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The current collector, one of the main components in the manufacture of composite electrodes, is mainly used to enhance the mechanical stability and improve the performance and cycle performance of the electrodes. During the electrochemical reaction, the lithium diffusion can induce compressive stress and affect the mechanical performance, lifespan, and performance of batteries. Therefore, this study analyzed the influence of copper foil on the mechanical response and degradation performance of electrodes. In addition, a mathematical model was developed to analyze the effect of copper foil on the stress–strain behavior of the electrodes. The results indicated that the stress and modulus of the graphite electrodes have a non-linear increase with the lithiation process. Based on those findings, utilizing a thinner and more compliant current collector could effectively mitigate the in-plane strain and the stress within electrodes. Thus, developing a thinner and softer copper foil could simultaneously enhance the mechanical properties and specific density of composite electrodes for the next-generation LiBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLCs) with ionic liquid electrolytes outperform conventional ones using aqueous and organic electrolytes in energy density and safety. However, understanding the electrochemical behaviors of ionic liquid electrolytes under compressive/tensile strain is essential for the design of flexible EDLCs as well as normal EDLCs, which are subject to external forces during assembly. Despite many experimental studies, the compression/stretching effects on the performance of ionic liquid EDLCs remain inconclusive and controversial. In addition, there is hardly any evidence of prior theoretical work done in this area, which makes the literature on this topic scarce. Herein, for the first time, we developed an atomistic model to study the processes underlying the electrochemical behaviors of ionic liquids in an EDLC under strain. Constant potential non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations are conducted for EMIM BF4 placed between two graphene walls as electrodes. Compared to zero strain, low compression of the EDLC resulted in compromised performance as the electrode charge density dropped by 29%, and the performance reduction deteriorated significantly with a further increase in compression. In contrast, stretching is found to enhance the performance by increasing the charge storage in the electrodes by 7%. The performance changes with compression and stretching are due to changes in the double-layer structure. In addition, an increase in the value of the applied potential during the application of strain leads to capacity retention with compression revealed by the newly performed simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical manipulation of organic compounds offers a promising alternative for the synthesis of valuable organic materials under mild conditions. In this study, the MoO2@NiO heterostructure was successfully synthesized as an efficient thin-film electrode material for electrochemical ethanol oxidation, using amorphous Ni(OH)x nanosheets as the precursor. During electrocatalytic ethanol oxidation, this electrode exhibited a significantly reduced overpotential, achieving a value of only 1.41 V at a current density of 50 mA cm−2. Additionally, product analysis revealed that the heterojunction electrode demonstrated high faradaic efficiency (70%) and selectivity (80%) for acetaldehyde. The outstanding performance of this electrode can be attributed to the in situ transformation of MoO2 species during the catalytic process. In the electrolyte, MoO2 exists as MoO42− and undergoes a series of processes including precipitation, dissolution, and redeposition on the electrode surface. These processes lead to the formation of a novel molecular outer layer, significantly enhancing the activity and stability of the electrode material. This study provides valuable insights into the potential replacement of anodes in the electrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol in aqueous solutions, thereby contributing to the development of more efficient and sustainable electrochemical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient Pt active site anchored strategy is developed for MnCo 2 O 4 nanosheet arrays, which is standing for excellent bifunctional electrode for hydrogen production by ampere-level hydrazine assisted water electrolysis. [Display omitted] Coupling hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) with hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has been widely concerned for high efficiency of green hydrogen preparation with low energy consumption. However, the lacking of bifunctional electrodes with ampere-level performance severely limits its industrialization. Herein, we put forward an efficient active site anchored strategy for MnCo 2 O 4 nanosheet arrays on nickel foam (NF) by introducing Pt species (denoted as Pt-MnCo 2 O 4 /NF), which is standing for excellent bifunctional electrodes. The Pt-MnCo 2 O 4 /NF delivers ultralow potentials of −195 mV and 350 mV at 1000 mA cm−2 as well as robust stability for HzOR and HER, respectively. The study of in-situ Raman and reaction kinetics reveal that the formation of key adsorbed *NH 2 and *N 2 H 4 intermediates and the rapidly oxidization of intermediates with a fast interfacial charge transfer on Pt-MnCo 2 O 4 /NF. Remarkably, the Pt-MnCo 2 O 4 /NF assembled two-electrode hydrazine assisted water electrolyzer realizes current density of 100 mA cm−2 and 1000 mA cm−2 at 0.16 V and 0.62 V with over 80 h stability. This work provides a promising way to design efficient electrodes for energy-saving H 2 generation under ampere-level current density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal carbide Ti3C2TX (MXene) possesses good electrical conductivity, high specific surface areas and metal oxide-like surfaces, which make it ideal for application in supercapacitors with both high energy density and power density. However, similar to other 2D materials, the issue of self-stacking leads to narrower ion-transport channels, along with a drastic reduction in active sites, thus severely limiting the performance of MXene-based electrodes. To address this problem, this work proposes to introduce one-dimensional (1D) reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanoribbons as spacers between MXene nanosheets to construct a composite structure for inhibiting self-stacking. As expected, owing to the steric effect and high aspect ratio of rGO nanoribbons, the fabricated MXene/rGO hybrid electrode, with the addition of 5 wt% graphene oxide (GO), exhibits a greatly improved specific capacitance (397.4 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1) and an unparalleled rate capability (with a capacitance retention of 52.9% at 2000 mV s−1). This work sheds significant light on the development of MXene-based materials for advanced energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power density is one of the important factors affecting the performance of electrode materials, which is hampered by ion/electron transport and agglomeration build-up problems. In this study, a novel 3D NiMnO 3 /Ni(OH) 2 /Ag NWs composite is synthesized via the introduction of Ag NWs. The introduction of Ag NWs synergistically influences the crystal structure and micro-morphology of the NiMnO 3 /Ni(OH) 2 /Ag NWs composite. The unique pentatwinned structure of Ag NWs facilitates the enhancement of the (110) and (101) crystal planes, which induces the movement of Ni 2p 3/2 , leading to a significant increase of Ni2+ concentration in the composites. This ensures an abundance of ion adsorption sites, generating materials conducive to reactive activity. This new structure increases the density of active sites and establishes a conductive network, which optimizes the electron and ion transport paths, greatly reduces the diffusion resistance at the electrode-electrolyte interface, and improves the charge transfer efficiency, thus effectively increasing the specific capacity and energy density of the material. The NiMnO 3 /Ni(OH) 2 /Ag NWs//AC device exhibits a remarkable specific capacity of 350.478 mAh·g−1 at a current density of 0.01 A cm−2, and its Ragone plot reveals a peak energy density of 81.107 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 1699.871 W kg−1. Additionally, it achieves an energy density of 60.532 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 8490.072 W kg−1. This study explores the design and application of 3D structured electrode materials, which effectively improves the specific capacity of the materials and provides a new idea to further improve the energy density of supercapacitors. The mechanism of NiMnO 3 /Ni(OH) 2 /Ag NWs grown on Ni foam. [Display omitted] • NiMnO 3 /Ni(OH) 2 /Ag NWs electrode materials with a 3D network structure are successfully prepared. • The introduction of Ag NWs enhances the (110) and (101) crystal planes and increases the effective layer spacing. • The introduction of Ag NWs increases the content of Ni2+ and the adsorption sites. • Synergistic enhancement of material structure and morphology improves performance of the electrode material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe anodes are emerging as cost‐effective components in long duration storage applications, with a benefit being the high natural abundance of Fe. Additive and electrode design have advanced the performance of Fe electrodes, but a more precise understanding of the electrode formation process and failure mechanisms is important for continued optimization. These interfacial electrochemical processes, which involve short‐lived intermediate species, require analysis with high spatial and temporal resolution to provide a full picture. This study therefore explores the behavior of the Fe electrode in alkaline electrolyte using electrochemical liquid cell transmission electron microscopy, extending the technique toward high pH (10–13) conditions. By combining identical location imaging and diffraction, in situ imaging, and benchtop experiments, this study shows distinct microstructural changes on cycling as a function of pH, in particular the appearance of multiple electrodeposited Fe species and a passivation layer. The dependence on electrochemical parameters is discussed, showing that the observations can be related to stability predictions from the Pourbaix diagram. However, it is also necessary to consider kinetic effects, such as the solubility and diffusion of soluble species. Strategies to control these material transformations are discussed as a function of potential, along with opportunities for further optimizing the Fe electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a new electrochemical sensor for bisphenol A (BPA) and metal ions utilizing a microsphere dual‐ligand Ni‐based MOFs modified carbon paste. The MOFs (Ni‐bipy‐btc) synthesized from dual‐ligands were prepared via a hydrothermal method and characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), FT‐IR spectrometer, X‐ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS), and specific surface area test (BET) analysis. The resulting MOFs exhibited promising performance as electrode materials for electrochemical sensors targeting the detection of BPA and heavy metal ions (Pb2+ and Cu2+). The linear range of the MOFs (Ni‐bipy‐btc)/CPE electrode for BPA detection ranged from 0.2 to 150 μM, with a detection limit of 0.045 μM, demonstrating robust immunity and stability. Additionally, the limit of detection for the MOFs (Ni‐bipy‐btc)/CPE electrode was found to be 4.3 and 9.5 nM for Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions, respectively, showcasing excellent stability and reproducibility. This study presents a straightforward approach for the highly sensitive electrochemical detection of BPA and heavy metal ions using a simple hydrothermal reaction method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Stainless steel electrodes via etching were prepared for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). • The pitting of etching regulates electrode morphology, composition and OER performance. • The KBrO 3 -induced electrode presents excellent OER activity in the electrolysis. • The electrode shows high durability in 100 h electrolysis at an ampere-level current. Development of low-cost, efficient, and stable electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the key issue for a large-scale hydrogen production. Recently, in-situ corrosion of stainless steel seems to be a feasible technique to obtain an efficient OER electrode, while a wide variety of corrosive agents often lead to significant difference in catalytic performance. Herein, we synthesized Ni-Fe based nanomaterials with OER activity through a facile one-step hydrothermal etching method of stainless steel mesh, and investigated the influence of three halogen oxyacid salts (KClO 3 , KBrO 3 , KIO 3) on water oxidation performance. It was found that the reduction product of oxyacid salts has the pitting effect on the stainless steel, which plays an important role in regulating the morphology and composition of the nanomaterials. The KBrO 3 -derived electrode shows optimal OER performance, giving the small overpotential of 228 and 270 mV at 10 and 100 mA cm−2 respectively, a low Tafel slope of 36.2 mV dec−1, as well as durable stability in the long-time electrolysis. This work builds an internal relationship between the corrosive agents and the OER performance of the as-prepared electrodes, providing promising strategies and research foundations for further improving the OER performance and optimizing the structure of stainless steel electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using discarded durian shell (DS), a waste biomass, as the raw material, DS-based activated carbon was prepared. Heteroatom doping with thiourea as the nitrogen and sulfur source was then introduced on the precursor of DS activated carbon to investigate its impact on the material's morphology and electrochemical energy storage performance as a supercapacitor electrode. Characterization techniques such as XPS, XRD, and electrochemical tests were employed to evaluate the relevant properties of the material. The results revealed that when the mass ratio of thiourea to DS activated carbon reached 2:1, the specific surface area of S-DCK-2 peaked at 2394 m2·g−1. Electrochemical testing demonstrated that S-DCK-2 exhibited a remarkable specific capacitance of 370 F·g−1 at 0.5 A·g−1, indicating its superior electrochemical performance. Subsequently, electrodes were assembled into S-DCK-2//S-DCK-2 symmetric supercapacitors in a two-electrode configuration. The results showed that the S-DCK-2//S-DCK-2 device achieved a specific capacitance of 113 F·g−1 in 6 mol·L−1 KOH at a current density of 0.5 A·g−1. The material exhibited an energy density of 15.83 Wh·kg−1 and a power density of 313 W·kg−1. The experiment confirmed that doping with sulfur and nitrogen enhanced the pseudocapacitance capacity, leading to improved electrochemical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrates fluorine‐free cross‐linked (meth)acrylate polymers as alternatives to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 (NMC111) cathodes. We determine the effects of thermal initiator content, polymer content, and curing environment for two polymer chemistries: a flexible acrylate polymer, and a stiff methacrylate polymer. Electrodes are manufactured and tested for final electrochemical performance and mechanical properties. The results show that the flexible acrylate polymer exhibits higher rate capability compared to the stiff methacrylate polymer because calendering fractures the brittle network of stiff polymer. Electrode adhesion to the current collector and cohesion between particles are found to be a strong function of thermal initiator ratio and oxygen inhibition. Furthermore, there exists an optimal binder concentration that maximizes rate capability performance. Under the right conditions, the two polymers exhibit comparable performance to PVDF electrodes. These results provide important implications for designing cross‐linked polymers as cathode binder alternatives to PVDF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cost-effective, active, and durable electrodes are required for the development of the efficient alkaline water electrolysis towards green hydrogen production. Here, we report successful fabrication of such electrodes by means of robust radio frequency magnetron sputtering that produces uniform, crystalline, and phase pure catalytic iridium thin films over nickel foam current collectors. The effect of working pressure of argon gas during sputtering on the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the as-fabricated electrodes has been investigated. Specifically, it has been established that the employment of working pressure of 3 Pa afforded the electrodes with the lowest mass loading of precious iridium metal (≈0.32%), but exhibiting the best alkaline water electrolysis performance. The electrodes demonstrated favourable overpotentials of 14 mV and 318 mV at current densities of ±10 mA/cm2 toward hydrogen (HER) and oxygen (OER) evolution reactions, respectively. Furthermore, as a cathode and an anode for overall water splitting (OWS) in alkaline electrolyte, the electrode exhibited the cell voltage of 1.57 V at 10 mA/cm2 and stably performed electrolysis at different applied current densities. The electrochemical performance of the electrodes has been corroborated by work function measurements using Kelvin probe force microscopy. • Phase pure Ir thin films on nickel foam were fabricated by RF magnetron sputtering. • The effect of the working gas pressure on HER and OER performance was observed. • Bifunctional NiF@Ir-3 electrode can stably sustain OWS at several current densities. • Work function measurements prove to be a useful tool to validate electrochemical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using symmetrical electrodes with the same material compositions can simplify the manufacturing process, reduce cost, and enhance the stability and reliability of solid oxide cells. Herein, we report for the first time the potential application of the La 0.3 Sr 0.7 Fe 0.7 Cr 0.3 O 3-δ (LSFC) perovskite as a symmetrical electrode for reversible protonic ceramic cells (RPCCs). The LSFC exhibits robust chemical stability in oxidizing and reducing environments and favorable chemical compatibility with BaZr 0.4 Ce 0.4 Y 0.15 Zn 0.05 O 3-δ electrolyte below 950 °C. Using LSFC as a symmetrical electrode, the electrolyte-supported RPCC delivers a maximum power density of 76 mW cm−2 in fuel cell (FC) mode at 700 °C, and a maximum current density of 30 mA cm−2 in electrolysis cell (EC) mode at 1.5 V; no significant degradation is shown under both FC and EC modes during 100 h continuous operation. The LSFC shows remarkably low polarization resistances (R p) of 0.06 and 0.07 Ω cm2 at 700 °C in dry and wet air, which allows it to be used directly as an air electrode; while it is 3.46 Ω cm2 at 700 °C in 5%H 2 /Ar, which needs to improve its catalytic activity to enhance the overall performance of symmetrical electrode. These results allow us to propose a feasible strategy for applying symmetrical electrodes in RPCCs. [Display omitted] • LSFC is proposed as a symmetrical electrode for reversible protonic ceramic cells. • LSFC has good chemical compatibility with BZCYZ electrolyte below 950 °C. • LSFC shows favorable stability in both oxidizing and reducing environments. • LSFC electrode exhibits remarkably low polarization resistance in dry and wet air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the demand for portable micro‐energy storage devices with high energy density and scalable printing with cost‐effective fabrication for microsupercapacitors (MSC) are essential. Furthermore, the urgent need for this high‐performance MSC to meet all industrial sector requirements are very challenging. Herein, the screen printable MSC with high energy density is demonstrated by using copper hexacyanocobaltate (CuHCCo) derived (Cu,Co)Se2 nanocubes as the positive electrode and Ti‐MXene (Ti3C2Tx) as the negative electrode. The prepared battery type (Cu,Co)Se2 nanocubes greatly enhance the high electrochemical activity and active surface area. As a result, it delivers a high specific capacity of 602 C g−1 at the current density of 1 A g−1. The fabricated screen printable asymmetric MSC has enhanced ion‐to‐electron transfer in printable microelectrodes with numerous electrochemical active sites and delivered the high areal capacitance of 58 mA cm−2 at the current density of 1 mA cm−2 with a wide potential window. The device gives a high energy density of 8.06 µWh cm−2 and a high power density of 5 mW cm−2. These results demonstrate the new strategies of fabricating electrode materials in screen printable asymmetric MSC and show promising in microscale energy storage devices in the miniaturized devices with sustainable self‐powered compatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BaFeO 3 -based perovskites have recently attracted considerable attention as a highly promising matrix for the development of robust and electrochemically active electrodes for solid oxide electrochemical cells based on both oxygen-ionic and proton-conducting electrolytes. The excellent redox activity and mixed ionic‒electronic conducting behavior of BaFeO 3 -based materials support their application not only as oxygen electrodes but also as fuel electrodes. In the present study, Pr 0.6 Ba 0.4 FeO 3–δ is employed as the initial composition, which is then subjected to various Ni-doping strategies until the formation of stoichiometric (Pr 0.6 Ba 0.4 Fe 0.9 Ni 0.1 O 3–δ) and non-stoichiometric (Pr 0.6 Ba 0.4 FeNi 0.1 O 3–δ) compounds. The crystal structure, phase relationships, conductivity, and electrochemical activity of these materials have been comprehensively studied in both oxidizing and reducing atmospheres in an effort to identify the best doped derivatives. The experimental results demonstrate that Ni doping represents a promising approach to increase the electrochemical activity of the origin electrode, as evidenced by the observed improvement in electrical conductivity in oxidizing atmospheres and the formation of electrocatalytically active exsolved particles in reducing atmospheres. At the same time, the stoichiometric composition results in superior electrode performance relative to the non-stoichiometric composition, indicating that conventional co-doping of ABO 3 perovskites may prove more advantageous than B-excess (or A-deficient) analogs. Therefore, this work elucidates the intricate composition–structure–property relationships of barium ferrite materials fort their further high-temperature electrochemical applications. [Display omitted] • Various Ni-doping methods of Pr 0.6 Ba 0.4 FeO 3–δ (PBF) was used. • Pr 0.6 Ba 0.4 Fe 0.9 Ni 0.1 O 3–δ and Pr 0.6 Ba 0.4 FeNi 0.1 O 3–δ were prepared and studied. • Their characterizations were provided in both oxidizing and reduced atmospheres. • Ni-doped materials exhibited improved electrical and electrochemical properties. • The best electrode performance was achieved for Pr 0.6 Ba 0.4 Fe 0.9 Ni 0.1 O 3–δ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl)‐coated electronic textiles (e‐textiles) provide breathable, flexible, and stable substitutes to traditional medical gel electrodes or flexible film‐based electrodes for electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring. In this electrode system, Ag transfers electrons to maintain strong electrical conductivity, while AgCl converts ions to electrons at the skin–electrode interface to ensure good electrochemical properties. Nevertheless, the fabrication techniques and electronical characteristics are the main focus, which ignores the impact of the amount of AgCl on the performances of textile electrodes. In this paper, three different weight percentages of Ag/AgCl textile electrodes were compared here; the weight percentage of Ag/AgCl is 8/2, 7/3, and 6/4, respectively. The surface and cross‐section morphology, elemental content, and electrical/electrochemical properties and the ability of ECG signal acquisition were comprehensively characterized. The results show that all the three textile electrodes fabricated by microelectronic printer exhibited uniform surfaces and outstanding electrical/electrochemical properties, and all of them were able to acquire ECG signals effectively. Furthermore, with the increase of AgCl content, the electrochemical performance of textile electrode is more excellent and the better the quality signal acquisition, especially under dynamic conditions with minimal motion artifacts. By analyzing the acquired signals and metrics such as signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and mean square deviation of R‐wave peaks, it can be concluded that when the proportion of AgCl for a textile electrodes is 40%, the level of ECG signal acquisition can be comparable to that of medical disposable gel electrodes. This research offers constructive guidance for material selection of wearable electrodes and electrophysiological sensing platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapacitors currently hold a prominent position in energy storage systems due to their exceptionally high power density, although they fall behind batteries and fuel cells in terms of energy density. This paper examines contemporary approaches aimed at enhancing the energy density of supercapacitors by adopting hybrid configurations, alongside considerations of their power density, rate capability, and cycle stability. Given that electrodes play a pivotal role in supercapacitor cells, this review focuses on the design of hybrid electrode structures with elevated specific capacitance, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms. Factors such as available surface area, porosity, and conductivity of the constituent materials significantly influence electrode performance, prompting the adoption of strategies such as nanostructuring. Additionally, the paper delves into the impact of novel bio-based hybrid electrolytes, drawing upon literature data to outline the fabrication of various hybrid electrode materials incorporating conducting polymers like polyaniline and polypyrrole, as well as metal oxides, carbon compounds, and hybrid electrolytes such as ionic liquids, gel polymers, aqueous, and solid polymer electrolytes. The discussion explores the contributions of different components and methodologies to overall capacitance, with a primary emphasis on the mechanisms of energy storage through non-faradic electrical double-layer capacitance and faradaic pseudo-capacitance. Furthermore, the paper addresses the electrochemical performance of hybrid components, examining their concentrations and functioning via diverse charge storage techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the efficacy of oxidised iron-loaded activated carbon cloth (Fe-ACC) for selective recovery of phosphorous. The capacitive deionisation (CDI) technology was employed, for rapid removal of phosphate, with the aim of reducing the reliance on high alkalinity environment for the regeneration of Fe-ACC electrode. Multiple experimental parameters, including applied potential, pH, and co-existing ions, were studied. Additionally, the CDI system was tested on a real water matrix (Lake Ormstrup, Denmark) to elucidate the electrodes' performance on selective recovery of phosphate. About 69 ± 10% of the adsorbed phosphate were released at pH 12 via pure chemical desorption, which was ~ 50% higher than that at pH 9. The CDI system successfully demonstrated the selective removal of phosphate from the lake water. It reduced the concentration of phosphate from 1.69 to 0.49 mg/L with a 71% removal efficiency, while the removal percentages of other anions, namely chloride, sulphate, bromide, nitrite, nitrate, and fluoride, were 10%, 7%, 1%, 1.5%, 4%, and 7%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile electrode is capable of measuring the myoelectric potentials of skeletal muscles such as electromyography (EMG), owing to their outstanding low weight, flexibility, breathability, and comfort properties. Nonetheless, textile surfaces often exhibit intermittent adhesion between the electrode surface and the skin, which can result in fluctuations in electrical resistivity due to the inherent characteristics of textiles. This study aimed to suggest the solutions to improve adhesive of textile electrode for the improvement of electrode performance with high quality signal by minimizing these intermittent contacts. For this, an adhesive intermediate, two different conductive materials, between the skin and the textile electrode was introduced to improve the instability skin contact, respectively. To assess the impact of various adhesive intermediates on knitted electrodes, two different types of adhesive intermediates were utilized: a conductive hydrogel-based adhesive intermediate and a conductive paste-based adhesive intermediate. Moreover, the durability of knitted electrodes with adhesive intermediate was evaluated by assessing the changes of signal quality during drying time for 180 min. As a results of sEMG measurement, it was confirmed that the sEMG signal was stably detecting by applying the adhesive intermediate. Both types of adhesive intermediate significantly increased the signal acquisition performance of knitted electrodes by more than threefold. After five washing cycle, the knitted electrodes with two types of adhesive intermediate maintained approximately 80% of their initial SNR values. Therefore, the use of the adhesive intermediate presented in this study not only improves the performance of the electrode but also ensures reusability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea waste contains various substances with phenolic hydroxyl groups, including lignin, tannins, tea polyphenols, etc., which are rarely utilized. In this study, tea waste was directly dispersed with graphene oxide to prepare tea waste/reduced graphene oxide (TW/rGO) hydrogel through a one-step hydrothermal method. The prepared hydrogel presented a continuous three-dimensional porous structure and exhibited good mechanical properties with a compressive strength of 53.4 ± 4.0 kPa. It also showed excellent electrochemical performance as an electrode material. Its specific capacitance reached 434.7 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, and its capacitance retention was 55.8% when the current density was increased to 100 A g−1. In addition, an TW/rGO assembled all-solid-state supercapacitor demonstrated a superior specific capacitance of 372.8 F g−1 and a competitive energy density of 12.9 Wh kg−1 at 1 A g−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive investigation into the design and electrochemical optimization of composite electrodes consisting of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/graphene oxide (GO)/Methanococcus deltae and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/Methanococcus deltae hybrids, anchored onto stainless-steel (SS) substrates, has been conducted. The GO and rGO materials were synthesized using a modified Hummer method. The resulting SS/PEDOT/GO and SS/PEDOT/rGO composite electrodes were subjected to systematic electrochemical characterization, focusing on the PEDOT p-type and n-type doping/undoping processes within diverse solvent environments (CH3CN and H2O) and electrolyte compositions (LiClO4 and KCl). Raman spectroscopy analysis confirmed the successful integration of graphene derivatives into the electrode structures, while field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed increased surface roughness upon GO and rGO incorporation. This increase in surface roughness is believed to enhance the adhesion of Methanococcus deltae microorganisms and facilitate efficient electron transport. Electrochemical measurements showed that the resulting SS/PEDOT/GO and SS/PEDOT/rGO anodes exhibit remarkable electrocatalytic activity. The SS/PEDOT/GO electrode achieved a maximum power density of 1014.420 mW/cm2, while the SS/PEDOT/rGO electrode reached 632.019 mW/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring electrical activity across multiple planes in 3D cell cultures and organoids is imperative to comprehensively understand their functional connections and behavior. However, traditional planar microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are intended for surface recordings and are inadequate in addressing this aspect. The limitations, such as longer production times and limited adaptability imposed by standard clean‐room techniques, constrain the design possibilities for 3D electrode arrays and potentially hinder effective cell‐electrode coupling. To tackle this challenge, a novel approach is presented that leverages rapid prototyping processes and additive manufacturing in combination with wet etching and electrodeposition to enhance electrode fabrication and performance. The laser‐patterned MEAs on glass, polyimide (PI) foil, or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foil substrates incorporate high‐aspect ratio (up to 44:1) ink‐jet printed 3D electrode structures with heights up to 1 mm at a pitch of 200 µm, enabling precise recording within cell tissues. The specific shapes of the electrode tips and customizable 3D structures provide great flexibility in electrode placement. The versatility of the 3D MEAs is demonstrated by recording the electrophysiological activity of cortical organoids in situ, paving the way for investigating neural activity under regular or various pathologically altered conditions in vitro in a high throughput manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) like the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐8) have a high surface area, tunable porosity, and robust thermal and chemical stability, making them attractive candidates for various applications. Here, a strategy is shown that spans that functionality and provides strong photoluminescence (PL) emission, unlocking ZIF‐8‐based materials for chemical and temperature sensors based on PL. The approach is based on laser processing that dramatically boosts the PL response of laser‐irradiated ZIF‐8 (LI ZIF‐8), achieving a 70‐fold increase in intensity relative to the pristine material. The PL characteristics of the irradiated material can be easily tuned by varying the laser power and irradiation time with in situ and real‐time spectroscopic analysis providing insights into the process dynamics. It is found that the observed PL enhancement is primarily due to the laser‐induced transformation of ZIF‐8 into nitrogen‐doped nanocarbons and ZnO nanostructures. The versatility of this laser processing approach is leveraged to create flexible electronics by integrating the LI ZIF‐8/nanocarbon architectures into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The multifunctional composite material shows excellent performance as flexible electrodes for human‐body monitoring applications, as well as both temperature and flexure sensors with remarkable mechanical resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid oxide cells (SOCs) hold considerable promise as devices for efficient, reversible conversion between chemical and electrical energy, facilitating a global shift toward renewable energy. Electrode performance is critical for SOC efficiency and durability and composite materials are key to developing high‐performance electrode catalysts. However, conventional mechanical mixing and infiltration methods often lead to large particle sizes, uneven distribution, and weak interfacial interactions, thus limiting electrochemical activity and longevity. Recent advancements have produced powerful new strategies for creating composite materials. These include metal exsolution and oxide segregation for fuel electrodes and one‐pot synthesis, segregation, phase reaction, and dynamic cation exchange for air electrodes. These techniques yield highly active, uniform nano‐catalysts and robust multi–phase interfacial contacts, significantly improving electrochemical activity and durability. This work reviews these advanced strategies and their applications in SOCs. It provides valuable insights for designing and optimizing SOC catalyst materials, accelerating the development of this vital energy conversion technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key challenge for solid‐state batteries is the fabrication of high‐capacity cathodes with high area loading and good rate performance. To reliably quantify the performance of high‐capacity cathodes, electrochemically stable, and high‐rate counter electrodes are essential. Otherwise, a three‐electrode setup is required. In–Li alloy electrodes are used for years in a kind of standard approach, since these seem to offer stable operation. In this comparative study, seven preparation methods for In–Li electrodes are examined, determining their suitability for cathode testing. The microstructure of a planar (i.e., foil) and a particle‐based (i.e., composite) anode configuration is analyzed in more detail. Their rate‐dependent electrode performance as well as electrochemical and chemomechanical reversibility in full‐cell configuration are analyzed. The combined results demonstrate the limitations of In–Li electrodes for high‐capacity testing, especially at high rates, while confirming their suitability for simple lab‐scale testing. Preparation significantly influences the electrode microstructure and kinetics, consequently impacting the performance benchmarks of cathodes. These findings underscore both the challenges involved in applying In–Li counter electrodes and the resulting limited comparability of results from different laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI) emerges as a burgeoning electrochemical desalination technology due to the utilization of profitable pseudocapacitive reactions. Although tunable organic compounds are potential faradaic electrode materials, their insufficient active sites and high water‐solubility restrict practical HCDI applications. Herein, a pseudocapacitive organic polymer (PNDS) is proposed with diverse redox‐active sites for electrochemical deionization. The pronounced molecular aromaticity and strong π‐electron delocalization not only endow PNDS polymer with framework rigidity, but refine its electronic structure to bolster redox activity and electron affinity. As an electrode material, the PNDS polymer demonstrates a substantial pseudocapacitive capacitance of 390 F g−1 and sustains long‐term stability at 96.3% after 5000 cycles, surpassing reported Na+‐capturing organic electrodes. In‐operando monitoring techniques and theoretical calculations reveal efficient Na+ capture at the C═N and C═O redox‐active sites within the PNDS electrode during repeated electrosorption processes. As a conceptual demonstration, a high‐performance HCDI device equipped with the PNDS electrode exhibits an impressive salt removal capacity (66.4 mg g−1), a rapid removal rate (2.2 mg g−1 min−1) and stable regeneration property. More importantly, an integrated desalination system is engineered to rapidly and repeatedly treat saltwater resources for human consumption and agricultural irrigation, highlighting its promising prospects for high‐efficiency desalination applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PVA/PSS composite gel membrane electrode for membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) was fabricated and characterised in the present study. The composite electrode with ion exchange surface is prepared by coating glutaraldehyde cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite hydrogel, with Poly (Sodium 4-Styrenesulfonate) (PSS) added into the network, on the surface of activated carbon (AC) electrode. The feasibility of the gel membrane is analyzed by rheological, swelling rates and ion exchange capacity tests. Then electrochemical test and desalination test are used to study the performance of the MCDI electrode. The results show that coating of composite hydrogel layer improved the hydrophilicity, specific capacitance and lower interfacial electron transfer resistance of the electrode. Finally, we assemble the asymmetrical CDI cell with PVA/PSS composite gel electrode and AC electrode. Compared with the AC electrode, the salt adsorption capacity of PVA6-PSS15 can reach 18.9 mg g−1 and stable charge efficiency at 73.0% at operating voltage of 1.2 V. The decrease in specific capacitance of PVA6-PSS15 after 50 cycles is 1.33%, indicating that the electrode has a good cycling life. The gel membrane coated electrode prepared by PSS provides a new idea for the development of MCDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have elaborated polyaniline films on ITO substrate (indium tin oxide), by electrochemical process in different electrolytes (HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, and H3BO3), which allowed us to study the effect of the counter ion on electrochemical energy storage performances of polyaniline as electrode material in supercapacitors. The study of the different obtained films performances was carried out by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge method and is interpreted by the SEM technique. We found that there is a clear dependence on the specific capacitance of the counter ion. Justified by its porous structure, the PANI/ITO electrode doped with SO42− has the highest specific capacitance, 57.3 mF/cm2 at a current density of 0.2 mA/cm2 and 64.8 mF/cm2 at 5 mV/s. The deep analysis by Dunn's method allowed us to conclude that the faradic process dominates the energy storage in the case of PANI/ITO electrode elaborated in boric acid (99%). On the contrary, the capacitive character is the most contributory in the case of electrodes elaborated in H2SO4, HCl, and HNO3. The study at different potentials (0.80, 0.85, 0.90, 0.95, and 1.0 V/SCE) from 0.2 M monomer aniline showed that the deposition at 0.95 V/SCE leads to higher specific capacitance (24.3 mF/cm2 at scan rate 5 mV/s and 23.6 mF/cm2 at 0.2 mA/cm2) with a coulombic efficiency of 94%. By varying the concentration of the monomer while keeping a potential fixed at 0.95 V/SCE, we also found that the specific capacitance increases with monomeric concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing potential architectures by the modification of conventional electrode materials is an effective approach in the development of high performance supercapacitor electrodes. The present study investigated the effect of varying anodization voltages (50, 75, and 100 V) on the morphology and electrochemical properties of titanium nanotubes (TNT). Molybdenum was doped onto TNT using a simple hydrothermal procedure, followed by thermal treatment at 450 °C. The study effectively demonstrated control over the dimensions of the nanotube structure by adjusting the anodization voltage. Additionally, it was found that the tube diameters were increased due to etching during the hydrothermal treatment with the Mo precursor, which potentially enhanced the supercapacitive performance of Mo‐doped TNT. Further, structural analysis revealed that Mo doping improved both crystallinity and electrode stability. With an optimal anodization voltage of 100 V, TNT and Molybdenum‐doped TNT could exhibit capacitance value of 13.34 and 326.54 mF cm−2 respectively, at a current density of 1 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the electrode demonstrated good cyclic stability with 88% capacitance retention and 97% coulombic efficiency after 5000 cycles. An impressive energy density of 87.03 µWh cm−2 and a power density of 799.99 µW cm−2 could be achieved with this sample in an asymmetrical device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of low energy density of previous cement-based supercapacitors, the capacitor performance was optimized in four aspects: positive electrode performance, positive and negative capacity matching, and electrolyte performance. The effects of electrodeposition solution ratio and scan rate on the electrochemical properties of nickel–cobalt double hydroxide were investigated. The microscopic morphology and elements of nickel–cobalt double hydroxide were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optimized nickel–cobalt double hydroxide electrode demonstrates an excellent areal capacitance of 10.53 F cm−2 and excellent cycling stability (106% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles) at a current density of 1 mA cm−2. In this paper, an electrode made of activated carbon was used as the negative electrode and the loading of activated carbon was strictly controlled to better match the high specific capacitance of the nickel–cobalt double hydroxide electrode. An optimally proportioned cementitious-polymer electrolyte was selected as the electrolyte for the supercapacitor. The three-step optimized supercapacitor exhibits a high areal capacitance of 1.442 F cm−2, good cycle retention (69.4%), and a remarkable energy density of 0.444 mW h cm−2 (0.75 mW cm−2). This paper is expected to provide a new way to mitigate the issue of "curtailed light" and to construct large-scale buildings integrating light, electricity, and energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid‐state lithium batteries (SSLBs) offer inherent safety and high energy density for next‐generation energy storage, but the large interfacial resistance and poor physical connection between electrode materials and the solid electrolyte (SE) severely impede their practical applications. This work reports a general strategy to introduce covalent bonds between electrode materials and SE, not only reducing interfacial resistance but also enhancing electrochemical stability and mechanical robustness of SSLBs. The covalent bonding is accomplished by functionalizing electrode surfaces with C═C groups, enabling in situ copolymerization with telechelic polymers in the SE. This approach is applicable to various cathode/anode materials and SEs. Particularly, the SSLBs comprising LiFePO4 cathode, Li6.75La3Zr1.75Ta0.25O12/(polyethylene oxide (PEO)/lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI)/silk composite SE and metallic lithium anode exhibit a specific capacity of 158.4 mAh g−1 and can be cycled at 2 C for 2200 times with >80% retention. Additionally, the SSLBs containing the high nickel‐content LiNi0.96Co0.03Mn0.01O2 cathode can afford a high specific capacity of 201.8 mAh g−1. Comprehensive experimental examination and theoretical simulations confirm that the lowered interfacial resistance and intimately contacted electrode materials/electrolyte interfaces facilitate Li+ transport at different stages of charge. Furthermore, the covalently bonded electrode/electrolyte interfaces also endow SSLBs with outstanding mechanical stability, enabling flexible SSLB pouch cells to operate under various bending states without performance decay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of electrochemical sensors is crucial considering important factors such as efficiency, low cost, biocompatibility, and availability. Manganese oxides are readily available, low-cost, and biocompatible materials, but their low conductivity limits their efficiency as sensors. Today, morphology engineering of manganese oxide has been one of the most common research topics, because manganese oxides' electrochemical properties are highly dependent on their morphologies. In this study, a method for reducing the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of MnO2-based electrodes was established by the cyclic voltammetry technique accompanied by step-by-step heat treatment to electrodeposition MnO2 nanofilm, which remarkably improved the Rct. Next, the sensing performance of MnO2/FTO for two separate measurements was examined, one for the simultaneous measurement of paracetamol (PAR) and 4-aminophenol (4-APh), and the other for the measurement of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). Under the optimum conditions, the linear ranges of 4-APh, PAR, and 4-NP, were 0.8 to 22.0 µM, 2.0 to 55.0 µM, and 0.1–250 µM, with limits of detection (LOD) of 0.19 µM, 0.60 µM, and 0.01 µM, respectively. It also was unaffected by a 200-fold excess of interferences. In addition, the designed sensor was successfully applied to the analysis of real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical energy storage devices with high specific capacity are of utmost important for the next-generation electronic devices. Supercapatteries (SCs) are highly demanded energy storage devices nowadays as these bridge the low energy supercapacitors and low power batteries. Herein, we report a rapid synthesis of cobalt manganese phosphate (COMAP) by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method and facile fabrication of SCs using electrodes comprising of COMAP as positrode material. The effect of precursor concentration on the microstructure and surface morphology of the COMAP samples are examined initially. Further, the electrochemical performance of COMAP electrodes is studied systematically in 3 M KOH (aqueous) electrolyte. COMAP exhibits excellent charge storage capabilities where type of charge storage mechanism is found to be battery-type based on the calculation obtained from Dunn's method. The SC electrode fabricated with COMAP synthesized using cobalt: manganese precursor ratio as 80:20 exhibits a highest specific capacity of 191.4 C/g at a scan rate of 1 mV/s. An asymmetric SC (ASC) cell fabricated with COMAP as positrode and activated carbon (AC) as negatrode exhibits a specific capacity of 165.5 C/g at a current density of 1.8 A/g. The COMAP//AC ASC cell exhibits an energy density of 34.1 Wh/kg at a corresponding power density of 1875 W/kg at a current density of 1.8 A/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is a renewable and environmentally friendly energy carrier and is considered a viable alternative to fossil fuels. Consequently, developing electrodes with excellent hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis is a top priority in research. However, the use of flat electrodes as cathode substrates by most researchers limits the electrocatalytic active area of the prepared electrode. To address this issue, it is essential to prepare a micro-nano structure on a cathode substrate before electrodeposition. This study introduced a novel Ni nanocone/Grid electrode, obtained through a combined laser-electrodeposition process to investigate its electrocatalytic activity and stability for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Various techniques, including linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and chronopotentiometry (CP) in 1 M KOH solution, were employed to assess the HER electrocatalytic performance of the Ni nanocone/Grid electrodes. The experimental results demonstrated that the electrodes could achieve current densities of -10, -20, and -100 mA/cm2 with corresponding overpotentials of -281, -308, and -390 mV, respectively. Additionally, the Tafel slope of these electrodes was found to be only -82.05 mV/dec. The enhanced catalytic performance of the electrode was attributed to the synergistic effect of the grid-like and nanocone structures, which significantly increased the electrocatalytically active area and improved surface hydrophilicity, thereby boosting electrocatalytic performance. The simplicity of the preparation method and the exceptional performance of the electrode provide a promising new avenue for future research on HER electrocatalysts. • A new laser-electrodeposition combined process was proposed to prepare the catalytic electrode for hydrogen evolution. • Ni nanocone/Grid showed low overpotential and Tafel slope for hydrogen evolution. • The combination of grid structure and nanocone can significantly increase the ECSA of the electrode. • The electrode shows excellent hydrophilicity and extraordinary durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal organic frameworks (MOF's) have gained considerable attention in the field of energy storage and supercapacitors applications. Herein, we synthesized copper oxide (CuO) through the precipitation method and concurrently derived from the solvothermal prepared copper-benzene dicarboxylate (Cu-BDC) by calcination. The integration of MOF-derived nanostructures with traditional CuO to form a hybrid electrode material, has not been extensively explored. The synthesized materials were characterized using x-ray Diffractometry, FTIR, XPS, Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller and morphological analysis was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) affirming the composite's nature. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and cyclic voltammetry were used to evaluate the electrochemical properties of electrode material. With a specific capacitance of 691 Fg−1 for CuO obtained from Cu-BDC (benzene dicarboxylic acid) and 236 Fg−1 for CuO via the precipitation method, measured at a scan rate of 5 m Vs−1 in 6 M KOH was found to be the optimal performance solution for the electrode material. The mesoporous structures are crucial for their absorption ability and improved ion transport, resulting in optimized electrochemical performance. Finally, we demonstrate significant improvements in specific capacitance and cycling stability compared to pure CuO-based electrodes, highlighting the potential of this composite structure for advanced supercapacitor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrodes, which offer sites for mass transfer and redox reactions, play a crucial role in determining the energy efficiencies and power densities of redox flow batteries. This review focuses on various approaches to enhancing electrode performance, particularly the methods of surface etching and catalyst deposition, as well as some other advanced strategies for regulating electrode surface properties. These approaches aim to increase active sites and enhance kinetics for the redox reactions, which are crucial for elevating power density and electrolyte utilization, eventually determining the performance of the flow battery. Highlighting the need for interdisciplinary research, this mini‐review suggests that future advancements in electrode design will significantly impact the commercial viability and adoption of redox flow batteries in sustainable energy storage solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial applications of microbial electrochemical systems will require regular maintenance shutdowns, involving inspections and component replacements to extend the lifespan of the system. Here, we examined the impact of such shutdowns on the performance of three electrode materials (i. e., platinized titanium, graphite, and nickel) as cathodes in a microbial electrochemical system that would be used for electromethanogenesis in power‐to‐gas applications. We focused on methane (CH4) production from hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) using Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus. We showed that the platinized titanium cathode resulted in high volumetric CH4 production rates and Coulombic efficiencies. Using a graphite cathode would be more cost‐effective than using the platinized titanium cathode in microbial electrochemical systems, but showed an inferior performance. The microbial electrochemical system with the nickel cathode showed improvements compared to the graphite cathode. Additionally, this system with a nickel cathode demonstrated the fastest recovery during a shutdown experiment compared to the other two cathodes. Fluctuations in pH and nickel concentrations in the catholyte during power interruptions affected CH4 production recovery in the system with the nickel cathode. This research enhances understanding of the integration of biological and electrochemical processes in microbial electrochemical systems, providing insights into electrode selection and operating strategies for effective and sustainable CH4 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: This study aims to develop a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the detection of human serum albumin (HSA). The objectives include utilizing green synthesis methods for nanoparticle production and evaluating the electrochemical performance of the modified electrodes. Methods: AgNPs and AuNPs were synthesized using Phulae pineapple peel extract (PPA) as a reducing agent. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrochemical performance of AgNP/SPCE and AuNP/SPCE was assessed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies, and the electrodes were functionalized with anti-HSA antibodies for HSA detection. Results: Characterization revealed spherical nanoparticles ranging from 10 to 30 nm. Both AgNP/SPCE and AuNP/SPCE demonstrated improved electrochemical performance compared to bare SPCEs. The modified sensors could detect serum albumin concentrations from 10 to 400 μg/mL, with high correlation values of 0.97 and 0.99 for AgNPs and AuNPs, respectively. Conclusions: This research demonstrates the potential of using agricultural waste for green synthesis of nanoparticles and highlights the application of AgNPs and AuNPs in developing sensitive biosensing platforms for the detection of human serum albumin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of polymer additive manufacturing to produce electrodes is an increasingly popular area of electrochemical research. However, one downside of additively manufactured electrodes is the frequent need to remove polymer from the electrode surface to reveal a triple‐phase boundary in order for improved electrode performance to be realized. A common way to achieve this, is surface activation via chronoamperometry within an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. However, it has not been investigated whether the same activation can be carried out effectively in solutions of sodium hydroxide in simple alcohols. Therefore, in this work, we study the effect of performing common chronoamperometric additive manufacturing electrode activation methodologies in methanolic and ethanolic solutions of 0.05 M sodium hydroxide and compare these to activation carried out in standard aqueous solutions at concentrations of both 0.05 M and 0.5 M. We show that the alcoholic solutions are more effective in removing polymer from the additive manufacturing electrode surface, but that this does not lead to any improvement in electrode currents, and furthermore appears to hinder electron transfer kinetics at the additive manufacturing electrode surface, with the latter effect shown to be related to differences in the surface functionality of the exposed carbon black filler particles. As well as being interesting chemical experiments in their own right, these results may well be of interest to electrochemists who intend for their additive manufactured electrodes to be applied in these alcohols or indeed other non‐aqueous solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the study of the homogeneous resistivity and two‐layer soil influences on the performance of the electrodes of grounding systems subjected to lightning strikes is carried out considering soil ionization. The study is done on the behaviour of the ground electrodes while the resistivity of the soil is altered from small to high value in the case of homogeneous soil, while the study is obtained on two‐layer soils in the case of diverse values of the reflection factor. In the suggested algorithm for two‐layer soils, each layer has its resistivity and dielectric constant, where the dielectric constant and soil resistivity depend on the lightning frequency. The field resulting from lightning strikes, which causes soil ionization, has been studied, and the results have been used to understand the behaviour of ground rods under the influence of lightning strikes. The credibility of the results has been strengthened by comparing it with what others have obtained recently. The article's novelty can be summarized in the investigation of the performance of the electrodes of grounding grids that are installed in high soil resistivity of uniform and two‐layer soils containing the impacts of soil ionization, lightning frequency, soil resistivity, and permittivity variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, we synthesized copper oxide nanostructures (CuO NSs) via a facile hydrothermal procedure. We characterized them with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). SEM study revealed that CuO NSs inherited nanoneedles-based flowering geometry with a porous nature, while XRD proved the crystalline nature of these NSs. When deposited on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE), these nanostructures are displayed as a sensitive sulfite detection tool in the sample matrix. The results showed that sodium hydroxide, with pH 10.0, was the best-supporting electrolyte among all electrolytes studied. The as-prepared sulfite sensor performed well in a linear working range of 10–100 µM sulfite with the low detection limit (LOD) of the amperometry technique used to evaluate the analytical performance of the electrode, such as a limit of 1.12 µM. The developed sensor was highly stable and reproducible, showing a relative standard deviation of 2.17% for 10 cycles. The sensor also exhibited more selectivity for sulfite in the presence of probable interfering species, including cyanide, sulfate, chloride, and nitrate. The findings further proved the CuO/GCE-Nafion-based sensor as a sensitive diagnostic tool for quantifying or monitoring health-hazardous sulfite in the environmental sample matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern sensing technologies are highly required for health monitoring. In this respect, the development of small‐size, high‐performance, and self‐powered biosensors for detecting and quantifying disease markers in biofluids can bring crucial changes and improvements to the concept of health monitoring systems. Clinical trials identify a wide range of biomarkers in biofluids that provide significant health information. Research into novel functional materials with outstanding properties opens up new perspectives for fabricating new‐generation biosensors. Furthermore, energy conversion and storage units are investigated to integrate them into biosensors and develop self‐powered systems. Electrochemical methods are very attractive for applications in biosensor technology, both in terms of biomarker detection and energy generation. Here the recent achievements in research into self‐powered electrochemical biosensors to detect sweat and saliva biomarkers are presented. Potential biomarkers for efficient analysis of these fluids are discussed in light of their importance in identifying various diseases. The influence of electrode materials on the performance of sensors is discussed. Progress in developing operating strategies for self‐powered electrochemical monitoring systems is also discussed. A summary and outlook are presented, mentioning major achievements and current issues to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical performance of gold electrode in sulfuric acid was studied with addition of different concentrations of dissolved fullerenol-d with C60(OH)24 chemical formula. Based on the cyclic voltammetry data, the conclusion of surface complexation of Au(III) with fullerenol was made. The scheme was suggested to describe the electrode process, based on catalysis of anodic Au dissolution by fullerenol molecules. The technique was suggested to detect fullerenol-d (C60(OH)24) in concentration range from 2.6·10–9 M to 2.0·10–7 M by means of cyclic voltammetry of gold in aqueous sulfuric acid solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of high capacity and long cycle life electrode materials is essential to improving energy storage capacity in electrochemical rechargeable devices. In order to be commercially viable, the synthesis of these materials must be straightforward, cost-effective, and ideally a single-step process. We present a binder-free synthesis method for nickel phosphate hydrate (NiPH) and nickel molybdenum phosphate hydrate (NiMoPH) on nickel foam via a simple hydrothermal process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the formation of NiPH and NiMoPH phases, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) verified the presence of nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), phosphorus (P), and oxygen (O) in the composite. Scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed the formation of micro-flowers with plate-like structures in NiPH, which transformed into hexagonal rod-like structures upon the introduction of molybdenum in NiPH. This morphological and phase modification increased the charge storage capacity from 1441 mF/cm2 (NiPH) to 2945 mF/cm2 (NiMoPH) at 20 mA/cm2. The NiMoPH electrode demonstrated excellent capacitance retention of 91.8 % over 10,000 cycles. Additionally, asymmetric supercapacitor (ASS) devices were fabricated using NiPH and NiMoPH as positive electrodes and activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode. The NiPH//AC and NiMoPH//AC configurations exhibited energy densities of 0.086 and 0.201 mWh/cm2, respectively, with the NiMoPH//AC device maintaining about 90 % capacitance retention over 15,000 cycles. This study demonstrates the potential of incorporating conductive transition metals to enhance electrode material performance in energy storage applications. Hydrothermally synthesized nickel phosphate hydrate (NiPH) and nickel molybdenum phosphate hydrate (NiMoPH) electrode materials for energy storage devices have been reported. The transformation of NiPH microplates into hexagonal rods upon the addition of molybdenum was observed. This structural modification and improved conductivity, induced by the inclusion of molybdenum, enhances the electrochemical energy storage performance of the electrodes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive study and performance analysis of all-oxide thin-film Au/Pt/Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 TiO 3 /SrMoO 3 varactors with 100 nm Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 TiO 3 (BST) tunable dielectric layers doped with 1%, 3% and 5% of Mn and Ni grown epitaxially on a 600 nm SrMoO 3 bottom electrode. Performance parameters such as tunability, quality factor, figure-of-merit, leakage current and acoustic resonances of the varactors are investigated. The investigation covers frequencies up to 6 GHz and a broad temperature range from − 40 ∘ to 80 ∘ , using biasing field strengths of up to ± 100 V/μm, in order to evaluate the feasibility and the performances of BST-doped all-oxide varactors for sub-6 GHz applications. Results confirm the anticipated advantages of Mn and Ni doping: a substantial reduction in leakage current along with an increase in quality factor, however, at the cost of reduced tunability. The observed acoustic resonances are shifted towards higher frequencies as compared to those for varactors with undoped BST, which implies in a larger frequency operating range for doped all-oxide varactors. In addition, the amplitudes of the acoustic resonances decline with doping. Moreover, they can be effectively suppressed for thinner BST layers, which has been proved exemplarily for a varactor with a 25 nm Mn-doped BST layer and a tunability of 55 %, requiring an ultimately low tuning voltage of only 2.9 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demands for precision and efficiency in machining processes, driven by advancements in aerospace, biomedical, and automotive industries, have led to a growing need for highly accurate machined parts. Stainless steel 316, a commonly used material in these sectors, presents specific challenges due to its intended applications, particularly in biomedical and aerospace fields. Electric discharge machining (EDM) is a favored method for working with this alloy. However, EDM has inherent challenges, such as dimensional overcuts, which have limited its applicability. To address these issues, the potential of three different electrode materials, namely, copper (Cu), brass, and aluminum (Al), has been extensively explored. Additionally, the choice of the optimal dielectric is crucial as it directly affects the heat input to the electrode, influencing the melting and vaporization of the tool wear. In this context, the inclusion of graphene as an additive has been explored to minimize radial overcuts. It is worth noting that these concerns have not been comprehensively addressed before. The experimental design by Taguchi has been employed for the research, and the results indicate that the performance of the Cu electrode surpasses that of other dielectrics. The artificial intelligence-based artificial neural network (ANN) was constructed to predict the values of OC. It was found that in the given dataset, the R2 has a value greater than 0.99 for all possible training and validation. Based on the ANN, a multi-objective optimization through genetic algorithm (MOGA) was performed. It was found that the dimensional accuracy achieved by Cu electrode was 70.51% better than the highest OC value given by same electrode. Moreover, the OC suggested by the MOGA for brass and Al electrodes was 40.21% and 34.37% better compared to the highest values of radial overcut obtained during the actual experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermally chargeable supercapacitors (TCSCs) have offered exceptional energy‐converting efficiency for absorbing human epidermal heat and generating and storing electrical energy, which then realize continuous power supply to electronic devices, such as sensors and wearable electronic products, in a wide range of practical significance. Here, we proposed a flexible TCSC by attaching binder‐free Ti3C2Tx MXene@PPy electrodes on both ends of the H3PO4@P(AM‐co‐AA‐co‐AYP K+) hydrogel electrolyte, which exhibits a large thermal power of 35.2 mV K−1 at 50% relative humidity and maximum figure of merit of 2.1. The high performances of the fabricated devices can be attributed to the tunable electrical, thermodynamic, thermoelectric, and mechanical properties of the hydrogel electrolyte by adjusting the acid content and the proportion of zwitterionic compound AYP K+ in the hydrogel, and the high photothermal conversion efficiency and electrochemical performance of the electrodes. Moreover, the stable and outstanding thermofvoltage output (∼200 mV) under different time scenarios of the TCSC makes it possible to drive a strain sensor, accomplishing the objectives of a human activity monitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrolyte‐wettability at electrode material/electrolyte interface is a critical factor that governs the fundamental mechanisms of electrochemical reaction efficiency and kinetics of electrode materials in practical electrochemical energy storage. Therefore, the design and construction of electrode material surfaces with improved electrolyte‐wettability has been demonstrated to be important to optimize electrochemical energy storage performance of electrode material. Here, we comprehensively summarize advanced strategies and key progresses in surface chemical modification for enhancing electrolyte‐wettability of electrode materials, including polar atom doping by post treatment, introducing functional groups, grafting molecular brushes, and surface coating by in situ reaction. Specifically, the basic principles, characteristics, and challenges of these surface chemical strategies for improving electrolyte‐wettability of electrode materials are discussed in detail. Finally, the potential research directions regarding the surface chemical strategies and advanced characterization techniques for electrolyte‐wettability in the future are provided. This review not only insights into the surface chemical strategies for improving electrolyte‐wettability of electrode materials, but also provides strategic guidance for the electrolyte‐wettability modification and optimization of electrode materials in pursuing high‐performance electrochemical energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium‐sulfur batteries are emerging as sustainable replacements for current lithium‐ion batteries. The commercial viability of this novel type of battery is still under debate due to the extensive use of highly reactive lithium‐metal anodes and the complex electrochemistry of the sulfur cathode. In this research, a novel sulfur‐based battery has been proposed that eliminates the need for metallic lithium anodes and other critical raw materials like cobalt and graphite, replacing them with biomass‐derived materials. This approach presents numerous benefits, encompassing ample availability, cost‐effectiveness, safety, and environmental friendliness. In particular, two types of biochar‐based anode electrodes (non‐activated and activated biochar) derived from spent common ivy have been investigated as alternatives to metallic lithium. We compared their structural and electrochemical properties, both of which exhibited good compatibility with the typical electrolytes used in sulfur batteries. Surprisingly, while steam activation results in an increased specific surface area, the non‐activated ivy biochar demonstrates better performance than the activated biochar, achieving a stable capacity of 400 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and a long lifespan (>400 cycles at 0.5 A g−1). Our results demonstrate that the presence of heteroatoms, such as oxygen and nitrogen positively affects the capacity and cycling performance of the electrodes. This led to increased d‐spacing in the graphitic layer, a strong interaction with the solid electrolyte interphase layer, and improved ion transportation. Finally, the non‐activated biochar was successfully coupled with a sulfur cathode to fabricate lithium‐metal‐free sulfur batteries, delivering a specific energy density of ~600 Wh kg−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu-based chalcogenide materials exhibit significant promise for the development of Zn-metal-free anode materials for aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs). Here, we present the establishment of an efficient and universal strategy that capitalizes on the pyrolysis of copper nanoclusters to fabricate conversion-type Cu7S4 anodes engineered for AZIBs, showcasing outstanding electrochemical performance. Furthermore, by exploiting ligand engineering, we enable the precise control of both the type of molecular fragments generated during nanocluster pyrolysis, thus enabling the manipulation of vacancy concentrations and ion/electron migration in the resultant pyrolysis products. In contrast to the direct pyrolysis of metal salts and ligands, the products derived from copper nanoclusters exhibit enhanced specific capacity, rate performance, and overall stability. This research offers valuable insights for the development of novel electrode materials through the pyrolysis of atomically precise nanoclusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]