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An economical and practical azol-halogenation protocol of alkenes, which provides a general approach to construct a series of structurally diverse β-halogenated amine derivatives, is reported. The wide substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, ease of large-scale preparation and potential for product derivatization make this reaction attractive. Mechanistic studies suggest that the azol-halogenation process might involve a radical halogenation followed by nucleophilic azolyation.

Glioma is the most common type of primary tumor of the central nervous system. The present study aimed to demonstrate the role of miR-101 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the initiation and development of glioma. The expression of miR-101 and COX-2 in normal and malignant human glial cells and tissues was determined by western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The role of miR-101 on COX-2 expression was evaluated by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. The effects of miR-101 and COX-2 in glioma cell proliferation and invasion was verified by CCK-8 test and Transwell assays, respectively. The present study demonstrated that miR-101 expression was downregulated while COX-2 was upregulated in glioma tissues and cells. Furthermore, transfection of miR-101 significantly downregulated COX-2 expression in both U373 and U87 glioma cells. In addition, further experiments revealed that overexpression of miR-101 resulted in significant inhibition of the in vitro proliferation and migration of glioma cells, and the in vivo growth of established tumors. Direct downregulation of COX-2 by transfection with corresponding small interfering RNA also inhibited the proliferation and invasion of glioma cells. These results indicate that downregulation of miR-101 is involved in the initiation and development of glioma via COX-2 upregulation.

It has been reported previously that the expression of glucose transporter member 3 (GLUT3) is increased in malignant glioma cells compared with normal glial cells. However, the regulating mechanism that causes this phenomenon remains unknown. The present study investigated the regulating role of transcription factor specific protein 1 (Sp1) in GLUT3 expression in a human glioma cell line. In the present study, Sp1 was identified to directly bind to the GLUT3 5'-untranslated region in human glioma U251 cells. Small interfering RNA- and the Sp1-inhibitor mithramycin A-mediated Sp1 knockdown experiments revealed that Sp1 depletion decreased glucose uptake and inhibited cell growth and invasion of U251 cells by downregulating GLUT3 expression. Therefore Sp1 is an important positive regulator for the expression of GLUT3 in human glioma cells, and may explain the overexpression of GLUT3 in U251 cells. These results suggest that Sp1 may have a role in glioma treatment.

To construct an effective lentiviral vector for RNA interference (RNAi) with human glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3)gene. Four pairs of shRNA sequences against different parts of GLUT3-mRNA were separately cloned into the RNAi plasmid vector pLV-shRNA by recombinant DNA technology to construct shRNA expression vectors pLV-shRNA-GLUT3-1, pLV-shRNA-GLUT3-2, pLV-shRNA-GLUT3-3, and pLV-shRNA-GLUT3-4. The vectors were transfected into HeLa cells to detect the effectiveness of GLUT3 gene silencing. One of effective vectors was selected and co-transfected into 293T cells with lentivirus packaging plasmids to obtain packaged lentivirus particles LV-GLUT3. After viral titer determination, U251 glioblastoma cells were infected with LV-GLUT3 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. Finally, the expression of GLUT3 protein was detected by Western blot. DNA sequencing demonstrated that the shRNA sequences were successfully inserted into the pLV-shRNA vectors. In HeLa cells, the expression of GLUT3-mRNA was significantly down-regulated by the recombinant vectors compared with negative control. The recombinant lentivirus LV-GLUT3 harvested from 293T cells had a titer of 1.5×10(9) TU/mL. After infection with LV-GLUT3, the expression of GLUT3 protein in U251 glioblastoma cells was down-regulated. An effective lentiviral shRNA expression vector targeting the GLUT3 gene is successfully constructed and can be used for further study on the functions of GLUT3 gene.目的：筛选出人GLUT3基因有效的RNA干扰(RNA interference，RNAi)序列，并构建出慢病毒RNAi载体。方法：根据GLUT3基因mRNA序列设计合成siRNA片段4个，分别定向克隆至pLV-shRNA载体上，并将构建的质粒转染HeLa细胞，运用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR，qRT-PCR)检测GLUT3mRNA的表达量验证其干扰效果。筛选出其中有效的质粒与病毒包装质粒共转染293T细胞进行包装，收获并浓缩重组慢病毒颗粒，测定病毒颗粒滴度后，将病毒感染U251胶质瘤细胞以测定感染慢病毒干扰载体后胶质瘤细胞内GLUT3的表达情况。结果：重组RNAi质粒pLV-shRNA-GLUT3-1，pLV-shRNA-GLUT3-2，pLV-shRNA-GLUT3-3，pLV-shRNA- GLUT3-4经测序证实质粒载体构建成功；4个干扰质粒在HeLa细胞中均可以明显抑制GLUT3-mRNA的表达。pLV-shRNA-GLUT3可以在293T细胞中成功包装。收集293T细胞分泌的病毒上清浓缩后测定病毒颗粒LV-GLUT3滴度为1.5×109 TU/mL。与感染阴性对照慢病毒颗粒(0.3641±0.044)相比，胶质瘤U251细胞感染慢病毒颗粒LV- GLUT3后，GLUT3蛋白相对表达明显降低(0.108±0.016，t=16.267，P0.001)。结论：成功构建了人GLUT3基因有效的慢病毒RNAi载体，为进一步研究GLUT3的生物学功能奠定了基础。.