Search

This study provides a current dispersion method that avoids local current concentration in automotive power network to reduce weight of power supply line for automotive power network compatible with zone architecture. This paper shows an algorithm that optimizes power supply route to each zone using dijkstra's algorithm. As a result of simulation evaluation, this method can reduce peak current of the power supply line by 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-driving vehicles have attracted significant attention in the automotive industry that is heavily investing to reach the level of reliability needed from these safety critical systems. Security of in-vehicle communications is mandatory to achieve this goal. Most of the existing research to detect anomalies for in-vehicle communication does not take into account the low processing power of the in-vehicle Network and ECUs (Electronic Control Units). Also, these approaches do not consider system level isolation challenges such as side-channel vulnerabilities, that may arise due to adoption of new technologies in the automotive domain. This paper introduces and discusses the design of a framework to detect anomalies in in-vehicle communications, including side channel attacks. The proposed framework supports real time monitoring of data exchanges among the components of in-vehicle communication network and ensures the isolation of the components in in-vehicle network by deploying them in Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs). The framework is designed based on the AUTOSAR open standard for automotive software architecture and framework. The paper also discusses the implementation and evaluation of the proposed framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work presented introduces a system that encompasses general notions about the dashboard computer and Arduino platform, used to create an automotive diagnostic tool through the OBDII port. This involves establishing a connection between the Arduino platform, a Bluetooth module, and a Bluetooth adapter that communicates with the Engine Control Unit (ECU), transmitting information displayed on an LCD screen. To highlight the system's performance, a comparison of results was conducted with an authorized automotive tester from an auto service, using two different vehicle models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Opole Studies in Administration & Law (OSAO) / Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne (OSAP) is the property of University of Opole / Uniwersytet Opolski and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the help of advanced technology, the automotive industry is in continuous evolution. Modern vehicles are not only comprised of mechanical components but also contain highly complex electronic devices and connections to the outside world. Today's vehicle usually has between 30 and 70 ECUs (Electronic Control Units), which communicate with each other over standard communication protocols. There are different types of in-vehicle network protocols and bus systems, including the Controlled Area Network (CAN), Local Interconnected Network (LIN), FlexRay, Media Oriented System Transport (MOST), and Automotive Ethernet (AE). Modern cars are also able to communicate with other devices through wired or wireless interfaces such as USB, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi or even 5G. Such interfaces may expose the internal network to the outside world and can be seen as entry points for cyber-attacks. In this paper, the main interest is in the AE network protocol. AE is a special Ethernet design that provides the bandwidth needed for today's applications, and the potential for even greater performance in the future. However, AE is a "best effort" protocol, which cannot be considered reliable. This implies that it is not trustworthy in terms of reliability and timely deliveries. The focus of this paper is to present a state-of-the-art survey of security threats and protection mechanisms relating to AE. After introducing and comparing the different protocols being used in the embedded networks of current vehicles, we analyze the potential threats targeting the AE network and describe how attackers' opportunities can be enhanced by the new communication abilities of modern cars. Finally, we present and compare the AE security solutions currently being devised to address these problems and propose some recommendations and challenges to deal with security issue in AE protocol.

Self-driving vehicles have attracted significant attention in the automotive industry that is heavily investing to reach the level of reliability needed from these safety critical systems. Security of in-vehicle communications is mandatory to achieve this goal. Most of the existing research to detect anomalies for in-vehicle communication does not take into account the low processing power of the in-vehicle Network and ECUs (Electronic Control Units). Also, these approaches do not consider system level isolation challenges such as side-channel vulnerabilities, that may arise due to adoption of new technologies in the automotive domain. This paper introduces and discusses the design of a framework to detect anomalies in in-vehicle communications, including side channel attacks. The proposed framework supports real time monitoring of data exchanges among the components of in-vehicle communication network and ensures the isolation of the components in in-vehicle network by deploying them in Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs). The framework is designed based on the AUTOSAR open standard for automotive software architecture and framework. The paper also discusses the implementation and evaluation of the proposed framework.

Artykuł ma na celu ustalenie zakresu i stopnia unilateralnej euroizacji polskiego prawa dewizowego. Problem badawczy jest analizowany z punktu widzenia aktualnego lub wcześniej stosowanego stanu prawnego. Jednostronna euroizacja polskiego prawa dewizowego trwa już ponad 22 lata i przebiega pod rządem dwóch kolejnych ustaw dewizowych z 1998 r. i 2002 r. Proces ten spowodował zmiany w przepisach dewizowych zarówno ogólnych, jak i szczegółowych. Autor ukierunkował swój wywód na wykazanie trafności tezy, że polskie prawo dewizowe ewoluuje w ten sposób, że zwiększa się stopień jego euroizacji. Przejawia się to m.in. w pozostawieniu rezydentom i nierezydentom możliwości wyboru między euro i walutą polską w celu zastosowania obu lub jednego z tych środków do dokonywania płatności i innych czynności obrotu dewizowego.

This study assessed the lead and trail arm peak and average extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) muscle activity in association with tri-planar angular velocities of the lead and trail wrists during the golf swing. Fifteen sub-elite, male right-handed golfers (Mage = 34.7 years ±13.3, Mhandicap = 1.5 ± 2.2) were recruited to execute five shots each with their pitching wedge, 7-iron and driver clubs in an indoor golf simulator. Surface electromyography (EMG) sensors were placed over the ECU muscle belly and inertial measurement unit sensors were placed bi-laterally on the distal forearm and dorsum of the hand. There was a statistically greater recruitment of the trail ECU muscle during the downswing (p < 0.001) for all clubs. The lead ECU muscle was recruited more during the backswing (p < 0.001) and follow through (p < 0.024) phases. There were statistically different tri-planar movement patterns between the lead and trail wrist throughout all three phases of the golf swing. No significant relationships were found between downswing EMG data and clubhead kinematics at impact. In conclusion, differing wrist kinematics and associated muscle activity may contribute to the asymmetrical injury pattern seen clinically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring of vehicle conditions is needed as one of the securities in driving because one of the accident rates is negligence in checking the condition of the vehicle. This study aims to help reduce the level of accidents and increase human awareness for vehicle conditions, especially minibus type vehicles. The system works to provide information on the condition of vehicles sourced from the Engine Control Unit (ECU). ECU data cars are obtained by SNIP traffic broadcast message and ask for data directly at the ECU. The car can provide vehicle information using a Canbus communication protocol through the OBD-II socket. Vehicle information can be seen by users through the website in real time. Based on the evaluation from the user side, this system provides ease of monitoring vehicle conditions because it can be accessed via the internet using various kinds of devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper aims to present a cooling concept for future centralized platforms of ECUs (Electronic Control Units) from the automotive industry that involves grouping multiple electronic devices into a single system and cooling them with forced convection dielectric coolant. The enhancement consists of replacing the inside air of the module with a dielectric coolant that has a higher thermal conductivity than air and employing an additional prototype system that aids in forced liquid cooling. To meet automotive requirements, the experiments were exposed to an ambient temperature of 85 °C. Temperature measurements on these solutions' hot spots were compared to those on a thermal paste-only reference electronic module. This study used DFSS (Design for Six Sigma) techniques to determine the ideal pump flow rate, fan air flow rate, and liquid volume in the housing, leading to an optimization in heat dissipation. Finding a trustworthy transfer function that could forecast the impact of the crucial design parameters that had been found was the main goal. The electronics cooled by forced convection coolant improved heat dissipation by up to 60% when compared to the reference module. This demonstrates that the DoE (Design of Experiments) method, which is based on a limited number of measurements, can estimate the behavior of the ECU without the need for a more involved theoretical framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now the demand for fuel oil has increased, this can cause fuel oil reserves to be depleted. To reduce the use of fuel oil, alternative energy is needed. One alternative energy that can be used to reduce fuel oil consumption is LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas). The use of alternative fuels for LPG in diesel engines is done by converting diesel engines into dual fuel. This research aims to determine the effect of using dual fuel that are LPG-Diesel fuel on engine performance including power, torque, fuel consumption, emissions, vibration and noise. The research was conducted using a Yanmar TF 85 MH engine at 2000 RPM engine speed with variations in loading of 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 watts, and dual fuel with variations in injector openings of 3ms, 4ms, 5ms. Based on the research results, the use of LPG in dual fuel system with installing ECU (Electronic Control Unit) converter-kit, can replace diesel fuel oil consumption up to 93%. In the use of dual fuel there is an average decrease in power and torque of up to 1.95% if using only diesel fuel have average power up to 2.32 kW and torque up to 11.09 Nm. When using dual fuel there is a decrease in specific fuel oil consumption by up to 44% when using only diesel fuel have average fuel oil consumption up to 414.15 g/kWh. The maximum NOx emission produced is 1.83 g/kWh for a 3ms gas injector opening, 1.48 g/kWh for a 4ms gas injector opening, and 1.81 g/kWh for a 5ms injector opening. The maximum vibration generated is 33.2 m/s² for a 3ms injector opening, 31.4 m/s² for a 4ms injector opening, 27.46 m/s² for a 5ms injector opening, and when used only Diesel Fuel is 32.8 m/s2. The maximum noise generated is 92.33 dBA for 3ms injector opening, 92.43 dBA for 4ms injector aperture, 93.20 dBa for 5ms injector aperture, and 91.73 dBa when using diesel oil only.

Modern vehicles are equipped with a number of electronic control units (ECUs), which control vehicles efficiently by communicating with each other through the controller area network (CAN). However, the CAN is known to be vulnerable to cyber attacks because it does not have any security mechanisms. To find vulnerable CAN messages that can control safety-critical functions in ECUs, researchers have studied CAN fuzzing methods. In existing CAN fuzzing methods, fuzzing input values are generally generated at random without considering the structure of CAN messages, resulting in non-negligible CAN fuzzing time. In addition, existing fuzzing solutions have limited monitoring capabilities of the fuzzing results. In this paper, we propose a Structure-aware CAN Fuzzing protocol, in which the structure of CAN messages is considered and fuzzing input values are systematically generated to locate vulnerable functions in ECUs. Our proposed Structure-aware CAN Fuzzing system takes less time to run than existing solutions, meaning that problematic CAN messages that may have originated from SW implementation errors or CAN DBC (database CAN) design errors can be found quickly and, subsequently, appropriate action can be taken. Finally, we evaluated the performance of our Structure-aware CAN Fuzzing system on two real vehicles. We proved that our proposed method can find CAN messages that control safety-critical functions in ECUs faster than existing fuzzing solutions.

Treating chronic tenosynovitis of the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) in the wrist and making the individuals return to their previous work or job is challenging. The tenosynovectomy and sixth compartment release may destabilize the ECU tendon and cause instability. This article describes extensor retinaculum flap reconstruction for chronic ECU tenosynovitis in a 34-year-old woman.

In order to solve the redundancy allocation problem in the control unit, a quantum chaotic adaptive pa1'licle swarm optimization algorithm and a hybrid strategy of thermal backup are proposed. According lo Lhe common cause failure under the electromagnetic pulse, electronically controlled unit is simplified into a series and parallel system, and f3 factor is introduced to build a Markov model with the highest reliability as the objective function and the redundancy number as the constraint condition. The quantum chaos adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to optimize the maximum reliability of electronically controlled unit under electromagnetic pulse. The simulation results show that the hybrid strategy and optimization algorithm improve the calculation efficiency and the accuracy of redundancy allocation, which provides a reference basis for the redundancy reinforcement of electronically controlled unit under electromagnetic pulse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-efficiency video coding standard (HEVC) coding efficiency performance is mainly reached due to the recursive quad-tree coding unit mode decision tool. Nevertheless, this sophisticated module impact on enhancing coding efficiency came at the expense of noticeable computational complexity increase. To speed up the encoding process, an efficient fast coding unit (CU) decision algorithm based on fuzzy support vector machine (FSVM) is adopted in this paper. The purpose of this approach is to predict coding decision without RD cost calculation, which eliminates extensive computational time used to check all block decision candidates. An appropriate feature set is first selected to achieve excellent accuracy performance. Then, trained classifiers are incorporated into reference encoder and combined with fast mode decision algorithms to further improve the coding efficiency. Proposed model exhibits high classification accuracy in CU partitioning. Experimental results show a significant speedup in terms of encoding time reaching 70.57% with 0.22% compression efficiency improvement at the same objective video quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past couple of years, the automotive industry has seen some big changes. With all the devices that we know and use in our day to day lives, getting smarter and smarter, it shall be no surprise that the automotive industry is also trying to achieve the same. Although this change has brought connectivity, comfort and functionality, it has also created new ways and opportunities to get attacked. These security challenges should be well studied as this industry is constantly getting updated. The in-vehicle architecture of these vehicles neglects security of the vehicle. We see that the CAN Bus, used to transfer information from one ECU to another, has many vulnerabilities that may turn out to be fatal for the consumer and the manufacturer. In this paper we will discuss the working of the CAN bus, possible vulnerabilities of the CAN bus and different kinds of attacks and ways to mitigate them. This paper will try to draft possible solutions to make the CAN Communication protocol more secure and safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]