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While industrialization aims to increase productivity by integrating technological developments into production process, it is also the most important indicator development of countries. Industrialization, which is in its fourth phase, has become more important in recent years with the influence of digitalization. Industry 4.0 will provide an advantage for countries with developed economies to gain competitive advantage and gain power in the global economy. Starting from this point, this study aims to determine the impact of Industry 4.0 on the economic growth of BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), which attract attention with the rapid increase in their national income. In the research using annual data for the period 2004-2023, the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) cointegration estimator from the panel data analysis method was used. As a result of the findings, it has been determined that Industry 4.0 has a positive effect on the economic growth of BRICS countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to estimate the influencing factors on the size of the underground economy using fuzzy logic. The illegal nature of the underground economy also limits private investment and economic growth. For example, companies that operate in the underground economy are not able to use the institutions that support the market economy (judiciary and courts), which makes them less inclined to invest. Therefore, it can be said that one of the most important issues that should be considered in economic policies is the underground sector of the economy. The research method in this research is of a descriptive-survey type, and the type of research in the current research is causal and practical in terms of the purpose, because the expected results of the research can be used in examining the dimensions of the underground economy. It is used in university and economic resources. To estimate the index of the underground economy and examine its trend using fuzzy logic, it is necessary to perform these steps; Accurate determination of indicators, fuzzification, definition of basic rules, inference engine, determinism and sensitivity analysis. To estimate the index of the underground economy with fuzzy logic, they are divided into three sub-criteria including the financial sector, the monetary sector and the real sector. The results showed that the informal sector constitutes an important part of the economy and the labor market in developing countries. This sector plays a major role in production, creating employment and income by producing goods and services, transferring skills by newcomers to the sector, reducing unemployment and using individual capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the question of optimal farm size in the context of contemporary agricultural challenges such as rapid population growth, climate change, and limited natural resources. The analysis shows that farm economic size can have a significant impact on financial performance indicators including productivity, profitability, liquidity, solvency, and sustainability. The article provides a detailed overview of the pros and cons of different farm economic sizes and their impact on financial sustainability, drawing on academic literature, available data, and statistical methods. The results indicate that larger farms have lower factor productivity but higher solvency. Smaller farms on the other hand have higher profitability and productivity. Medium-sized farms are characterized by high liquidity and financial autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental understanding of sustainability in agriculture is clarified and elaborated in a broader definition, according to which conceptually agriculture should become ecologically compatible as remaining economically efficient and socially responsible at the same time. It turns out that in last decades, the agricultural production entities in EU are under transformation due to market and regulation factors, which results in increase of their economic size, leading into a shrink in their number. Does this process escalades crucially the farming preservation or boosts economically their sustainability? This study aims to find out and analyze the connection and characteristics between the farms size in economic classes and changes in their sustainability index aiming to illustrate the EU differences between the all Member States expressed as holdings. The results, extracted from the FADN data, could reveal a potential of the smaller farms to exist and run sustainably while the bigger units face severe threats to incur ecological damages in pursuing better production efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rozwój Regionalny & Polityka Regionalna is the property of Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza (IH UAM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main concept of every agricultural policy is aiming to support the farm sustainability beyond the aspects defined in a single definition and a contemporary state policy could not escape from the focus of economic efficiency, social responsibility and/or environmental compatibility. The European Union regulations are reorganizing the holdings in the entire Community and this reflects crucially on the economic size and furthermore the agricultural sustainability of the farms. This paper aims to find out how the agricultural holdings are affected and how the connection between farm economic size and sustainability is developed within the three sustainability pillars. The scientific approach uses an assessment that modifies the Farm Accountancy Data Network set of variables in comparison of predefined criteria used as a sustainability scoring system establishing a sustainability estimation based on affiliation of two independent indexes as a final balanced rating classification. The results are determined for each economic size class to the benchmarking frame received by a previous research on a EU level which reports the Balkan farms as a part of the EU vulnerable agricultural units [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water shortage is a global risk that could arguably be mitigated using water more efficiently. However, the profound relationship between water use efficiency and regional economic size has not been empirically tested. The research design employed an exploratory empirical analysis done through non-linear curve function and attempted to analyze the evolution of water use efficiency over economic growth. First, the water use efficiency change was decomposed into pure technical efficiency change, scale efficiency change, and technological advance change. Second, the scale efficiency is generally less than 1, revealing that it is the main reason for the decreased water use efficiency by the empirical analysis of trends across China. Third, the fitting function between water use efficiency and economic development was constructed. The results supported the existence of an inverted-S shape between water use efficiency and regional economic growth. This analysis will be the reference to formulate scenarios for economic and demographic growth coupled with water use, particularly for planning and managing future water provision and demand. HIGHLIGHTS Water use efficiency was decomposed into three parts.; The inverted-S shape between water use efficiency and economic growth was simulated.; The cubic curve model can be used to simulate and predict the future water demand.;

This study has investigated the connection between peace and performance of Pakistan's export sector. The interstates conflicts, terrorist activities and war elements disturb the industry supply chain, damage the means of transportation, and increase the security measures and regulations, which make trade more expensive. On the other hand, encouragement of the peace process lowers military conflicts, promotes diplomatic cooperation, and hence trade among the nations. The purpose of the study is to test whether domestic peace in Pakistan relative to its trading partners promotes its exports. For empirical analysis, we use panel data for Pakistan and its 26 trading partners in export over the period 2007–2018. After controlling the impacts of economic size, market size, infrastructure, and exchange rate, we found that peace in Pakistan relative to its trading partners is important to promote its export sector, which is directly linked with local industries and the wellbeing of individuals. The economic size and market size of the exporting nations relative to Pakistan also positively contributed towards the exports. The depreciation of Pakistan's exporting countries' currencies relative to its currency lowers the volume of exports. Besides, it is also observed that a major portion of Pakistan's exports is routed in a specific region or few countries. Therefore, it is suggested that the government should take active measures to reduce the internal as well as external conflicts, terrorists' attacks, and war elements to promote the volume of exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 emission reduction is a long-term strategy for China to promote its government and economic size. However, this study examines the asymmetric impact of government size and economic size on CO2 emissions in China. The study embraces the nonlinear ARDL framework of time series data analysis as proposed by Shin et al. (2014), which disentangles the positive and negative shocks to government size and economic size. We find that the response of CO2 emissions to government size and economic size positive shocks differs from the negative shocks. Empirical outcomes revealed that a positive shock of government size exerts an insignificant positive on CO2 emissions, while a negative shock of government size reduces CO2 emissions. More specifically, a positive shock of economic size mitigates the CO2 emissions of China in long run. Policymakers should redesign the energy and environment policies in the framework of government size and economy size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to consider and analyze the impact of subsidies levels and other economic and general factors on the farmers' decision to insure their crops. The paper applies the model of logistic regression in order to determine the statistically significant influence of certain factors on the decision of farms. The subject of the research is general and economic data from agricultural holdings in the FADN sample in Serbia for 2018. The sample includes farms that deal with specialist field crops, specialist grazing livestock and mixed crops-livestock production. The survey was conducted on a sample of 819 households, of which 99 households reported insurance costs (12.1%). The results of the research show that with higher subsidy level the probability that farms will insure their production reduces. On the other hand, with an increase of economic size and farm net value added per annual working unit the probability that farms will be insured also increases.

This paper deals with the economic performance and technical efficiency of dairy production in the European Union and its persistent and transient parts. Attention is focused on the differences in these efficiency indicators according to the economic size. The analysis covers two types of farming: specialized milk and mixed crops and livestock using FADN data in the period from 2004 to 2017. The analysis is based on the four-component model that represents the most advanced approach to technical efficiency analysis at present and the one-step estimation procedure. To the best of knowledge, this is the first application of the four-component model based on the one-step estimation procedure on these types of farming in the EU. The results show the highly efficient production in both types of farming. In both types of farming, the transient technical efficiency is higher than the persistent one. The overall and transient technical efficiency do not differ statistically among groups according to economic size. The lowest persistent technical efficiency was found in the group of highest economic size. This group has the highest share of current subsidies in gross farm income, produces the least gross farm income in total output, achieves also the lowest cost-effectiveness and the lowest value of performance indicators compared to the others.

The aim of the research was to determine the family income from the wine farms depending on their economic size in selected EU countries in the years 2004-2016. It was found that the family income of wine farms increased along with the increase of the economic size. The smallest income was obtained from the smallest farms. At the same time, the largest family income was in the largest class of economic size. The largest family income was on Italian and French farms. However, in the analysed periods, the French farms recorded an increase in income, while in Italian it dropped. Comparing the income of families growing vines with the average wage in the national economy it was found that in general it is higher from the third economic size class.

The issue of ascertaining and classifying the scale of farms is important in order to categorize the production units and their grouping by common features and similar properties. Classification of farms allows accurate and reliable work in conducting statistical surveys with samples and in stratification of groups. The aim of the study is to show ways for possible classification of farms by size of used land and their economic outputs, revealing the results for the farm boundaries out of whole population, as well as to delineate the size of samples and representativeness and their importance working with field surveys. The methods used to delineate the boundaries of farms for their classification are based on statistical methods - weighted average, median and dispersion. These methods are characterized with relatively easy application, give reliable accuracy and objectivity of the results and reflect the representativeness of the economic structure and take into account the existing distribution. Depending on whether a three-level or five-level classification structure is proposed, the results of outlining the boundaries between the individual farms are different, and as much detailed and differentiated is the classification, so clear and precise are demonstrated the bipolar state of Bulgarian agriculture. Although the number of farms in Bulgaria has been declining tangibly over the last 20 years, the dualistic model of economic structure remains, which predisposes the classification boundaries, and hence impact the work of sampling stratification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attraction and economic contribution of cities differ across cities in Pakistan. The purpose of this study is to look into what are the drivers of this difference. A balanced panel data set which has equal number of observations for fourteen cross-sectional units (cities), is used for analyzing determinants of economic city size. In-migration is a major factor in determining the economic as well as the physical size of a city. It not only increases the mass but also alters production by increasing labour supply and demand for production. Amenities also significantly influenced city size. Positive amenities of a city tend to increase city size while the negative ones decrease it. Further, the greater the size of the informal sector in a city, the greater it contributes to national growth and GDP. Imports and exports both tend to raise production and consumption in the city, which eventually boosts the size of the city. Finally, the effect of being a port city is also significant and positively relates to the economic size of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper was to identify the determinants of the financial situation of farms of different economic size in CEE and EU-15countries. The FADN database served as the basic source of data. The study covered farms located in FADN regions in the period 2014–2016. The analyses focused on the determinants of the farms’ financial situation measured with a synthetic indicator. The first step of the research procedure was the construction of the synthetic indicator of the financial condition of farms. Following this, the calculated values of the synthetic characteristic were used as explained variables in multiple regression models. The study suggests that the production potential and operating subsidies have a key impact on the financial standing of EU farms. As regards the production potential of CEE farms, it would be beneficial for their financial position to reduce their labor input. In turn, a reduction in the assets-to-land ratio would have a favorable impact on the financial situation of operators based in the EU-15. This could be indicative of overinvestment in these farms. Differences were observed in ratios of productive input and in production intensity between economic size classes; this suggests that it would be reasonable for farms of different classes to implement different farming strategies. The models developed in this study revealed that the use efficiency of productive input (measured with income performance) proved to be of relatively minor importance.

The wine sector is of great importance for many national economies of EU countries. The European Union is a world leader in area under grape cultivation and wine production. The goal of the paper was to determine the profitability of farms specializing in winegrape production depending on economic size in selected EU countries in the years 2004-2016. In addition, the level of farm income per 1 ha of viticulture was determined, as well as the level of family income and the share of total subsidies in total income. Overall, it was found that there was an increase in income, however income increased along with economic size. In the examined period, growth was only observed from the fourth economic class (EUR 50-100 thousand). Additionally, the share of income subsidies under CAP decreased along with economic size. The conducted research gave light to information that could prove vital to adapt the European vineyard and wine sector to the opportunities and needs of the market, namely by taking into account the links between economies of scale and economies of scope.

Efficiency and competitiveness of Polish ecological farms differing in terms of economic size have been analyzed as well as their production potential, intensity and costs. The research was conducted in 2013-2016. Information was obtained from farm accountancy records of FADN included in the following publications: Technical-economic parameters according to groups of farms participating in the Polish edition of FADN in 2013-2016. The following methods have been used: descriptive, with the use of tables, and comparative. In 2013-2016, production potential, efficiency and competitiveness of ecological farms depended on their economic size. Farms with an economic size of 25-50 thousand euro and 50-100 thousand euro using, respectively: 37.7 and 70.3 ha AL, turned out to be able to cope with competition. However, farms with smaller areas and smaller economic size were not able to withstand competition. Farms able to withstand competition gained positive income from management in 2013-2016, however in farms without competitive abilities, this was negative. In farms with competitive ability, with an economic size of 25-50 thousand euro, payment for own labor was 1.5 times higher than the average wage in the domestic economy and in farms with an economic size of 50-100 thousand euro, it was nearly three times higher. Agricultural holdings without competitive abilities (below 25 thousand euro) did not achieve parity of own labor input return.

As a member state of the European Union, Romania consolidates from year to year its position in the agricultural business performance area, especially due to the increase in the share of agricultural land for organic farming. Romania's long-term development strategy necessarily involves increasing the economic performance of Romanian agriculture alongside the increase in the living standards of the rural population. This research starts from a current radiography of Romanian agriculture and aims at new ways to increase the performances of the Romanian agricultural farms in the conditions of general economic development. An adequate management of the Romanian agricultural farms is imperative, along with the effective support of the European Union offered to the Romanian agriculture. The increase in the incomes obtained from Romania's agriculture can be achieved by a new approach to the size and economic size of agricultural farms, but also by transforming them into organic farms. Sustainable development of agricultural businesses is thus a priority.

The purpose of this paper is to examine two types of incentives for the agrarian sector: direct payments and rural development support. Accordingly, direct payments for crop and animal production, fuel and/or fertilizer subsidies and investment subsidies were studied relative to the type of agricultural household and its economic size in Vojvodina. The results obtained indicate that the greatest share of subsidies for investments, payments per hectare, fertilizers and/or fuel was allocated to the households specialized for field crop production. The largest share of funds aimed at the subsidization of animal production was allocated to the households specialized for grazing livestock. The largest part of subsidies for investments, direct payments for crop production and fuel and/or fertilizer subsidies was extended to households with the economic size ranging from 25,000 to 50,000 euros. Subsidies for animal production were in mostly allocated to the households with over 250.000 euros of the economic size.

The aim of this paper was an assessment of the size of potential wages of hired labor in commodityfarms according to the economic size. The source of numerical data were results from farms of PolishFADN and the data from GUS. The given results show the marginal involvement of external labor forcein farms which are economically very small, small and average small. What is more, the potential wagesin these units were also kept at a low level. Over the years these wages were lower than the minimumwages in national economy, and moreover relations of potential wages in economically small farms tothe ones offered in the other sectors of national economy were deteriorating. The highest wages of hiredlabor were visible in economically large farms. The value of the wages paid by owners of these farms wassimilar to the average wage in economy, which in turn contributes to the fact that hired laborers begin tosee these entities as financially attractive employers.

Copyright of Journal of Central European Agriculture is the property of Journal of Central European Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Central European Agriculture is the property of Journal of Central European Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The choice of an optimal size of agricultural exploitation becomes vital in the context of a globalized market for agricultural products. It is obvious that the profitability criterion can not be discounted in asserting the financial sustainability of the agricultural exploitation, but it must be resized according to the criteria of sustainable development, assimilated differently to each country. This research starts from the need to maintain a balance in the simultaneous solving of the natural production sustainability of the agricultural exploitation and its financial sustainability. The aim of this research is to create the theoretical and methodological premises necessary for a scientific approach to the problems raised by the choice of a certain optimal size of the agricultural holding without affecting the natural equilibrium. The research will reflect the complex correlations that are established between the size and the economic size of an agricultural holding.

Performance management at farm level requires identifying all aspects likely to alter favorably their financial results and avoiding risk factors that lead to natural and anthropogenic financial loss. Farm size is a factor directly determines the possibilities of growth and development of these entities, choosing an optimum size is a prime goal of management. In the European Union differences in economic development of Member States are found to influence both in size and in economic size of farms in each Member State. In Romania the issue size of farms is vital for overall development of agriculture, due to excessive fragmentation of agricultural land since 1989. Also, organic farming introduces new paradigms of development of agricultural exploitations in the developed countries of the European Union becoming certainty agriculture sustainable development principles.

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims at assessing the efficiency of Lithuanian dairy farms of different economic sizes, and at observing changes in this efficiency over a period of time. In order to achieve this aim, three groups of indicators, namely resource, input and result ones, were used for the analysis. On the basis of information available from the Farm Accountancy Data Network, these indicators were calculated for the years 2013, 2015 and 2017. The results of the analysis revealed that the least efficient dairy farms in terms of all three groups of indicators were the smallest ones (those of the economic size of EUR 2-<8 thousand of standard production). As the economic size of dairy farms increased, the efficiency of dairy farms also increased, and the most efficient dairy farms were the medium and larger ones (those of the economic size of EUR 25-<50 and 50-<100 thousand of standard production). However, the efficiency of the largest dairy farms (those of the economic size of EUR 100-<500 thousand of standard production) was already lower than that of the medium and larger ones and close to the efficiency of the smallest dairy farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aim is to make assessment of the impact of economic size on the efficiency of farms on the base of analysis. The analysis of farms economic efficiency has been achieved for the period 2007-2016. The following basic economic indicators have been used: productivity, performance and profitability, of farms. The research is based on data from observed agricultural holdings, included in the Farm Accountancy Data network (FADN) and the following scientific methods have been used: comparative analysis, method of statistical groupings, expert assessment etc. Based on the analysis, generalized conclusions were made: The size of received subsidies shows a gained experience in the CAP support and national • complementary payments absorption from all the farms; • The biggest farms with economic size over 500000 EUR realize considerably higher gross output, gross and net income, and average productivity as a result of large scale production and subsidies received rather than of more efficient production; • The productivity per hectare and the profitability norm for the small farms from 2000-8000 EUR is higher than the rest of farms groups, as a result of the better ratio of economic results / investments, thanks to a flexibility in management, high degree of control of activity, strong motivation for the development of the holding; • The achieved productivity increases with the increasing of farms economic size; • The lowest activity per unit of input labour have the farms with economic size 2000-8000 EUR, due to the small-scale output and low investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a member state of the European Union, Romania consolidates from year to year its position in the agricultural business performance area, especially due to the increase in the share of agricultural land for organic farming. Romania's long-term development strategy necessarily involves increasing the economic performance of Romanian agriculture alongside the increase in the living standards of the rural population. This research starts from a current radiography of Romanian agriculture and aims at new ways to increase the performances of the Romanian agricultural farms in the conditions of general economic development. An adequate management of the Romanian agricultural farms is imperative, along with the effective support of the European Union offered to the Romanian agriculture. The increase in the incomes obtained from Romania's agriculture can be achieved by a new approach to the size and economic size of agricultural farms, but also by transforming them into organic farms. Sustainable development of agricultural businesses is thus a priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Classification of specialized farms applying multivariate statistical methods The paper is aimed at application of advanced multivariate statistical methods when classifying cattle breeding farming enterprises by their economic size. Advantage of the model is its ability to use a few selected indicators compared to the complex methodology of current classification model that requires knowledge of detailed structure of the herd turnover and structure of cultivated crops. Output of the paper is intended to be applied within farm structure research focused on future development of Czech agriculture. As data source, the farming enterprises database for 2014 has been used, from the FADN CZ system. The predictive model proposed exploits knowledge of actual size classes of the farms tested. Outcomes of the linear discriminatory analysis multifactor classification method have supported the chance of filing farming enterprises in the group of Small farms (98 % filed correctly), and the Large and Very Large enterprises (100 % filed correctly). The Medium Size farms have been correctly filed at 58.11 % only. Partial shortages of the process presented have been found when discriminating Medium and Small farms.

Brazilian timber housing producers were evaluated through a survey, which was based on face-to-face interviewing supported by a semi-structured questionnaire. Derived from expansive research, this paper aimed to identify labor size and to characterize economic size from this production sector. The sampling process evaluated 50.95% (n = 107) of all producers (n = 210) whose performance was considered close to ideal. This sector is mostly concentrated in micro and small-scale companies, though a small portion of medium-sized companies owned by sole proprietors, families, or small groups of entrepreneurs does exist. Due to compact sizing, no producer was classified as an industry or a large corporation. The main contrast was indicated by the number of direct jobs, whose estimation was about 3,700 workers for the whole studied sector, representing 1% of the overall Brazilian timber industry. Around 95% of timber housing producers are considered micro or small from a labor perspective. Unprecedented information could support discussions for the creation of assertive public policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Journal European Policies, Finance & Marketing / Polityki Europejskie, Finanse & Marketing is the property of Wydawnictwo SGGW and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the past decades, there has been a deterioration of the age structure in the agricultural sector and an insignificant share of young farmers. The negative trends in recent years raise concerns about the future food security and competitiveness of the agriculture. The purpose of the survey is based on the analysis of the structural changes of young farmers to draw conclusions and recommendations on the possibilities to increase their role and importance in Bulgarian agriculture. The research approach includes various methods: analysis, synthesis, deduction and induction. Applied are a comparative, monographic, abstract-logical, graphical method, method of analytical groups, a method of average values, statistical methods of research and analysis. The study indicates that there is a number of challenges that have to be overcome. Negative processes not only in Bulgaria but almost in all EU Member States, require consistent and targeted action in order to support young producers and increase the attractiveness of farm activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists / Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistow Rolnictwa & Agrobiznesu is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Considering the importance of the size of the land property in regard to the development of agriculture and its effectiveness, the ownership structure, its interdependence with the available labour force (the number of persons and annual work units) and economic size of family holdings, are analysed in the present study. Given that the territory of the Republic of Serbia is very heterogeneous in terms of the achieved level of economic development of certain regions, as well as available resources for the development of agriculture, the structural characteristics are analysed in following four statistical regions: Vojvodina, Belgrade, Šumadija and Western Serbia, Eastern and Southern Serbia. Key indicators of family holding structure in Serbia are compared with the average for the EU-27. The aim of the present paper is to review the basic aspects of structural characteristics of family holdings, based primarily on the size of holdings/holdings, available labour force, economic size, as well as their regional diversity in 2012, according to Agricultural Census.

The aim of this article was an attempt of the assessment of the investment processes in farms according to the economic size in Poland, after the integration with the European Union. The data from FADN database was used for years 2004-2011. The means of production factors in disposition of farms were described, and the capacity for reproduction and for renovate of assets were established. The influence of the net farm income on the realised investments was shown. It was found that the bigger a farm is the easier it invests, renovates the assets, basing mainly on its own income. However in small farms, the income is spent on casual needs, and not on investment in farm assets.

The choice of an optimal size of agricultural exploitation becomes vital in the context of a globalized market for agricultural products. It is obvious that the profitability criterion can not be discounted in asserting the financial sustainability of the agricultural exploitation, but it must be resized according to the criteria of sustainable development, assimilated differently to each country. This research starts from the need to maintain a balance in the simultaneous solving of the natural production sustainability of the agricultural exploitation and its financial sustainability. The aim of this research is to create the theoretical and methodological premises necessary for a scientific approach to the problems raised by the choice of a certain optimal size of the agricultural holding without affecting the natural equilibrium. The research will reflect the complex correlations that are established between the size and the economic size of an agricultural holding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After the war of 1998-1999, the Kosovo layer farms went through structural changes. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of farm size on the economic efficiency of Kosovo laying hen farms. Research data are collected through surveys from 36 laying hen farms. Farms were divided into three groups, according to their size and analysed accordingly. To determine the significance levels of the dependent variables one-way ANOVA, is used. The results of the research showed that higher-capacity farms had a higher egg yield and a better feed efficiency. Results also showed that as farm capacity increased, production cost per egg decreased and the profit margin per egg increased. It was also found that the profit margin were negative for group I and positive for groups II and III. Furthermore, farm size was positively related to economic and technical criteria and small laying farms were negatively related to high sale prices of eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classification of specialized farms applying multivariate statistical methods. The paper is aimed at application of advanced multivariate statistical methods when classifying cattle breeding farming enterprises by their economic size. Advantage of the model is its ability to use a few selected indicators compared to the complex methodology of current classification model that requires knowledge of detailed structure of the herd turnover and structure of cultivated crops. Output of the paper is intended to be applied within farm structure research focused on future development of Czech agriculture. As data source, the farming enterprises database for 2014 has been used, from the FADN CZ system. The predictive model proposed exploits knowledge of actual size classes of the farms tested. Outcomes of the linear discriminatory analysis multifactor classification method have supported the chance of filing farming enterprises in the group of Small farms (98% filed correctly), and the Large and Very Large enterprises (100% filed correctly). The Medium Size farms have been correctly filed at 58.11% only. Partial shortages of the process presented have been found when discriminating Medium and Small farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performance management at farm level requires identifying all aspects likely to alter favorably their financial results and avoiding risk factors that lead to natural and anthropogenic financial loss. Farm size is a factor directly determines the possibilities of growth and development of these entities, choosing an optimum size is a prime goal of management. In the European Union differences in economic development of Member States are found to influence both in size and in economic size of farms in each Member State. In Romania the issue size of farms is vital for overall development of agriculture, due to excessive fragmentation of agricultural land since 1989. Also, organic farming introduces new paradigms of development of agricultural exploitations in the developed countries of the European Union becoming certainty agriculture sustainable development principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]