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Nell'Appennino meridionale l'abbandono di alcuni centri abitati è direttamente riconducibile da un lato, al ripetersi di eventi sismici distruttivi con I> IX MCS, avvenuti negli ultimi secoli, e dall'altro, alla presenza di estesi fenomeni di dissesto idrogeologico. E' il caso di Aquilonia e Melito Irpino in provincia di Avellino, che a seguito dei terremoti del 1930 e del 1962 sono stati abbandonati per le condizioni di instabilità e danneggiamento, per essere poi ricostruiti in aree geologicamente più sicure. Di Aquilonia vecchia, l'antica Carbonara, restano i ruderi a testimonianza dell'antico assetto abitativo, tra l'altro più volte oggetto di interventi di riqualificazione mai del tutto definitivi. Di Melito Irpino, inserito sin dal secolo scorso tra gli abitati da consolidare, e più volte danneggiato dai terremoti, oggi è visibile solo il castello e la chiesa dell'Addolorata, che versano in uno stato di avanzato abbandono e degrado. Livelli di danneggiamento elevati e condizioni geologiche sfavorevoli, allo stesso modo, hanno determinato l'abbandono di Conza della Campania e di Romagnano al Monte a seguito del sisma del 1980, e la ricostruzione in altro luogo. A Conza della Campania, il terremoto distrusse il 90% delle abitazioni danneggiando gravemente le restanti (X MCS), oggi il vecchio paese è diventato parco archeologico grazie al ritrovamento di numerosi resti dell'antica Compsa romana, visitabile grazie all'impegno dei volontari della locale Pro Loco. Romagnano al Monte ubicato su di uno spettacolare crinale a picco sulle gole del fiume Platano, fu evacuato e abbandonato soprattutto a causa del diffuso danneggiamento (VIII-IX MCS), oggi quel che resta rappresenta un fermo immagine a 41 anni fa: un paese fantasma visibile per lo più solo da lontano. Quattro paesi ricchi di "memoria" da rivalutare per un turismo sostenibile

Raccolta fotografica della ricostruzione post evento sismico 1980 in due volumi. Le foto vogliono testimoniare lo stato della ricostruzione quaranta anni dopo il tragico terremoto che il 23 novembre 1980 devastò parte della Campania e della Basilicata. Nel primo volume sono riportate le immagini relative a PESCOPAGANO, SAN MANGO SUL CALORE, SENERCHIA, TEORA, TORELLA DEI LOMBARDI, SAN MICHELE DI SERINO, COLLIANO, ROMAGNANO AL MONTE, SALVITELLE,BISACCIA, CALITRI E AVELLINO.

We wanted to testify, through an iconographic journey, what remains of the asismic houses after 90 years sincethe 1930 earthquake in the Irpinia. A testimony of what was and perhaps will remain for a short time in some small centres of Scampitella, Aquilonia, Bisaccia, Montecalvo Irpino, Villanova del Battista and Carife. These photos are not only a historical memory for future generations, but also a reminder of the approach adopted in post-earthquake reconstruction, of their impact on the social, economic and urban development ofthese small inland villages over the years. Introduction by F. T. Gizzi : Photography makes a past event present (Roland Barthes) The significance of "what's left": between disjunction and reaction The analysis of the Italian seismic history, and in particular that of the South, highlights how earthquakes have affectedsocial, economic, demographic and urban planning events, thus playing the role of "modifying cause", agent of metamorphosis, as claimed by the economist and expert of the problems of Southern Italy, Francesco Saverio Nitti (Melfi 1868 - Rome 1953). The Irpinia earthquake of July 23, 1930, reported as the «Terremoto del Vulture» (Vulture earthquake) in historical records, certainly does not escape this rule. The seismic event, fifth in magnitude (Mw=6.6, Io=X MCS) among the earthquakes that occurred in Italy since the beginning of the twentieth century, hit an area straddling Campania, Basilicata, and Puglia (Southern Italy), with particular regard to the current provinces of Avellino and Potenza, between Upper Irpinia and the Vulture area.

Raccolta fotografica della ricostruzione post evento sismico 1980 in due volumi. Le foto vogliono testimoniare lo stato della ricostruzione quaranta anni dopo il tragico terremoto che il 23 novembre 1980 devastò parte della Campania e della Basilicata. Nel primo volume sono riportate le immagini relative a Castelnuovo di Conza, Conza dellla Campania, Laviano, Lioni, Santomenna, Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi, Balvano, Calabritto, Caposele, Guardia dei Lombardi.

The aim of this study is to describe the modifications of the built environment that have occurred in 36 years following the Irpinia-Basilicata, 1980 earthquake. In particular, especially in the villages of the epicentral area, changes in the urban and territorial setting have been examined, as well as the consequences of ground effects that have influenced the choices of reconstruction, both in situ, and far from the original historical centers. The November 23, 1980 Irpinia-Basilicata earthquake (Mw = 6.9; Io = X MCS; Io = X ESI-07), killing 3000 people, hit 800 localities over a large area of Southern Italy; 75,000 houses totally collapsed and 275,000 were badly damaged. The earthquake induced primary and secondary environmental effects, over all slope movements. The total amount of surface faulting was 40 km in length with the maximum displacement of 100 cm; the total area affected by slope movements was estimated to be about 7400 km2, with 200 landslides classified. One of the largest landslides damaged Calitri village, in Avellino province. We have examined, as case histories, the reconstruction of Calitri and San Mango sul Calore villages, that were affected by severe landslides and were rebuilt in situ; we have also studied Conza della Campania that was reconstructed far from the original location. In the so-called Anthropocene age, the role of technical experts both in the built environment and in the social and ethical context is extremely important, for rebuilding the villages destroyed by earthquakes, especially in respect of the people resilience.

The recent seismic sequence that struck central Italy, started the August 24, 2016, is characterized by five events with magnitude Mw> 5.0. The strongest events of the seismic sequence were the August 24, with Mw = 6.0 located between Accumoli and Amatrice towns and the October 30 with Mw = 6.5, located between Norcia and Visso town. These earthquakes shocked not only Central Italy, with the death of about 300 people and the almost complete destruction of historical towns (Amatrice, Arquata del Tronto, Accumoli, Pescara del Tronto, Castelluccio, Norcia, Visso), but also shook the entire Italian country, strongly proposing the issue of the vulnerability of the city historical centers. The knowledge, the conservation and preservation of the natural and urban environment represent issues to be faced urgently for preventing the devastation of our heritage, unique in the world. The historical center of Naples was affected by the 30 event October 2016 with an intensity I = V MCS. In the last millennium more than a hundred earthquakes hit Naples, with intensity I> III MCS, ten of which has exceeded the damage level, sometimes with intensity greater of VII MCS. The historical Neapolitan urban context suffered devastating effects, reaching levels of damage equal to the VIII degree MCS, as a result of the large earthquakes occurred in 1456 (I0=XI MCS), 1688 (I0=XI MCS) and 1805 (I0=X MCS). In the twentieth century the city of Napoli was shaken by the 1930, 1962 and 1980, the three strong earthquakes occurred in southern Apennines, between Irpinia and Basilicata regions. The review of earthquakes with higher energy (M> 6) shows that the metropolitan area of Naples suffered high damage levels with intensity I = VIII MCS, especially in the historical center, with a damage recurring on the same architectonic elements of the historical heritage. The recent past of the seismic history teaches us that the Apennines is highly seismic, consequently in the future we can expected seismic events of the same magnitude that could still cause damages to the city of Naples. This brief review of the strong Apennines earthquakes highlights that the city of Naples has a high seismic risk level. Therefore is crucial to implement all appropriate measures to reduce seismic risk, but also for planning measures of prevention, useful for the preservation of the rich local architectural heritage declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1995.

La città di Napoli è soggetta agli effetti non solo dei terremoti di origine vulcano-tettonica delle aree immediatamente circostanti, quali i Campi Flegrei e Vesuvio, con intensità almeno fino al VI grado della scala MCS, ma è soggetta soprattutto ai terremoti di origine appenninica, i cui effetti possono raggiungere intensità decisamente più elevate, fino all'VIII grado MCS, tale da essere inclusa nella seconda categoria sismica, ovvero la categoria caratterizzata da "media sismicità" . In questo lavoro si riportano, attraverso un breve excursus, i dati salienti relativi ai più forti terremoti storici che hanno colpito Napoli e dei relativi danneggiamenti subiti a partire dall'evento sismico del 1456 fino ai terremoti del XX secolo, nell'ottica di una migliore conoscenza della risposta del patrimonio storico-monumentale alle sollecitazioni sismiche provenienti dall'Appennino. I dati relativi ai monumenti, raccolti fino ad ora, sono stati catalogati ad hoc per la realizzazione di un GIS (Geographic Information System) Database, come supporto all'analisi dell'impatto dei forti terremoti del passato sulla città di Napoli

Il terremoto del 23 novembre 1980, più comunemente noto come il terremotodell'Irpinia-Basilicata, è stato il più forte evento sismico che ha colpito l'Italia,ed in particolare l'Appenino meridionale, negli ultimi 100 anni, caratterizzato da una Mw=6,9 ed una Io=X MCS (Postpischl et al., 1985). Fu avvertito in quasi tutta la Penisola, dalla Sicilia a Sud, all'Emilia Romagna e Liguria a Nord; le regioni più colpite furono la Campania e la Basilicata. Causò gravi danni in oltre 800 località; furono distrutte complessivamente 75.000 abitazioni e 275.000 furono gravemente danneggiate. Le vittime furono circa 3000, i feriti 10.000. Quindici comuni distribuiti nelle province di Avellino, Salerno e Potenza furono quasi totalmente distrutti con intensità I>=IXMCS/MSK: Castelnuovo di Conza, Conza della Campania, Lioni, Santomenna, Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi, Caposele, Calabritto, San Mango sul Calore, SanMichele di Serino, Pescopagano, Guardia dei Lombardi, Laviano, Sant'Andrea di Conza, Senerchia e Teora . Numerosi e devastanti furono anche gli effetti sull'ambiente naturale intesi come effetti primari, quali fenomeni di fagliazione superficiale o come effetti secondari, quali frane, fratture nelsuolo, variazioni idrologiche e fenomeni di liquefazione (Porfido et al., 2007; Serva et al., 2007). Anche l'intensità epicentrale, sulla base della nuova scalamacrosismica denominata Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (Michetti et al., 2007), che valuta l'intensità esclusivamente sulla base degli effetti ambientali, risulta essere pari al X grado ESI-07. Il grave livello didanneggiamento ed estesi fenomeni di dissesto idrogeologico, hanno in più casicondizionato la ricostruzione, talvolta sconvolgendo l'assetto degli originali insediamenti abitativi. Nell'ottica di esaminare lo stato della ricostruzione a 37 anni di distanza, sono stati eseguiti studi di dettaglio relativi alla resilienzaconnessa agli sviluppi urbanistici di tre paesi gravemente colpiti dal terremoto: Conza della Campania, San Mango sul Calore e Calitri. Il punto di partenza è costituito dalle relazioni tecniche effettuate immediatamente dopo il sisma per la programmazione della ricostruzione. In modo particolare sono state esaminate le microzonazioni sismiche del Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica -Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (AAVV, 1983)

The history of Melito Irpino, a small village in southern Italy is particular, though not unique in its genre. The development of its urban asset was, in fact, strongly affected by natural disasters such as hydrogeological and seismic events, which determined its transfer to another location. Due to its landslides and flooding it has been included since the beginning of the twentieth century among the unstable centers to be consolidated. The landslides were caused by peculiar geological characteristics of which the substrate essentially origins from different consistency Flysch elements. From the seismic point of view, Melito Irpino is part of the first category of the new seismic classification of the Campania Region. The most devastating earthquakes that damaged Melito date back to December 1456, which hit central and southern Italy and 5th June , 1688 which had the Sannio as epicentral area, both with l0 = XI MCS and M> 7 [1456: l0= XI MCS, Mw 7.2; 1688: l0 = XI MCS, Mw 7.O.] During the twentieth century, it was involved in two other disastrous earthquakes that caused serious damage to the village in 1930 with an intensity VIII and in 1962 with I = IX MCS and VIII ESI-07 intensity. The earthquake of 21st August 1962 was fatal for the village of Melito. In December of the same year it was left with 2182 inhabitants and 800 houses, most of which were unstable, 300 were to be demolished, 50 unrepairable and 200 were still uninhabitable yet repairable. From a geological point of view the situation turned even more dramatically when the whole valley area stretching from the old Ufita River bridge and the historical center of Melito was affected by a series of large slope instability such as rock falls, complex rotational slip, de facto complicating an extremely compromised situation. This was sufficient to encourage the transfer of the entire village in an other location. After more than half a century and considering the effects of two important earthquakes in 1962 and 1980, Melito now features as rebuilt 2 km far from the original historical center. However, all measures of reconstruction have limits, positive and negative aspects. The modern urban aspect seems to be far away from the original rural connotation, which is a loss for the identity of the village. The aims of the issue are to pay attention to the reconstruction of other villages affected by similar natural disasters. How and when this should be done is a delicate and complex priority of reconstruction, which should consider the entire social and economic aspect.

I volumi contengono i risultati di un confronto tra studiosi ed esperti di discipline umanistiche e scientifiche sul tema della baia di Napoli. Strategie integrate per la conservazione e la fruizione del paesaggio culturale. Della baia di Napoli, la cui immagine è celebrata in tutto il mondo attraverso innumerevoli vedute, fotografie, dipinti, fino a farne diventare un paradigma di paesaggio culturale nell'immaginario storico collettivo, sono state indagate risorse e criticità, connotazioni fisiche ed espressioni immateriali, afferenti alle radici culturali più antiche del mondo che ha avuto nel Mediterraneo il suo straordinario svolgimento.

This paper, by means of a multidisciplinary approach, deals with changes of the urban and territorial setting in many localities of the epicentral area of the 23 November 1980 Irpinia earthquake. The 23 November 1980 earthquake, known as the "Irpinia-Basilicata earthquake" was the strongest seismic event of the last 80 years in the Southern Apennines of Italy (Mw 6.9, I0=X MCS). It was felt nearly everywhere in Italy, from Sicily in the South, to Emilia Romagna and Liguria in the North. This earthquake was characterized by a complex main rupture, composed of three major sub-events, interpreted as a succession of normal faulting events. Many localities in the Avellino, Salerno and Potenza provinces were nearly completely destroyed (I=IX-X MSK, Postpischl et al., 1985); among them Castelnuovo di Conza, Conza della Campania, Lioni, Santomenna, San Mango sul Calore, San Michele di Serino and Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi. About 800 localities suffered serious damage (Balvano, Bisaccia, Calitri, etc); 75,000 houses collapsed totally and 275,000 were badly damaged. Casualties were 3000, and 10,000 people were wounded. A large amount of information on primary and secondary environmental effects, over all slope movements, was available on the basis of several geological surveys of the area affected by this earthquake. The amount of surface faulting was about 40 km in length and the maximum displacement about 100 cm, while the total area interested by slope movements was estimated in 7400 km2 (Porfido et al., 2002, 2007; Serva et al.2009). In this study we aim to describe trends and specific effects that have taken place in the 35 years following the 1980 earthquake: how the urban and territorial setting have changed, especially in the villages located in the epicentral area; the consequences of the environmental effects on the choices of reconstruction, both in situ, and far from the original historical centre. Therefore, some case histories as San Mango sul Calore and Calitri villages, affected by severe landslide phenomena, and in situ rebuilt, will be examined; whereas Conza della Campania, on the basis of the suffered damages, has been reconstructed far from its original position. In addition, we also illustrate the socio-economic implications that the choices of reconstruction have had, not only for the local communities, but also on the whole Italian country.

the new forms of multimedia communication. Among the causes frenetic schedules, and different approaches to time, space and past. This why we suggest a visit to the parts of Irpinia (Campania, Italy) where present and past memory are assigned to a project in which photography and iconography are the main protagonists. The concept of the voyage is to traverse the historical landscape affected by the natural disasters which have fundamentally altered the regional makeup. The journey begins from Melito Irpino (province of Avellino), considered a village at risk since the early twentieth century, and subject to calamities such as landslides, the earthquakes of 1930 and 1962, and the 1949 flood. Ultimately, the events of 1962 led to abandonment and reconstruction of the community at another site. Using images, we attempt to reconstruct the old and new identity of the "Melito Irpino Paese".

Guatemala is one of the most seismically active countries of Central America. It has suffered several dramatic earthquakes during the last century, the most destructive of which was the event associated with the Motagua fault, occurred on 4, February 1976, that caused 23,000 deaths, and 77,200 injuries. Noteworthy were also the coseismic geological effects, either directly linked to the earthquake source, such as a remarkable displacement along a 230 km long strike-slip fault, or caused by the ground shaking, such as 50,000 landslides, numerous liquefaction phenomena, ground cracks and ground deformation over an area of about 18,000 km2. In spite of this, the estimated intensity was relatively low (Imax = IX MM, only in few localities). For this reason, in order to achieve a better definition of seismic hazard, we have conducted a re-evaluation of the 1976 earthquake taking into account the environmental effects that have contributed substantially to the dramatic level of recorded impact, both in terms of loss of human life and damage affecting housing and infrastructures. The analysis of primary and secondary effects has permitted a better evaluation of seismic intensity in 24 localities that were hit by the earthquake and allowed for establishing a new epicentral Intensity, characterized by XI ESI. The recalculated seismic intensity is consequently two degrees higher than previous estimates and definitely more consistent with the scenario of the actual damage caused by the earthquake.

Guatemala is one of the most seismically active countries of Central America. It has suffered several dramatic earthquakes during the last century, the most destructive of which was the event associated with the Motagua fault, occurred on 4, February 1976, that caused 23,000 deaths, and 77,200 injuries. In order to achieve a better definition of seismic hazard, we have conducted a re-evaluation of the 1976 earthquake, taking into account the environmental effects that have effectively contributed to the dramatic level of destructive impact, both in terms of loss of human life and damage affecting housing and infrastructures. The analysis of primary and secondary effects has permitted a better evaluation of seismic intensity in 24 localities that were hit by the earthquake and allowed for establishing a new epicentral Intensity, characterized by XI ESI. The new intensity values have been compared with the PGA and spectral accelerations distribution recorded during the earthquake and estimated using a probabilistic/deterministic hazard analysis approach for the target area. The integration of recorded and predicted ground motion data, with the information retrieved from many surface effects like landslides, liquefactions, ground cracks and ground deformation observed over an area of about 18,000 km2 has been investigated to better constrain the affected area and the earthquake effects. The scope of our study is to evaluate the possible correlation between the coseismic geological effects, in terms of ESI scale intensity values, along the 230 km of the fault plane and the strong motion parameters recorded and estimated using a probabilistic and determistic hazard analysis.

A major hydrogeological problem affecting the Amalfi coast (Southern Italy) involves slope-related processes mainly due to flash floods typically characterized by landslides of debris flow type. These processes are generated on slopes and interact heavily with river dynamics, mobilizing huge quantities of material which are then carried by the water course. In the area of Cava de’ Tirreni, phenomena of torrential spate have occurred regularly in historical times due to the presence of volcaniclastic deposits and soils on slopes which are very prone to being mobilized and washed away during rainfall events. For the historical reconstruction of the 11–12th November 1773 flood event, over one hundred archival sources contemporary to the event were examined, as well as many bibliographic sources. The conclusions of our research were compared and integrated with results from updated literature.

In this paper some extreme flooding events occurred in the Campania Region, particularly in the Salerno province since the XVI century, and in the Somma-Vesuvius volcanic complex since the beginning of the XX century, have been analyzed. Through a multidisciplinary approach based on detailed bibliographic and archival documents investigation, besides geologic-geomorphologic analyses, in GIS environment, the landslide distribution and frequency in the last centuries, inside these two areas, has been examined, jointly with the urbanization evolution for the Vesuvius area. In particular, seven flood events, the 1581, 1588, 1773, 1899, 1910, 1924 and the 1954 floods occurred in the Salerno province, have been studied in detail; while the alluvial phenomena occurred in the Somma-Vesuvius district, repeatedly affected by disastrous flood events, and occurred from 1906 to 2011, have been reported. Although this study is not exhaustive, it aims to contribute, illustrating a methodology for data searching and analyzing, to a correct assessment and reduction of hydrogeological risk in the Campania region.