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The worldview of economy of the Islamic Republic of Iran originates from the economic thoughts of Islam. This worldview which is in conflict with all today's superpowers requires a certain type of economy. This is because such a country faces constant hostility which is manifested in a different form in each era. Meanwhile, the arena of economics and the issues related to it - regarding its firm and tangible connection to the everyday life of the common public - snatch the attention of the enemies more. Therefore, in order to fight the tyrants, the Islamic Republic faces a pattern and notion in its economic realm which is named resistance economy, the notion which has been emphasized by the Supreme Leader in the past few years under various titles. This is in a way that in 2016, he named that year as «resistance economy; effort and act», which shows its importance. The present article attempts to provide a vivid interpretation of resistance economy and also provide its strategies based on the verses of the Qur'ān, with an emphasis on the statements and viewpoints of the Supreme Leader. The proposition here is that at the time of threats by the enemies, resistance economy is created via changing the priorities of goals and designing strategic principles regarding the Qur'ān as well as the statements of the Supreme Leader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of health infrastructure on economic growth in the framework of endogenous growth models has been studied in a few research pieces; however, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on economic growth in the endogenous growth models has not yet been studied. The present article expands the existing pieces of literature in several ways. First, investigating the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on economic growth in a steady-state situation. Second, identifying the threshold level of health infrastructure impact on long-term economic growth by considering the Covid-19 pandemic. Third, modeling of population dynamics and the Covid-19 pandemic. Fourth, modeling the level of following the protocols and public awareness of the Covid-19 pandemic and examining their impact on long-term economic growth. The developed model was calibrated using the information of a transition country, Iran. Results show if the health infrastructure is higher than the threshold level of 0.87, the output level will have an upward trend in the presence of the Covid-19 pandemic. Otherwise, the output trend will be downward. The increasing output could lead to the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic even in the long run in the Iranian economy. At a certain level of income, with the improvement of the health infrastructure, the level of Covid-19 pandemic release will decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to compare judicial and auditor expectations of audit in the detection and reporting of money laundering in Iran. It also aims to assess the implications of expectations gap for the reliability of data provided to the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in its blacklisting policy. Design/methodology/approach: Questionnaires were administered to auditors to determine perceptions of their anti-money laundering (AML) reporting obligations. These were also completed by Iranian judges who hear money laundering prosecutions and who agreed to participate in the research. The group was created through the "snowballing" technique. Findings: There is significant divergence between judges and auditors regarding the latter's AML reporting obligations. Self-perception among auditors regarding investigative duties is insufficiently aligned with expectations of the FATF, particularly where there is use of corporate structures, charities and trusts in which identity of true owners, of payers and payees of funds cannot be accurately verified. This gap presents a significant terrorist financing risk. Practical implications: The expectations gap makes training in forensic accounting, as well as compliance with international reporting expectations, a matter of urgency for the Iranian auditing profession. The judiciary needs to be more aware of international expectations. Originality/value: Data regarding judicial expectations of auditors' AML reporting obligations is difficult to obtain and of a highly sensitive nature. This research has obtained such data which has relevance to the FATF blacklisting policy, and to international organisations tasked with disrupting terrorist financing networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because colonial governments disrupt financial markets to exert political pressure on target countries. For this purpose, in this study, the effects of sanctions on the economic conditions of countries are examined. The criteria (sanctions) examined in this study were placed in international, property, commercial, knowledge, oil, finance and individual groups. These criteria are the sanctions imposed on Iran in the period 1984 to 2020. The method used for analysis is a combination of the Fuzzy Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory technique and sanctions intensity model. The results of this study indicate that in the introduced model, international sanctions are the most effective. These sanctions are most effective when the sanctioned government is in business. Thus, international sanctions have the greatest impact on the government's trade disputes (Commercial sanctions). International sanctions on a country like Iran, which trades in oil and sells its oil, affect oil sanctions as much as they affect Commercial sanctions, but less on individual sanctions. Finally, the results of the model indicate that the intensity of sanctions was at its peak between 2010 and 2015, with the greatest effect being due to international sanctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iran's subjection to Russo-British influence has received the bulk of attention of modern scholarship dealing with the country's interaction with the outside world in the nineteenth century. This article, while not denying the central role played by these two powers in Iran's domestic affairs at the time, draws attention to a third power with long-standing claims to influence in the country by way of trade policies—France. From the fall of Napoleon in 1815 until the French Revolution of 1848, the French monarchy was especially keen to encourage commerce with Iran, less as a source of increased wealth than to restore and expand French prestige and political influence. This strategy became more significant, when the British and Russian superpowers opposed an active French presence in Iran and prevented France from asserting influence in the country. To contain those powers, France pursued its plan of reaching a trade treaty with Iran as a means of obtaining commercial concessions and privileges as well as to secure its permanent presence in the country. France also aimed to connect Iran to its network of regional trade extending from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing the scarcity of scholarly literature on Iran's involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Pahlavi period, this paper demonstrates that throughout the 1970s, as the shah's international standing rose and Iran's economy grew, so too did Iran's political and economic relationships with several African countries, especially Senegal. The article will explore a number of factors that stimulated this relationship, most significantly Senegal's strategic and symbolic importance, and the personal friendships that developed between the countries' leaders. The ultimate manifestation of this bilateral relationship was the Keur Farah Pahlavi project; a joint Iranian–Senegalese city to be constructed in Senegal. By exploring this project, the paper aims to demonstrate the strategies through which the Pahlavi state sought to expand its influence worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to analyze the long-term impact of tariff reductions to be mandated in the event of accession of Iran to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the industrial sector using the Recursive Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (RDCGE) model. For this purpose, the model was calibrated for the 2011 social accounting matrix of Iran. In the baseline scenario, it was assumed that the Iranian economy will experience annual growth of 2% without accession to the WTO, which is the same rate as the population growth. In the alternative scenario, the tariff reduction simulation was performed based on the average tariff commitments of 22 developing countries acceded to the WTO. Based on the results, industrial production and exports will shrink by 3.4 and 3.5%, respectively, over the 30 years after joining the WTO, leading to an 81% gap between the production levels in the alternative and baseline scenarios at the end of this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the authors examined the impact of financial sanctions on economic growth using Iran's data and intervention time-series analysis over the period 2005-2017. Financial sanctions targeted the country's financial resources and increased interest rates and medium- and long-term financing costs. In general, financial sanctions adversely affected the financial sector. In this regard, blocking of assets and restricted access to financial and foreign exchange resources, depreciated domestic currency, reduced investment, exports, and production along with increased inflation and unemployment ultimately reduced economic growth. The results indicated the effectiveness of financial sanctions on economic growth in the short-run. However, during the third period (2010-2014), when severe and multilateral financial sanctions are imposed, the coefficient is negative (0.54), which is higher, compared to the other periods. As the economic sanctions of Iran have intensified, the economic growth has slowed down. Nevertheless, in the long run, financial sanctions have had a weaker negative effect of 0.19 on the economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

About 2 percent of the total population of Iran are nomads. Despite the fact that the population of the nomadic community is less than the population of the urban community and the rural community and the products of this society are more than urban's and rural's societies products but their uses of facilities and services are less than urban and rural communities. There are documented reasons for this claim: having over 24 million livestock units (equivalent to 28% light livestock and 4% heavy livestock), producing more than 20% of red meat and producing over 1.5 million square meters of country handicrafts by nomads. This society, with possession of 60% of the geographic space of Iran and 38% of its pastures, plays a very important role from the standpoint of non-operational defense as well as national security in Iran. Also, products of this society, as the first ring of the production chain, support other businesses outside the nomadic areas in the fields of industry, commerce, and services, etc. The set of these capabilities identifies the status of local communities and nomadic areas in Iran's economic, social and environmental equations and emphasizes the need to examine and determine the best sustainable development strategy for these regions and the local community active in it This article, by studying and identifying the internal and external factors affecting the local community and nomadic areas, by highly applicable scientific and practical method, Called SWOT method, draws the interaction matrix of these factors. In this way, the best strategy for the sustainable development of nomadic areas of Iran, based on the rights of local communities will be defined and presented. Obviously, by adopting the best sustainable development strategy in the nomadic areas of the country, the next step will be to provide the best sustainable development model for the nomadic areas of the country and Local society active in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous models are proposed to model international trade and promote it. Vanek, instead of designing a trade pattern based on the production, introduced a pattern based on the factor content of trade. In the present study, apart from the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek (HOV) theorem, we attempt to determine the factor content of Iran's trade without factor price equalization by using internal input-output tables. Net trading is positive only for 7 sectors of Iran's economy, including oil and gas. It is negative for 91 percent of sectors that accounts for 78 percent of the economy. Moreover, Iran's factor content of trade is positive for 50 percent of industries, negative for 48%, and it is zero for two ones. In general, the factor content of trade for raw and mineral materials, services, electricity, gas and water infrastructure sectors are positive. In contrast, the factor content of trade is negative for activities like manufacturing of machinery and equipment and in general for sections that require intermediate investment and high-tech goods. Sign and rank tests are employed to assess the validity of HOV theorem. The sign test was found to be satisfied for 67% of cases. Rank test showed satisfaction in about 47% of the cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the relationship between state development policies and planning Tehran's urban development from 1945 until the 1979 Islamic Revolution. It shows how the geopolitical context of the Cold War, and the political agendas of multilateral and bilateral development agencies (i.e. the World Bank and the Ford Foundation), together with the specific circumstances of the national modernization of Iran, were decisive in shaping the Iranian planning administration and the emergence of a comprehensive master planning approach. Moreover, this study demonstrates the critical role of the Iranian technocratic elite and professional middle class in establishing planning institutions and advocating for a vision of progress and development. The focus here is on the formation of the 'Plan Organization' as the first modern planning institution in Iran, and the ways in which this institution played a key role in shaping Iranian expert culture and urban planning practices. By examining the links between national development policies and urban planning, this paper presents how comprehensive master planning emerged as the preferred model for the planning and development of Iranian cities. The focus here is on the design and implementation of Tehran's 1968 Comprehensive Master Plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International relations scholars have struggled to adequately link domestic and international levels in theoretical models and causal analyses of foreign policy, despite widespread acknowledgment of the need to do so. This study elaborates on this challenge by assessing the utility of several policy process frameworks that have so far been underutilized in foreign policy analysis. The assumptions of one particularly fruitful method, the Two-Level Game, will be compared with those of three policy process frameworks: the Advocacy Coalition Framework, the Multiple Streams Framework, and Punctuated Equilibrium Theory. When analyzing three specific concepts (the question of rationality, the dynamics of agenda setting, and the strategic action of relevant actors), it is apparent that the assumptions of the policy process frameworks largely clash with those of the Two-Level Game, raising the potential for their augmentation of the field of foreign policy analysis despite their relative underuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a multidimensional child poverty index (MCPI) for Iran. It comprises 10 indicators in three dimensions: health, education, and living standards. Based on MCPI scores 31 provinces of Iran were categorized. Results indicate that the border provinces have higher child poverty than the central ones. Although Iranian children do not have significant deprivation in access to health and education services, they face major difficulties in regard to the living standards. It is recommended to develop and implement policies and programs particularly focused on strengthening child's living standards especially in the border provinces of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we test the Phillips Curve hypothesis in the Islamic Republic of Iran, where economic conditions have deteriorated because of double-digit inflation rates and rising unemployment rates. Within this context, high values of the Misery Index signify worsening living conditions as a combination of rapid inflation and rising unemployment makes the average citizen cross the economic line into poverty. Analyzing annual data for the period of 1980-2015 indicates that stagflationary conditions have prevailed with double-digit inflation and unemployment rates. In particular, inflationary pressures have been rampant and volatile with a mean of 21.3 percent and a standard deviation of 8.2 percent. Meanwhile, the labor force has experienced chronic unemployment. In the period of this study, the unemployment rate had a mean of 13.5 percent and a standard deviation of 2.1 percent. The Misery Index averaged 34.8 percent with a standard deviation of 7.5 percent. Our estimation results of the Phillips Curve identify a significant trade-off between inflation and unemployment rates, where inflationary expectations are formed both adaptively and rationally. We also find that this trade-off intensifies with involvement in external conflict as resources are diverted from civilian production to military pursuit in an already volatile region of the Middle East (e.g., Iraq, Syria, and Yemen). All being equal, we estimate the cost of reducing unemployment rate by one percent is a two-percent rise in the rate of inflation. We also discover that engagement in external conflict accelerates inflation, but helps ease unemployment. Conversely, we uncover that lifting international sanctions to help ease inflation would add to the already high unemployment. Taking these results into consideration, the key to Iran's economic stability is to construct a peaceful environment in which petro-dollars are reverted to civilian production. Then, economic and banking reforms will be necessary to expand productive capacity and create meaningful jobs, boosting the supply of consumer and capital goods to relieve inflationary pressures. Such reforms of curbing inflation and creating jobs are better achieved under a democratic government, advocating a market-oriented system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iran has been experiencing slow growth for the past ten years. Using plant‐level information, we show that on average firm‐specific productivity in manufacturing sectors declined at the rate of 2.6% annually, while large top decile firms experienced a modest growth in productivity between 2005 and 2011. We decompose this trend and find that within‐plant variation is its main driving force while the between firms and industries component is insignificant. We test several alternative explanations that may contribute to these negative trends. We show that the subsidy reform had a negative effect, while privatization seems to have had no effect. Private management not affected productivity growth, while firm size is associated with higher productivity growth. Also, we find that productivity growth decreases with the energy intensity of the firm. We also find that R&D expenditures significantly increase productivity growth, while the R&D sales ratio is about 0.5% in manufacturing sectors, which is about one‐fifth of the world average. A one‐percent point increase in R&D expenditures increases productivity growth by 0.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The natural environmental beauty preservation has become one of the most important human concerns in the present century, so that visual pollution is considered as a major obstacle to achievement of peace of mind and optimal perfection. In this respect, rural people have a major role in preserving the beauty of the natural environment. The purpose of this study was to analyze factors affecting the aesthetic behavior of Iranian villagers towards the natural environment. This study was descriptive-correlational and causal-relational and was conducted through a survey technique. Statistical population of this study consisted of all villagers in Kermanshah Province (as an indicator example of Iran) (N= 517,786). By using Krejcie and Morgan’s sample size table and stratified random sampling method, 385 people were selected as a sample. Research instrument included a questionnaire with approved validity by a panel of experts in the field of agricultural extension and education; and reliability of its items was obtained by a pilot study and calculation of Cronbach's alpha (0.64≥ α ≥0.82). Based on the findings, the causal model of factors affecting the aesthetic behavior of villagers was drawn. Results of this causal analysis indicated that ‘place attachment’ (β= 0.275) and ‘environmental aesthetic attitudes’ (β= 0.260) had highest effects on villagers' environmental aesthetic behavior, respectively. Therefore, by focusing on these two variables, the villagers' aesthetic behavior can be enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of adequate credit is among the major obstacles that Iranian agriculture, like many other developing countries, is facing. This study aimed at exploring the effect of formal credit on agricultural growth in Iran, using a unique provincial panel data set during 2000-2013. Different panel data econometrics techniques were applied. The main results indicated, on average, positive association between the sector growth and formal credit provided by the Agricultural Bank. The same relation was found for labor force. Meanwhile, public investment showed an indirect impact on the sector growth, though the size of effect differed among provinces. Redistribution of credits based on agricultural potentials of provinces is recommended as a key factor for increasing growth-related impact of credit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1971, E. P. Thompson published a seminal article on eighteenth century English bread riots which was to become a foundational text for the study of such protests. Challenging older elite notions of the irrationality, illegitimacy and even criminality of the ‘mob’, Thompson situated popular direct action in times of food crises within a very specific historical, economic and, most importantly, cultural context. This context produced a deeply held adhesion among the poor to the concept of a ‘moral economy’ and an equally profound rejection of the free market as enshrined in the new political economy of the eighteenth century. This article returns to Thompson's original text in order to assess to what extent his paradigm may be useful in understanding bread riots in Iran. In particular, it examines the evidence which supports the notion that Iran experienced a ‘golden age’ of bread riots in the 1890s and early 1900s, just before and indeed contributing to the outbreak of the constitutional revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Vistula Scientific Quarterly / Kwartalnik Naukowy Uczelni Vistula is the property of Vistula University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The correlation between trade, FDI and economic growth in many developing nations had remained one of the greatest crucial problems in the economic scholars in current years mostly for those countries facing from unemployment issues and lack of skills and technological development. Our study evaluates this problem by applying Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model over the span 1970 - 2007 in Iran. We have found evidence that the relationship between FDI and population is positive and statistically significant, meaning that population is mainly characterized by foreign investors, knowledge and transfer of technology, and we can see that FDI is mainly affected by skill employers in Iran. While the relationship between FDI, Trade and GDPC are positive but insignificant, it illustrates that FDI doesn't have any impact on both trade and growth rate in Iran. Our findings are similar with previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examine the political stability of the regime in Iran. It discusses the components of state ideologies of the clergy and military, the effects of aggravating economic conditions, and the thrust of oppositional political forces. The article argues that the regime is able to preserve its balance in the face of oppositional political forces, but it is considerably vulnerable to the effects of rising economic frustrations and grievances among the masses.

Considering inefficient and old textures and also resolving their instabilities, urban regeneration has become a serious and pivotal subject, in a way that has directed the related organizations to organize and recreate textures and brought up the necessity of intervention. Regarding the regeneration, formation of inefficient urban textures and formation of development stimulus can be a suitable approach for this aim. In these regards, distinguishing utilized zones for implementing development stimulus can be a suitable way to improve the conditions of inefficient textures. The aim of present study with analytic-descriptive approach, is to use 13 social and physical criteria in AHP model framework and perform zoning of area number one in region eighteen in Tehran for locating urban renovating projects. The results of accomplished in the framework of studied case, demonstrates that 2.17 hectare (14.8 percent) of the lands in old texture, show the least amount of capabilities for regeneration (northern parts of area 1 in region 18 in Tehran) and in opposite, 1.13 hectare (7.7 percent) of the studied area, have the most capability for implementing regeneration projects (northern part of Ferdows neighborhood). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aimed at studying the association between the power of competition in markets and tax avoidance in the companies complied with Tehran stock exchange. To evaluate competition power in the markets, 2 variables are used, namely, Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and entrance obstacles. The dependent variables in this paper were effective tax rate (ETR) and adjusted non-taxable income. The research sample included 72 companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange during 2006-2015. To assess the research hypotheses, a multi-variable regression was utilized. The research findings revealed a negative relationship between HHI and the ratio of entrance obstacles on the one hand and ETR on the other hand. Thus, the higher the power of competition in a company was, the more the tax avoidance was found. Also, a significant association was observed between HHI and the adjusted non-taxable income. Finally, no significant relationship was seen between the entrance obstacles and adjusted non-taxable incomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes a long view of the birth and development of the Islamic Republic of Iran and situates it within the world capitalist system and its present global crisis. It argues that the interpenetration of both 'conservative' and 'reformist' political factions with the institutions of capital accumulation in Iran mean expectations of fundamental change from the reformers are bound to be disappointed. Dreams that US military intervention could lead to a more progressive environment are shown to be naive at best, and those with ties to the regime are able to absorb and offset the impact of sanctions. Despite widespread repression, a labour-movement tradition has survived in Iran and hopes for secularism, freedom and democracy must be focused on solidarity with these forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This paper aims to develop a framework of executive capability for innovation in the Irish seaport context.Design/methodology/approach The paper uses an approach based on a critical review of literature. The paper takes the form of a critical review of academic literature, focussed by dynamic managerial capabilities theory. Specifically, the work of Lawson and Samson (2001) is drawn on to frame executive capability for innovation.Findings The framework proposes that the executive capability for innovation in the Irish seaport sector emerges as a dynamic managerial capability. The framework is dynamic in nature with environmental feedback loops inhibiting and enabling executive capability development. Supply chain innovation emerges from the framework based on an interpretation of executive capability emerging from Lawson and Samson (2001).Research limitations/implications The paper is entirely conceptual in nature. Future empirical research taking a qualitative approach is necessary. Further, an alternative theoretical perspective to that of dynamic managerial capabilities would offer new conceptual insight.Practical implications The paper contributes to executive practice through providing a framework of executive capability for innovation facilitating dialogue between executive practitioners and academic theory. Policymakers are challenged to contemplate the framework as a means of transforming competitiveness in an industry identified as foundational to Irish economic development.Originality/value The paper contributes to an emerging area of interest in the academic literature in the area of executive capability for innovation. Specifically, the paper argues the unique contextual nature of executive capability for innovation in the context of the seaport industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]