapeutic follow-up. Musculoskeletal hydatidosis can take several forms that may suggest other infections and tumors or pseudotumors. MRI and CT are superior for its diagnosis but ultrasound and radiography remain the most accessible examinations in developing countries where this parasitosis is endemic. In this review, we provide an overview of this disease and describe its different imaging patterns in soft tissue and bone involvement that should be sought to support the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical presentation, treatment outcomes, and complications associated with hepatic hydatid cysts in a pediatric population. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 214 pediatric patients with liver hydatid cysts, focusing on clinical presentation, treatment outcomes, and associated complications. Patients were classified based on treatment modality, including non-operative management with albendazole, PAIR, and surgical intervention. This study compared cyst characteristics, recurrence rates, and complications such as cysto-biliary fistulas. Results: Among the patients, 68% (n = 145) had a single cyst and 86% (n = 184) were found to have isolated liver cysts. No significant statistical difference was observed between Group 1 and Group 2 in terms of age, gender, and basic laboratory values and general characteristics of the cysts, such as the lobe where the cyst was located, involvement of multiple organs, number of cysts, the state of cyst rupture, and recurrence; no statistically significant difference was found between the groups (p > 0.05 for each comparison). Cyst rupture incidence was 6%, and the average incidence of recurrence was 2%, with a surgical recurrence incidence of 3%. A total of 37 patients had a laparotomy, while 7 had laparoscopic surgery. In total, capitonnage was performed in 68 patients, omentopexy in 4, and cystostomy in 6. Consequently, among the treated patients (PAIR + surgery), the incidence of cysto-biliary fistula was 11%, anaphylaxis was 2%, surgical recurrence was 3%, and the incidence of reoperation (Clavien–Dindo ≥ 3) was 6%. The average follow-up period was 72 months, during which no mortality was observed. Conclusions: We identified key clinical outcomes related to both non-surgical treatments (cyst rupture and recurrence) and surgical groups (cysto-biliary fistulas, anaphylaxis, the need for reoperation, rupture, and recurrence). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Zoonotic infections, characterized with huge pathogen diversity, wide affecting area and great society harm, have become a major global public health problem. Early and accurate prediction of their outbreaks is crucial for disease control. The aim of this study was to develop zoonotic diseases risk predictive models based on time-series incidence data and three zoonotic diseases in mainland China were employed as cases. Methods: The incidence data for schistosomiasis, echinococcosis, and leptospirosis were downloaded from the Scientific Data Centre of the National Ministry of Health of China, and were processed by interpolation, dynamic curve reconstruction and time series decomposition. Data were decomposed into three distinct components: the trend component, the seasonal component, and the residual component. The trend component was used as input to construct the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) prediction model, while the seasonal component was used in the comparison of the periods and amplitudes. Finaly, the accuracy of the hybrid LSTM prediction model was comprehensive evaluated. Results: This study employed trend series of incidence numbers and incidence rates of three zoonotic diseases for modeling. The prediction results of the model showed that the predicted incidence number and incidence rate were very close to the real incidence data. Model evaluation revealed that the prediction error of the hybrid LSTM model was smaller than that of the single LSTM. Thus, these results demonstrate that using trending sequences as input sequences for the model leads to better-fitting predictive models. Conclusions: Our study successfully developed LSTM hybrid models for disease outbreak risk prediction using three zoonotic diseases as case studies. We demonstrate that the LSTM, when combined with time series decomposition, delivers more accurate results compared to conventional LSTM models using the raw data series. Disease outbreak trends can be predicted more accurately using hybrid models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is prevalent in livestock farming regions around the world. However, it remains relatively rare compared to other infectious diseases. CE typically affects the liver, lungs, brain, and kidneys. Spinal and pleural wall involvement is exceedingly rare. We report a unique case of intradural and pleural wall CE in a young male, successfully treated with surgery and postoperative medication. Case presentation: A 19-year-old Tibetan male from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was diagnosed with intradural and pleural wall CE through imaging, serology, and surgical pathology. According to the Dew/Braithwaite & Lees (BL) classification, his condition was an exceptionally rare form of spinal echinococcosis, compounded by an even rarer pleural wall involvement. Prompt surgical intervention and postoperative medication resulted in significant improvement in spinal cord compression symptoms. Conclusions: This case highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of rare CE locations. MRI proved superior to CT in diagnosing bony cystic echinococcosis. Early surgical intervention combined with medication facilitates spinal cord function recovery, providing valuable insights for managing similar cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, the impact of inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway on lung oxidative damage induced by Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid was investigated.Methods: Twenty-four mice were randomly assigned to four groups. Three months after inoculation with hydatid cyst segments, mice in group A were treated with intraperitoneal and intratracheal saline injections; mice in group B were administered a caudal vein injection of a PI3K inhibitor, followed by cyst fluid sensitization; mice in group C received an AKT inhibitor via caudal vein, followed by cyst fluid sensitization; and mice in group D were subjected to cyst fluid sensitization without any inhibitor treatment. Cellular changes in lung tissues across all groups were evaluated, including pathological section analysis. Analysis of pulmonary tissue and serum from these mice included the assessment of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway proteins, inflammatory factors, and related mRNA levels.Results: Mice in groups B and C exhibited a higher proportion of M2-type macrophages and significantly lower levels of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway proteins, inflammatory factors (interleukin-6 [IL-6]/tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]), and oxidative markers in lung tissues compared to mice in group D (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Our results in this study indicate that activation of the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway contributed to an increase in the M1 macrophage phenotype, leading to enhanced secretion of peroxidases and inflammatory factors. This mechanism plays a crucial role in the oxidative and inflammatory lung damage associated with allergic reactions to E. granulosus cyst fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary A 22‐year‐old donkey (Equus asinus) mare was presented for investigation of a 3‐day history of lethargy and anorexia. Serum biochemistry profile revealed severe increased liver‐derived enzymes. Abdominal ultrasound demonstrated several large round cysts in the liver. Broad‐spectrum antimicrobials and anti‐inflammatory therapy were started. However, exacerbation of the clinical signs occurred, and the donkey was euthanised. Necropsy and histopathological evaluation showed multiple hydatid cysts with protoscoleces from Echinocococcus spp. in the liver with replacement of parenchyma by fibrosis accompanied by liver atrophy, severe ascites and thorax effusion. The present report describes the first case of a molecularly confirmed Echinococcus equinus infection in a donkey in northern Switzerland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple hepatic cysts of the liver (SHCL) are incidentally detected in the liver, and may be solitary or multiple. There is sufficient evidence supporting the role of laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of these lesions. The aim of this study was to report the outcomes of laparoscopic treatment in patients with BSHCs in terms of postoperative complications (POC). Case series. All patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery for BSLC at RedSalud Mayor Clinic between January 2013 and December 2023 were included. Preoperative assessment consisted of general examinations, determination of ELISA-IgE and IgG for hydatidosis, abdominal ultrasound or computed tomography. The outcome variable was the development of postoperative complications (POCs). Descriptive statistics were used. During the study period, 22 patients with BSLC were operated, resecting them a total of 34 cysts. The median age of the series was 59 years, and 81.8 % of patients were female. The median sonographic diameter of the lesions was 9 cm. Subtotal pericystectomy was performed in all of them, without using drainage. In 45.4 % of cases simultaneously cholecystectomy for coexistent cholelithiasis was performed. The median operative time was 52 minutes. No patients needed to be converted. The series does not register POC or mortality. The median hospital stay was 1 day. The histopathological study confirmed "biliary type cyst" in all cases. With a minimum follow-up of 6 months, no late postoperative complications or recurrence of the resected lesions have been observed. The treatment applied to this series of cases was associated with a short hospital stay and good short- and medium-term outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete removal of a pulmonary hydatid cyst by bronchoscopy occurs rarely in clinical practice. We describe a 22‐year‐old male originally from Lebanon, with suspected hydatid cyst rupture on computed tomography chest after experiencing sudden onset fevers and cough whilst taking empiric anthelmintic therapy. Bronchoscopy revealed white gelatinous material in the posterior segment of the left lower lobe. The complete membranes of a hydatid cyst were removed with grasping forceps. Histologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of echinococcosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hydatidosis, caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, affect cattle by forming hydatid cyst in thier lungs, livers and pose great financial loss in animal production and country's economy by both direct and indirect effect. Despite its great economic and health importance, there is an absence of current information on cystic echinococcosis in cattle slaughtered at Wolaita Sodo municipality abattoir in Ethiopia. Objectives: Current investigation determines the prevalence, organ distribution and fertility of hydatid cysts in cattle slaughtered at the Wolaita Sodo municipality abattoir in Ethiopia. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted from February, 2023, to October, 2023, at Wolaita Sodo municipality abattoir in southern Ethiopia, through regular meat examinations and cyst characterisation to determine the prevalence, organ distribution and fertility of hydatid cysts. Results: The overall prevalence of hydatidosis recorede in current study was 17.9% (69/384) and has shown a statistically significant association (p < 0.05) with the body condition of cattle. However, there was no statistically significant association (p > 0.05) between the prevalence of hydatidosis and other risk factors such as sex, breed, production system and origin of animals. This study showed that the lungs and liver were the most affected organs in cattle, followed by the spleen and kidneys. On cyst characterisation, the majority of hydatid cysts were found sterile (55.4%) followed by fertile (38.8%) and calcified (8.7%) cysts. Out of 125 fertile hydatid cysts tested for survival, 18.8% (58/321) were viable and 20% (67/321) were nonviable. Conclusion: The finding of this study shows that cystic echinococcus was important health threat of the cattle and widespread in the internal organs of affected cattle causing significant economic loss by condemning edible organs that are not suitable for human consumption. Therefore, urgent and integreted preventive action is needed to disrupt the life cycle of cystic echinococcosis to tackle subsequent financial loss and risk of zoonosis to humans in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary pancreatic hydatid cyst is a rare form of echinococcosis, even in endemic areas. The present study reports the case of a 67-year-old male patient with a primary pancreatic hydatid cyst who presented with severe epigastric pain, vomiting and fever for a period >2 weeks. An endoscopic ultrasound revealed a cystic lesion in the pancreatic head with a solid component. A computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the ultrasound finding. Under general anesthesia, the patient underwent total pancreatectomy and splenectomy. A histopathological examination confirmed a primary pancreatic hydatid cyst. Hydatid cysts rarely occur primarily in the pancreas. They may spread to the pancreas through the hematogenous route. Various procedures can be performed for cyst removal, depending on the size and location of the cysts. Open surgery, laparoscopy and hybrid options are available; however, to date, the gold standard is open surgery to prevent spillage and reduce the chance of recurrence. Although rare, primary pancreatic hydatid cysts can occur, with surgery being the main treatment modality due to the vague preoperative diagnosis based on imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgery is the main efficacious treatment for many cases of cystic echinococcosis by removing Echinococcus granulosus cysts. However, to reduce risk of cyst spillage and insemination of the content, using a scolicidal agent is crucial. Considering side effects of available scolicidals, and growing nanotechnological approaches in novel pharmaceuticals, the present study aimed to find out the scolicidal activity of geraniol (GL), geranium oil (GM), and their developed nanoemulsions (Nano-GL and Nano-GM) on the protoscoleces of E. granulosus. Nanoemulsions were developed by ultrasonication emulsification and characterised by dynamic light scattering method (DLS). The scolicidal effect of GL, GM, Nano-GL, and Nano-GM at different concentrations of 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, and 50 µg/mL were determined after 0.5, 1, and 2 hours of incubation. Mortality rates were measured by eosin exclusion test. The average droplet size for Nano-GM and Nano-GL were 124.8 and 88.59 nm, respectively. After one hour of exposure, all tested concentrations of GL and Nano-GL resulted in higher than 90% mortality rates, while GM and Nano-GM killed 70.66% and 90.33% of protoscoleces, respectively. Based on 50% lethal concentration, Nano-GL was significantly more potent than Nano-GM (LC50: 4.52 vs 102.95 µg/mL). Results of scanning electron microscopy revealed tegumental disruption in the treated protoscoleces. This study described an easily applicable and eco-friendly procedure of nano-formulating functional phytochemicals, showing promising scolicidal activity in vitro. The developed formulations, especially Nano-GL, showed the characteristics of an ideal scolicidal agent. Further studies are needed to assess in vivo efficacy and safety of this formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Primary hydatid cyst of the spinal cord is exceedingly rare. Diagnosis at the early stages is difficult as they may be asymptomatic or have mild vague pain. Patients typically present when there are features of cord/root compression. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) stands as the primary investigative modality, but even then, preoperative diagnosis might not always be possible as it may resemble other pathological conditions. Methods: This was a case report of a single case with evidence-based discussion. Informed consent was obtained. Case Report: We present a 62-year-old female patient with progressive paraparesis and numbness of bilateral lower limbs. MRI was suggestive of a tubercular pleurospinal lesion at the D9-D10 level. However, intraoperatively, it was identified to be a rare case of primary pleurospinal (thoracic) hydatid cyst. The patient was managed with complete surgical removal of all the cysts and antihelminthic drug therapy with no evidence of recurrence at the 2-year follow-up. Conclusion: Radiological diagnosis might not be accurate and hydatidosis must be kept in mind to avoid intraoperative confusion. Timely diagnosis, appropriate surgical planning, and comprehensive follow-up are crucial for achieving optimal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features and classification of echinococcosis of the spinal canal. The clinical manifestations and MRI findings and classification of 19 patients diagnosed with intraspinal echinococcosis over 10 years (2011–2020) were retrospectively analyzed. The mean age of the nine males and 10 females was 39 years (range 28–65 years). Among these, the number of cases with thoracic, lumbar, sacral, thoracolumbar, and lumbosacral, cervical, and lumbar segments was nine (47 %), five (26 %), one (5 %), one (5 %), two (11 %), and one (5 %) cases, respectively. Furthermore, 13 cases (69 %) involved adjacent vertebral bodies, accessories, and surrounding soft tissues. The lesion was confined to the intramedullary, extramedullary subdural, extramedullary epidural, and multiple spaces in one (Type I) (5 %), four (Type II) (21 %), one (Type III) (5 %), and thirteen (69 %) cases, respectively. Moreover, nine cases (47 %) had a history of hydatid disease in the spine or other tissues. The clinical manifestations were chest and lumbosacral pain in 18 cases (95 %) and chest and lumbosacral pain accompanied by lower limb dysfunction in four cases (21 %). The MRI revealed different sizes of T1WI low-signal and T2WI high-signal vesicles with a "grape-like" appearance, with 16 cases (84 %) showing low signals on the edge of the cyst wall. Intraspinal echinococcosis is rare, even in endemic areas. However, intraspinal echinococcosis should be considered when there is a history of echinococcosis in other sites or when there are clear MRI characteristics for the disease. • Echinococcosis is rare in clinical practice, this study selected a more rare location-spinal echinococcosis. • This study provides a new imaging direction for the classification of intraspinal echinococcosis. • This study describes the MRI features of intraspinal echinococcosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the ingestion of tapeworm eggs shed by canids. The potential recent establishment of a more virulent European-type strain may be impacting human echinococcosis in Canada, yet information is limited. Objective: Administrative hospital and ambulatory visit data were used to provide a baseline of human echinococcosis cases in Canada between 2000-2020. Methods: Canadian Institute of Health Information's Discharge Abstract Database, Hospital Morbidity Database and National Ambulatory Care Reporting System were combined to identify cases. Risk ratios (RR) by demographic factors and cumulative incidences (CIN) over place and time were calculated. Results: A total of 806 echinococcosis cases were identified in Canada between 2000-2020, for a mean annual CIN of 1.3 cases per million population. Over the two decades, the mean annual CIN of cases increased nationally (1.3-1.4 cases per million), in the Northwest Territories (6.3-9.1 cases per million), in Alberta (1.5-2.4 cases per million) and in the Atlantic provinces (0.2-0.6 cases per million). Those from the Territories had the highest risk of echinococcosis (RR 17.1; 95% confidence interval: 8.7-33.7). Conclusion: Though explanations are multifactorial, the new European-type strain may have a role in the small absolute increase in echinococcosis CIN in Canada observed over the study period. The CIN is likely underestimated and the validity of administrative data for analyzing zoonoses warrants investigation. Though this study contributes important awareness and a baseline, improved data are needed to clarify the effects of the new strain and inform public health response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hydatid cysts and assess their direct economic impact. Methods: The study utilized a cross-sectional design to examine cattle slaughtered in the Torra Municipal Abattoir, in which 384 bovine species were systematically selected. Results: Out of the 384 slaughtered animals, 66 were found to have bovine hydatid cysts. A total of 112 cysts were collected, 44 (39.29%) of which were viable and 68 (60.71%) calcified. All examined organs showed hydatid cysts, but livers and lungs were most commonly affected, while tongues had the least amount. In terms of viable cysts, lung and liver contained the highest proportions, followed by heart and tongue. Consequently, the lung was the organ that was often impacted and had the greatest number of cysts. It was calculated that US$ 2,909 was lost annually as a direct economic loss. The animal's origin and sex did not significantly affect the infection rate statistically (p > 0.05). Similarly, there was no significant difference with age (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The study revealed a notable prevalence and economic impact of bovine hydatidosis in the study area. Therefore, it is crucial to implement effective control and preventive measures to mitigate the impact of disease's impact on public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cystic echinococcosis still remains a serious health and economic problem worldwide. The etiologic agent is Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, giving origin to a fluid-filled cystic lesion. Therapy faces several challenges. Nanodrugs have shown promise as chemotherapeutics against hydatid cysts. The present study evaluated a highly safe lipid nano-polymeric capsule for its superior efficacy and ability to overcome drug resistance. Nanocapsule drugs were formulated into six groups: Albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, albendazole + mebendazole, albendazole + praziquantel, and praziquantel + mebendazole. The protoscolicidal effects of these six groups were assessed at 10, 60, and 120 min in three concentrations (1, 0.5, and 0.25 mg/mL). Drug formulations were evaluated via zeta potential, droplet size, solubility, particle size analyzer (PSA), and scanning electron microscopy. According to the PSA results, the mean size of the albendazole nanocapsules was 193.01 nm, mebendazole was 170.40 nm, and praziquantel was 180.44 nm. Albendazole + mebendazole showed the greatest protoscolicidal activity at a concentration of 1 mg/mL after 120 min. In contrast, each drug's 0.25 mg/mL single-dose times showed the least protoscolicidal activity after 120 min. With the right application of nanotechnology, it is possible to produce safe and effective drugs, such as the polymeric combination of albendazole and mebendazole, which has promising implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Hydatid disease, also known as echinococcosis, is an endemic parasitic infection, most commonly caused by Echinococcus granulosus. It may affect any organ resulting in the formation of hydatid cysts, but most frequently involves liver and lungs. Hydatid cyst arising primarily from axilla is an extremely rare manifestation of this condition, with only a few cases reported in medical literature. Case presentation Here we present the case of a 32-year-old Indian male farmer, who presented with a painless, slow-growing mass in the left axillary region of 8 months duration. Preoperative imaging led us to the diagnosis of primary axillary hydatid cyst, with no other associated cysts or masses anywhere else in the body. Following antihelmintic therapy, the cyst was surgically excised without rupture. The diagnosis was further confirmed by macroscopic and histopathological examination. Conclusion This case report highlights the importance of considering hydatid cyst in the differential diagnosis of palpable masses in the axillary region, especially in regions where the disease is endemic. Early recognition and accurate diagnosis are crucial for appropriate management and optimal patient outcomes.

Introduction: Hydatidosis/cystic echinococcosis (CE) is considered a neglected disease due to its preventive nature and impact on low-income populations. In Latin America, there is a high incidence, and in the high Andean regions, it is considered an endemic disease. The objective of this study was to quantify and analyze the scientific production of hydatidosis/echinococcosis through a bibliometric analysis in Latin America up to 2022. Methods: A bibliometric analysis study was conducted based on the scientific production of CE in the SCOPUS database until 2022 in Latin American countries. Information was collected through a systematic search. Frequencies and percentages were used to summarize the variables captured in the final database. Results: Scientific production showed growth over the years, with Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile having the highest production. In addition, there has been a trending use of the term “neglected disease” since 2018. The most cited articles were primarily narrative reviews, book chapters, and original articles in that order. Only 27% of the studies were funded by an institution in Latin America. Conclusion: Scientific production in Latin America regarding CE is on the rise, especially in countries with high incidence rates. Furthermore, these countries demonstrate a significant network of international collaboration.

Abstract Background Zoonotic infections, characterized with huge pathogen diversity, wide affecting area and great society harm, have become a major global public health problem. Early and accurate prediction of their outbreaks is crucial for disease control. The aim of this study was to develop zoonotic diseases risk predictive models based on time-series incidence data and three zoonotic diseases in mainland China were employed as cases. Methods The incidence data for schistosomiasis, echinococcosis, and leptospirosis were downloaded from the Scientific Data Centre of the National Ministry of Health of China, and were processed by interpolation, dynamic curve reconstruction and time series decomposition. Data were decomposed into three distinct components: the trend component, the seasonal component, and the residual component. The trend component was used as input to construct the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) prediction model, while the seasonal component was used in the comparison of the periods and amplitudes. Finaly, the accuracy of the hybrid LSTM prediction model was comprehensive evaluated. Results This study employed trend series of incidence numbers and incidence rates of three zoonotic diseases for modeling. The prediction results of the model showed that the predicted incidence number and incidence rate were very close to the real incidence data. Model evaluation revealed that the prediction error of the hybrid LSTM model was smaller than that of the single LSTM. Thus, these results demonstrate that using trending sequences as input sequences for the model leads to better-fitting predictive models. Conclusions Our study successfully developed LSTM hybrid models for disease outbreak risk prediction using three zoonotic diseases as case studies. We demonstrate that the LSTM, when combined with time series decomposition, delivers more accurate results compared to conventional LSTM models using the raw data series. Disease outbreak trends can be predicted more accurately using hybrid models.