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Este libro se editó con el apoyo del Programa por Área Temática “Desarrollo Regional y Territorial” y el Proyecto Estructural de “Comercialización y consumo de productos de la Agricultura Familiar”, ambos pertenecientes al Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Este libro surge de la discusión sobre las condiciones de inclusión de los productores y consumidores en la distribución y comercialización de alimentos de calidad y el acceso de la agricultura familiar a distintas redes comerciales. Se inició durante el Primer Congreso de Justicia y Soberanía Alimentaria en las Américas (JySALA), organizado en la Ciudad de México en octubre de 2019, por el Centro de Estudios Mexicanos y Centro-Americanos (CEMCA) y la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Programa Universitario de Estudios sobre la Ciudad, Coordinación Universitaria para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas) EEA AMBA Fil: Grenoville, Sebastian. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Le Galle, Julie. Centro de Estudios Mexicanos y Centro-americanos (CEMCA); México Fil: Noel, Julien. Universidad de Liège - Gembloux. Agro-Bio Tech; Bélgica Fil: Grenoville, Sebastian. Administración de Parques Nacionales; Argentina Fil: Grenoville, Sebastian. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina

Purpose. Energy consumption is a standard measure to evaluate the progress and quality of life in a country. When used properly and logically it could be cause of progress in science, technology and welfare of the people in any country and otherwise irreparable economic losses and economic gross recession would happen. And finally, the quantity of energy consumption per GDP will increase day by day. Electrical energy, as the most prominent type of energy, is very important. In this article based on a different approach, according to the final consumption of electric energy, a proper economic planning in order to supply electrical energy is submitted. In this programming, the details of final energy consumption, will replace with the information of power network, by considering the network efficiency and power plants. Operation of power plants is based on the energy optimization entranced to a plant. By using the proposed method and gravitational search algorithm, the total cost of electrical energy can be minimized. The results of simulation and numerical studies show better convergence of gravitational search algorithm in comparison with other existing methods in this area., Цель. Энергопотребление является стандартной мерой для оценки прогресса и качества жизни в стране. Правильное и обоснованное ее использование может привести к прогрессу в науке, технике и благосостоянии людей в любой стране, в противном случае произойдут непоправимые экономические потери и падение валового внутреннего продукта. И, наконец, количество потребленной энергии на единицу ВВП будет возрастать с каждым днем. Электрическая энергия, как основной вид энергии, является весьма важной. В данной статье, основываясь на различных подходах, в соответствии с конечным потреблением электрической энергии, представлено соответствующее экономическое планирование подачи электроэнергии. При этом, подробности конечного потребления энергии заменяются информацией о сети электроснабжения, учитывая эффективность сети и электростанций. Работа электростанций основана на оптимизации энергии, производимой ею. Используя предложенный метод и алгоритм гравитационного поиска, можно минимизировать общую стоимость электрической энергии. Результаты моделирования и численных исследований показывают лучшую сходимость алгоритма гравитационного поиска по сравнению с другими существующими методами в данной области.

MAGPRO - Clés de réussite et impacts territoriaux des magasins de producteurs; International audience; Les magasins de producteurs sont en plein essor depuis le début des années 2000. Chacun est la combinaison singulière de plusieurs fermes membres de ce collectif de vente, porté par des personnes aux motivations et parcours variés, par des fermes aux structures, ressources et besoins différents. Les 17 partenaires du projet MAGPRO « clés de réussite et impacts territoriaux des magasins de producteurs » ont souhaité produire avec les producteurs, des outils et repères pour l’accompagnement de projets viables économiquement et humainement, intégrés à leur territoire. Cet article apporte des éléments de réponse sur ce que peut impliquer l’intégration d’une exploitation dans un magasin de producteurs à la fois pour le collectif et pour l’exploitation. Il montre des ajustements multiples, depuis l’émergence du groupe à la gestion courante de la structure collective de vente, entre le magasin et les fermes qui portent le projet : à la création d’un magasin, les producteurs qui s’associent ont des parcours individuels variés, le magasin a une place prépondérante parmi leurs circuits de commercialisation mais pour des motifs divers. Le groupe devra composer avec cette diversité. A l’heure des choix structurants, comme celui d’un rayon traditionnel viande, découpant les carcasses produites par ses membres, ce sont à la fois les dimensions relatives au projet collectif (ambition commerciale, investissements, composition de l’équipe salariée) et celles concernant chaque ferme (capacité d’approvisionnement, valeurs portées par les personnes...) qui doivent être prises en compte. Mais les exploitations connaissent des évolutions importantes à leur entrée dans un magasin de producteurs ; cela concerne en premier lieu l’organisation du travail, ou les coopérations engagées entre plusieurs producteurs pour approvisionner à plusieurs un même magasin, ce point étant traité ici pour le rayon légumes. Farmers shop have developed strongly since the early 2000s. Each farmers market is the result of the specific grouping of member farms within its sales collective, conducted by people with divers motives and experiences, and incorporating farms of varying types, resources, and needs. The 17 partners in the MAGPRO project “Keys to the Success and Territorial Impact of Farmers Markets” set out to conceive, in cooperation with the agricultural producers themselves, a set of methodological tools and guidelines for establishing and accompanying regionally integrated, economically viable, and personally rewarding collective sales projects. Balancing the needs of farms, the expectations of consumers, and regional conditions and resources requires a great deal of fine tuning and numerous adjustments during both the creation phase of a farmers market and the management of its day-to-day operations. This article focuses on what can involve the integration of a farm in a farmer shop both for the collective shop and for the farm.

This paper challenges the traditional view that portrays income maximization as the main driver of migration and tests whether relative deprivation and social inequality lead to migration in sub-Saharan Africa. Examining data from the Living Standards Measurements Study – Integrated Surveys in Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) from Tanzania, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria and Uganda, the paper finds that a household’s migration decision is based not only on its well-being status, but also on the position of the household relative to the wealth distribution in the local community. Results indicate that relative deprivation of wealth was positively associated with migration, implying a need to renew the discussion of relative deprivation and social inequality as a cause of migration in sub-Saharan Africa.

As with previous technological revolutions, innovations in the online world have triggered transformations in the labor market and the economy. While the Internet is trumpeted as a great job creator, there are also downsides that need to be identified and dealt with. The book discusses the following topics: Is the Internet a net creator of jobs? How are job profiles changed by the digital economy? What are the impacts on income distribution? Is it a winner-takes-all tournament? What models can facilitate adjustment without slowing innovation? This book features essays from major experts in the field coming from academia, international organizations, the private sector, and civil society. It blends theoretical and applied research presenting results from many countries, with particular emphasis on Europe, the USA, Canada and Asia.

International audience; The complementarity of two high-resolution spatiotemporal acoustic methods, telemetry and hydroacoustics, was evaluated during the same time window to obtain fish distribution in a canyon-shaped reservoir, the Bariousses Reservoir (France). These methods act at an individual scale for telemetry and a community scale for hydroacoustics. The temporal scales are also different: telemetry offers continuous and long-term monitoring while a "snapshot" view is given by hydroacoustics. Day and night hydroacoustic surveys were carried out in this reservoir, during a 24-hour period in spring, using vertical and near-surface horizontal beaming. During this time window, 11 adult fish (length: 22-57 cm) from three species (roach, perch, and pikeperch) were tracked by telemetry. Four metrics were calculated with data collected by application of the two methods: distances to the nearest bank, distances to the tributary, fish depth, and bottom depth at the location. The contrasting (distance to the nearest bank, bottom depth) or partially similar results (distance to the tributary, fish depth) can be explained by the limitations associated with each method. The results obtained with telemetry are very sensitive to the species composition and the size of the tagged fish. The number of fish located in the epibenthic areas of the reservoir can be underestimated by hydroacoustics. This preliminary case study highlights that these methods act in a complementary way and their simultaneous use can provide better information on fish spatial distribution.

International audience; The complementarity of two high-resolution spatiotemporal acoustic methods, telemetry and hydroacoustics, was evaluated during the same time window to obtain fish distribution in a canyon-shaped reservoir, the Bariousses Reservoir (France). These methods act at an individual scale for telemetry and a community scale for hydroacoustics. The temporal scales are also different: telemetry offers continuous and long-term monitoring while a “snapshot” view is given by hydroacoustics. Day and night hydroacoustic surveys were carried out in this reservoir, during a 24-hour period in spring, using vertical and near-surface horizontal beaming. During this time window, 11 adult fish (length: 22–57 cm) from three species (roach, perch, and pikeperch) were tracked by telemetry. Four metrics were calculated with data collected by application of the two methods: distance to the nearest bank, distance to the tributary, fish depth, and bottom depth at the location. The contrasting (distance to the nearest bank, bottom depth) or partially similar results (distance to the tributary, fish depth) can be explained by the limitations associated with each method. The results obtained with telemetry are very sensitive to the species composition and the size of the tagged fish. The number of fish located in the epibenthic areas of the reservoir can be underestimated by hydroacoustics. This preliminary case study highlights that these methods act in a complementary way and their simultaneous use can provide better information on fish spatial distribution.; La complémentarité de deux méthodes à haute résolution spatio-temporelle : la télémétrie et l’hydroacoustique, a été examinée sur une même fenêtre temporelle, pour analyser la distribution des poissons dans le réservoir des Bariousses (France), un réservoir allongé en forme de canyon. Ces méthodes agissent à l’échelle de l’individu pour la télémétrie et à l’échelle de la communauté pour l’hydroacoustique. Les échelles temporelles sont aussi différentes : acquisition en continu sur de longues périodes en télémétrie et de manière instantanée pour l’hydroacoustique. Des parcours de jour et de nuit ont été réalisés dans cette retenue, sur une période de 24 heures, au printemps, en utilisant un sondeur vertical et horizontal. Durant cette période, 11 poissons de taille adulte (tailles allant de 22 à 57 cm) appartenant à trois espèces différentes (gardon, perche et sandre) ont été suivis par télémétrie. Quatre métriques ont été calculées à partir des données collectées par l’utilisation des deux méthodes : la distance à la rive la plus proche, la distance au tributaire, la position individuelle au sein de la colonne d’eau et la profondeur du fond correspondante. Les résultats contrastés (distance à la rive la plus proche, profondeur du fond) ou partiellement similaires (distance au tributaire, position individuelle au sein de la colonne d’eau) révélés par les analyses s’expliquent par les limites inhérentes aux méthodes. Les résultats obtenus par télémétrie sont très sensibles aux espèces et à la taille des poissons marqués. La fréquentation des zones épibenthiques peut être sous-estimée par l’hydroacoustique. Cette première étude de cas montre que ces méthodes agissent de manière complémentaire et qu’une meilleure description de la distribution spatiale des poissons peut être obtenue de par leur utilisation simultanée.

Publication du projet européen LACTIMED (ANIMA / CIHEAM-IAMM); LACTIMED a réalisé une étude sur les marchés des produits laitiers, apportant un éclairage sur la production, le commerce international, l’évolution et les perspectives de consommation, les réseaux de distribution, les attitudes et les comportements des consommateurs. - See more at: http://www.animaweb.org/fr/lactimed-etude-marche-produits-laitiers#sthash.4k9isUdr.dpuf

Publication du projet européen LACTIMED (ANIMA / CIHEAM-IAMM); LACTIMED project conducted a report on dairy products market and international opportunities. This report aims at shedding light on production, international market, consumption trends and evolution, distribution channels, attitudes and behaviors of consumers.

Contribution WP4 - Deliverable D20. Projet FP7 : SUSTAINMED - Sustainable agri-food systems and rural development in the Mediterranean Partner Countries.; International audience; This report represents the second half of Work Package 4 (WP4) as part of the SustainMED project as part of D20. The objective of SustainMED is to examine the impacts of EU and national agricultural, rural, environmental and trade policies in the Mediterranean Partner Countries (MPCs). The specific aim of WP4 is to analyse the competitiveness of selected agrofood value chains in selected MPCs with this report presenting the findings from the fresh orange export chain. D15 presented an approach to competitiveness based on the principles of value chain thinking using the fresh orange export sector as the main unit of analysis to demonstrate this approach. D20 is a natural progression from this and using Global Value Chain Analysis (GVCA), we propose broad policy implications to improve the competitiveness of the sector. We first review the methodology and main findings from the Global Value Chain Analysis (GVCA) and then, using key informant information from project partners in MPCs plus Turkey, present the main policy recommendations as required in D20.

Dossier : Mondialisation et Impact sur les Consommations Alimentaires; National audience; Mediterranean countries, in particular Spain, Italy and Tunisia, rule the international market of olive oil, in terms of land, production and exports. However, several new countries, such as Argentina, Chile, the United States and Australia have entered the market and are becoming important actors: their productions, as well as imports of olive oil, are growing fast. Thanks to the positive image that it acquired due to its health benefits, olive oil is more and more appreciated in countries where its consumption is recent and non traditional. On the contrary, in Mediterranean countries, namely in Tunisia, other vegetable oils and fats tend to substitute olive oil, which is more expensive. However, such oils and fats could be responsible for the increase of cardiovascular diseases and obesity.; Si la Méditerranée, et notamment trois pays (Espagne, Italie, Tunisie) dominent le marché d’huile d’olive, tant en termes de surface que de production et exportations, des pays nouveaux producteurs occupent une place de plus en plus importante. C’est le cas, entre autres, de l’Argentine, le Chili, les Etats Unis et l’Australie, où la production, ainsi que les importations d’huile d’olive ne cessent d’augmenter. Grâce à l’image très salutaire de l’huile d’olive dont elle profite, nous observons un engouement pour cette huile dans des pays qui ne sont pas traditionnellement consommateurs de cet « or liquide », ce qui crée un nouveau marché. Par contre, en Méditerranée, et notamment en Tunisie, en étant de plus en plus chère, l’huile d’olive subit la substitution d’autres matières grasses plus abordables, mais qui peuvent favoriser l’occurrence de maladies cardiovasculaires et de l’obésité.

This study investigates the impact of development aid channeled through local women groups in Mwingi district, Eastern Kenya. My main objective is to investigate whether the poorest households participate in these local women groups and to estimate the effect of participation on household income. The study uses household survey data collected from Mwingi district in June and July 2009. I used matching method based on kernel density estimation and the two step estimation on Heckman treatment effects model, treatreg. The results show that the poorest households do not participate in the local women groups and that participation in local women groups lead to a higher household income. I therefore conclude that like other empirical studies have shown, social capital has a positive effect to economic well being of the people. I also conclude that development aid channeled through local women groups do not benefit every household in the district but benefits only those households who have managed to acquire at least physical assets of 10,000 Kenyan Shillings. In my view this development aid is working to increase inequality in the society by widening the gap between the poorest and the poor. I suggest that the donors implement other policies that could also benefit the poorest households so that every household could partake of the blessings of this development aid.

International audience; Dans le contexte d'accroissement démographique, d'urbanisation et d'évolution des modèles de consommation que connaît la région méditerranéenne, l'auteur pointe quatre défis à relever pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire dans ses différentes dimensions : penser le développement en intégrant la composante durabilité au double sens écologique et nutritionnel du terme; concilier la modernité et la tradition, composante essentielle dans une région à forte densité culturelle; penser au marché local avant de se vouer au marché international; réfléchir, au nord comme au sud de la Méditerranée, à la cohérence entre les politiques sectorielles pour la sécurité alimentaire et la santé. L'article se termine par l'énoncé de scénarios prospectifs par le biais de leurs variables clés (sécurité alimentaire quantitative et qualitative) et les voies d'action à explorer

This paper explores the idea of how wealth is distributed across social groups (ethnic or language groups, gender, etc.) and how such distribution fundamentally affects the evolution of economic inequality. By providing microfoundations suitable for this exploration, the paper hopes to enhance the understanding of when social forces contribute to the reproduction of economic inequality. In tackling this issue, the paper offers contributions in two domains. First, it models social capital as a real capital asset with direct use and collateral value. Second, it extends the concepts of identity, alienation and polarization used by Esteban and Ray (1994). This generalization permits consideration of the multiple characteristics that shape social identity, inclusion and exclusion. It also underwrites a higher-order measure of socioeconomic polarization that permits exploration of the hypothesis that economic inequality is most pernicious and persistent when it is socially embedded. Among other things the paper shows that holding constant the initial levels of economic polarization and wealth inequality, higher socioeconomic polarization increases subsequent income and wealth inequality. Far from being a distributionally neutral panacea for missing markets, social capital in this model may itself generate exclusion and deepen social and economic cleavages., Published as Mogues, Tewodaj; Carter, Michael. 2005. Social capital and the reproduction of economic inequality in polarized societies. Journal of Economic Inequality 3(3): 193-219.

The province of Almería is home to the largest concentration of greenhouses in Europe. Its produce is now one of the main sources of vegetables for the continent between autumn and spring, but the growth experienced by this system would not have been possible without the simultaneous development of marketing systems at origin, in particular those of auctions and associative organisations. A survey of horticultural crop growers in the Almería province showed their preferences for different marketing channels. The influence of characteristics such as grower age, aversion to risk, family size and holding size on these preferences was determined using Logit models., En la provincia de Almería se localiza la mayor concentración de invernaderos de toda Europa, siendo ésta una de las principales zonas abastecedoras de hortalizas en las estaciones de otoño a primavera. El crecimiento experimentado por este sistema productivo no hubiera sido posible sin el desarrollado simultáneo de sus agentes de comercialización en origen, destacando entre todos ellos el sistema de subasta y las entidades de comercialización de tipo asociativo. A partir de los datos de una encuesta realizada a horticultores de la provincia de Almería, se analizan en este trabajo las preferencias de los agricultores por los sistemas comerciales mencionados, estimando mediante modelos Logit la influencia que en la elección de la forma de comercialización del productor tienen algunas características del empresario o de la explotación hortícola, como son la edad del agricultor, la aversión al riesgo, el tamaño familiar, y en general, la dimensión de la explotación.

Contribution WP7 - Deliverable D24. Projet FP7 : SUSTAINMED - Sustainable agri-food systems and rural development in the Mediterranean Partner Countries.; The purpose of this report is to synthesize the lessons that can be learnt from the ‘Sustainmed’ project leading to policies concerning the adaptation and acceleration of the integration processes where MPCs are involved. This report complements Sustainmed findings included in previous deliverables (D09, D10 and D14), including the examination of prospects and implications for accompanying policies aimed at the deepening of the Euro-Mediterranean integration and of intra-regional integration, including identification of consequences for Euro-Mediterranean cooperation and for intra-regional integration and assessment in this respect of proposals for the implementation of the Association Agreements and other regional trade agreements as well as for domestic policies.